Principles of Geology / or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants Considered as Illustrative of Geology

by Sir Charles Lyell

[1133] Trans. Geol. Soc., London, 2d series, vol. v.

[1134] Beechey's Voyage, vol. i. p. 45.

[1135] Paper read to Brit. Assoc., Southampton, 1846.

[1136] Letter to Mr. Maclaren, Scotsman, 1843.

INDEX.

A.

• Abich, M., on eruption of Vesuvius in 1834, [378], [380],, [550].
• Abo, [522], [523].
• Acosta cited, [499], [502].
• Adams, Mr., on fossil elephant, [80].
• Adanson on age of the baobab tree, [422].
• Addison on Burnet's theory, [32].
• Adige, embankment of the, [255].
• ——, delta of the, [257].
• Adour, R., new passage formed by, [338].
• Adria, formerly a seaport, [256].
• Adriatic, deposits in, [36], [88], [71], [257], [774].
• Ægean Sea, Prof. E. Forbes dredging in, [649].
• Africa, fossil shells of, mentioned by ancients, 15.
• ——, indigenous quadrupeds of, [82].
• ——, heat radiated by, [94].
• ——, currents on coast of, [292], [342].
• ——, drift sands of deserts, [726].
• ——, devastations of locusts in, [674].
• ——, strata forming off tropical coast of, [774].
• ——, desert of its area, [694].
• Agassiz, M., on fish of coal formation, [136].
• ——, on abrupt transition from one fossil fauna to another, [184].
• ——, on motion, &c., of glaciers, [224], [226].
• Agricola on fossil remains, [21].
• Airthrey, fossil whale found at, [771].
• Alabama, coal plants, [88].
• Alaska, volcanoes in, [352].
• Aldborough, incursions of sea at, [311].
• Alderney, race of, [293].
• Aleutian Isles, eruptions, &c., in, [352], [468].
• Alexandria, temple of Serapis at, [512].
• Algæ, known provinces of, [617].
• Allan, Dr., on coral in Madagascar, [778].
• Alloa, whale cast ashore at, [771].
• Alluvium, imbedding of organic remains in, [780].
• ——, volcanic, [386].
• ——, stalagmite, alternating with, in caves, [736].
• Alps, Saussure on the, [45].
• ——, tertiary rocks of the, [119].
• ——, greatly raised during tertiary epoch, [124].
• ——, signs of lateral pressure in the, [171].
• Altered rocks, [177].
• Amazon, R., land formed by its deposits, [342].
• ——, animals floated down on drift-wood by, [640].
• America, its coast undermined, [331].
• ——, recent strata in lakes of, [254], [768].
• ——, specific distinctness of animals of, [612], [629].
• ——, domesticated animals run wild in, [585], [685].
• ——, N., continuous beds of coal in, [115].
• ——, N., deposit "New red" like English, [158].
• ——, N. and S., mammiferous fauna of, [633].
• Ammonia in lavas, [550].
• Amonoosuck, flood in valley of, [209].
• Ampère, M., on electric currents in the earth, [543].
• Amphitherium, in oolite of Stonesfleld, [138].
• Andes, changes of level in, [762].
• ——, height of perpetual snow on, [112].
• ——, volcanoes of, 346
• ——, sudden upheaval of, [170].
• ——, signs of lateral pressure in, [171].
• Andesite, rock described, [347].
• Angiospermous plants wanting in older rocks, [133].
• Animals, extinction of, [700].
• ——, quantity of food required by large, [82].
• ——, Lamarck on production of new organs in, [568].
• ——, imported into America have ran wild, [585], [685].
• ——, aptitude of some kinds to domestication, [593], [598].
• ——, hereditary instincts of, [593].
• ——, domestic qualities of, [592], [595].
• ——, their acquired habits rarely transmissible, [595], [600].
• ——, changes in brain of fœtus in, [609].
• ——, plants diffused by, [623].
