[172] [Generally pronounced shammes.]

[173] See p. [107].

[174] [I. e. military commander. Originally the title is found among the Cossacks; see p. [143], n. 1.]

[175] [See p. [108], n. 1.]

[176] See pp. [204] et seq.

[177] ["Blessing of the Sacrifice," allusion to I Sam. ix. 13.]

[178] Compare Be'er ha-Gola, "Well of the Exiles," by Moses Rivkes, who fled from Vilna during the massacre of 1655; Magen Abraham, "Shield of Abraham" [allusion to Gen. xv. 1], by Abel Gumbiner, Rosh-Yeshibah in Kalish, whose parents perished during the time of unrest, and many others.

[179] [Tannaim are the Talmudic authorities before 200 C. E.; Amoraim are those between that date and the conclusion of the Talmud, in 500 C. E.]

[180] [Died 1613. Author of the Hebrew chronicle Tzemah David, "Branch of David.">[

[181] [The word originally means "chastisement" (generally by the father). It then signifies instruction, particularly ethical instruction.]