• ——, their geographical distribution, [76], [77].
• ——, migrations of, [685].
• ——, causes which determine the stations of, [669], [676].
• ——, influence of man on their distribution, [682].
• ——, fossil, in peat caves, &c., [722], [725], [730], [732], [749], [752].
• Anio, R., flood of the, [212].
• ——, travertin formed by, [244].
• Anoplotherium, fossil of Isle of Wight, [142].
• Antarctic circle, area still unexplored, [99].
• Antwerp, sunk region near, [327].
• Apennines, their relative age, [119], 124
• Aphides, account of a shower of, [656].
• ——, their multiplication, [673].
• Aqueous causes, supposed former intensity of, [153].
• ——, their action described, [198].
• Aqueous lavas, description of, [374], [385], [728].
• Arabian Gulf filling with coral, [776].
• Arabian writers, [17].
• Arago, M., on influence of forests on climate, [715].
• ——, on solar radiation, [127].
• ——, on level of Mediterranean and Red Sea, [294].
• ——, on formation of ground ice, [221].
• Araucanian tradition of a flood, [499].
• Araucaria, fir in coal, [88].
• Arbroath, houses, &c., swept away by sea at, [302].
• Archiac, M., [257].
• Arctic fauna extended farther south than now, [125].
• Arduino, memoirs of, [41].
• ——, on submarine volcanoes, [41], [71].
• Areas of elevation and subsidence proved by coral islands, [792].
• Aristarchus, [212].
• Aristotle, opinions of, [12].
• ——, on spontaneous generation, [22].
• ——, on deluge of Deucalion, [356].
• Arkansas, R., 264
• ——, floods of, [270].
• Arso, volcanic eruption of, in Ischia, [365].
• Artesian well at Paris, temperature of water, [234].
• ——, well, at Fort William, near Calcutta, [280].
• ——, well in delta of Po, [257].
• Artesian wells near London, [234].
• ——, wells, phenomena brought to light by, [233], [538].
• Arve, sediment transported by the, [258].
• ——, section of débris deposited by, [289].
• Ascension, Island of, bounded by lofty shores, [622].
• ——, fossil eggs of turtle from, [771].
• Ashes, volcanic, transported to great distances, [106], [349], [464].
• Asia, subject to earthquakes, [9].
• ——, coast of, changed, [18].
• ——, causes of extreme cold of part of, [94].
• ——, Minor, gain of land on coast of, [260].
• ——, Western, great cavity in, [692].
• Ass, wild, [638], [686].
• Astruc on Delta of Rhone, [258].
• Atchafalaya, R., [264].
• ——, drift-wood in, [267].
• Atlantic, mean depth of, [104].
• ——, its relative level, [294].
• ——, rise of the tide in, [295].
• ——, absence of coral reefs in, [796].
• Atlantis, submersion of, [9].
• Atolls described, [782], [786].
• ——, theory of, Mr. Maclaren's objections to, [792].
• Atrio del Cavallo, [381].
• Aubenas, fissures filled with breccia near, [741].
• Austen, Mr. R. A. C., on shores of English Channel, [319].
• ——, on new strata formed in, [341].
• Australia, animals of, [139], [143], [684].
• ——, coral reefs of, [776], 784
• ——, land quadrupeds of, [633].
• Auvergne, salt springs in, [248].
• ——, carbonic acid gas disengaged in, [248].
• ——, state of in tertiary period, [122].
• ——, fossils in volcanic ashes of, [349].
• ——, volcanic rocks of, [48].
• ——, tertiary red marl and sandstone of, [158].
• Ava, fossils of, [28].
• Avantipura, in Cashmere, [763].
• Avernus lake, [368].
• Avicenna on cause of mountains, [17].
• Axmouth, great landslip near, [321].
• Azores, icebergs drifted to, [99].
• ——, volcanic line from, to central Asia, 354
• ——, siliceous springs of, [246].

B.

• Babbage, Mr., on the coast near Puzzuoli, [507].
• ——, on Temple of Serapis, [517].
• ——, on expansion of rocks by heat, [562].
• Bachman, Mr., on birds, [643], [644].
• Bacon, Lord, cited, [765].
• Baden, gypseous springs of, [245].
• Baffin's Bay, icebergs in, [96].
• Bagnes, valley of, bursting of a lake in the, [210].
• Baiæ, changes on coast of the bay of, [507].
• ——, ground plan of the coast of, [507].
• ——, sections in bay of, [508], [510].
• Baker, on Caspian, mud volcanoes at, [448].
• Baker, Lieut., on fossil quadrumana, [144].
• Bakewell, Mr., on formation of soils, [709].
• ——, on fall of Mount Grenier, [782].
• Bakewell, Mr. jun., on Falls of Niagara, [217].
• Bakie loch, charæ fossil in, [767].
• Baku, inflammable gas of, [11], [355].
• Balaruc, thermal waters of, [259].
• Baldassari, on Sienese fossils, [39].
• Balize, mouth of Mississippi, [263], [272].
• Baltic Sea, lowering of level of, [520].
• ——, drifting of rocks by ice in, [219], [231].
• ——, currents on its shores, [330].
• Banks of Mississippi higher than alluvial plain, [266].
• Baobab tree, its size, probable age, &c., [422].
• Barbadoes, rain diminished by felling of forests in, [713].
• Barren Island described, [447].
• Barrow, Mr., on a bank formed in sea by locusts, [675].
• Barrow, Mr. jun., on the Geysers of Iceland, [247].
• Barton, Mr., on geography of plants, [612].
• Basalt, opinions of the early writers on, [48], [71].
• Batavia, effects of earthquake at, [502].
• Baton Rouge, in Louisiana, [265].
• Bay of Bengal, its depth, recent deposits in, &c., [279].
• Bayfield, Capt., on geology of Lake Superior, [254].
• ——, on drifting of rock by ice, [221], [230].
• ——, on bursting of a peninsula by Lake Erie, [333].
• ——, on earthquakes in Canada, [470].
• Beaches, raised, [184].
• Beachey Head, [317].
• Bears, once numerous in Wales, [683].
• ——, black, migrations of, [637].
• ——, drifted on ice, [679].
• Beaufort, Sir F., on gain of land in Asia Minor, [260].
• ——, on rise of tides, [291].
• Beaumont, M. Elie de, geological map of France, [122].
• ——, on pentagonal network of mountain chains, [170].
• ——, his theory of contemporaneous origin of parallel mountain chains considered, [163].
• ——, on structure and origin of Etna, [400], [416].
• ——, on sand-dunes, [307].
• ——, on inroads of sea in Holland, [327].
• Beaver once inhabited Scotland and Wales, [683].
• ——, fossil in Perthshire, [752].
• ——, lake formed by, in New Brunswick, [716].
• Beche, Sir H. de la. See De la Beche.
• Bee, migrations of the, [655].
• Beechey, Capt., upheaval of Bay of Conception, [500].
• ——, on drifting of canoes, [662].
• ——, on temple of Ipsambul, [727].
• ——, on coral islands, [780], [782], [787].
• ——, on changes of level in Pacific, [788].
• ——, on dead coral in Elizabeth Island, [794].
• Beila, in India, mud volcanoes, [449].
• Belcher, Sir E., on upheaval of Conception, [500].
• ——, on strata forming off coast of Africa, [774].
• Bell, Mr., on the Dog, [585].
• Bell rock, stones thrown up by storms on, [302].
• Belzoni, on temple of Ipsambul, [726].
• ——, on a flood of the Nile, [753].
• Benin, currents in Bay of, [292].
• Bérard, M., on depth and temperature of Mediterranean, [296], [336].
• Berkeley, on recent origin of man, [764].
• Bermudas, only coral reef far out in Atlantic, [796].
• ——, coral reefs of the, [776], [778].
• Bewick cited, [310], [643], [683].
• Bhooj, in Cutch, destroyed by earthquake, [459].
• ——, volcanic eruption at, [460], [729].
• Bies Bosch formed, [328].
• Bigsby, Dr., on North American lakes, [768].
• Birds, diffusion of plants by, [624].
• ——, geographical distribution of, [642], [663].
• ——, fossils in secondary rocks, [137].
• ——, tameness of, in uninhabited Islands, [597].
• ——, rate of flight of, [644].
• ——, migrations of, [643].
• ——, recent extermination of some species of, [683].
• ——, bones of, in Gibraltar breccia, [741].
• ——, rarity of their remains in new strata, [748].
• ——, rare in deposits of all ages, [137].
• Bischoff, Professor, on volcanoes, [551].
• ——, on carbonic acid in extinct craters on Rhine, [248].
• Biscoe, Capt., discoveries in south Polar Seas, [99].
• Bison, fossil, in Yorkshire, [76].
• Bisons, in Mississippi valley, [636].
• Bistineau lake, [269].
• Bitumen, oozing from bottom of sea, near Trinidad, [250].
• Bituminous springs, [250].
• Black Sea, salt by evaporation in, [335].
• ——. See Euxine.
• Blue mountains in Jamaica, [505].
• Bluffs of Mississippi described, [264].
• Boa constrictor, migration of, [646].
• Boase, Mr., on inroads of sea in Cornwall, [323].
• ——, on drift-sand in Cornwall, [728].
• Boblaye, M., on ceramique, in Morea, [731].
• ——, on engulfed rivers and caves in Morea, [734].
• ——, on earthquakes in Greece, [736].
• Bog iron-ore, whence derived, [722].
• Bogota, earthquake of, [457].
• Bonpland, on plants common to Old and New World, [614].
• Bore, a tidal wave frequent in Bristol Channel and Ganges, [332].
• Bory de St. Vincent, M., on isle of Santorin, [445].
• Bosphorus, [334].
• ——, traditions of deluges on shores of the, [356].
• Botanical evidence bearing on theory of progressive development, [133].
• ——, geography, [613].
• ——, provinces, their number, [616], [666], [668].
• Bothnia, Gulf, gradual elevation of coast of, [520].
• Bourbon, island, volcanic, [546].
• Bournmouth, submarine forest at, [746].
• Boussingault. M., on volcanoes in Andes, [348].
• ——, on gases evolved by volcanoes, [549].
• Bowen, Lieut., on drifting of rocks by ice, [220], [230].
• Boyle, on bottom of the sea, [26].
• Bracini, on Vesuvius before 1631, [374].
• Brahmapootra, delta of, [275], [278].
• Brahmins, their doctrines, [4].
• Brander, on fossils of Hampshire, [46].
• Brandt, Professor, cited, [80].
• ——, on Wilui rhinoceros, [80].
• Bravais, M., on upraised sea-coast in Finmark, [530].
• Breccias, in Val del Bove, [411].
• ——, in caves now forming in the Morea, [734].
• Brenta, delta of the, [256].
• Brieslak, on temple of Serapis, [517].
• ——, on Vesuvius, [381], [384].
• Briggs, Mr., his discovery of water in African desert, [235].
• Brighton, waste of cliffs of, [317].
• Brine springs, [247].
• Bristol Channel, currents in, [293].
• Brittany, village, buried under blown sand, [727].
• ——, marine tertiary strata of, [122].
• ——, waste of coast of, [324].
• Brocchi, on fossil conchology, [20].
• ——, on Burnet's theory, [34].
• ——, on delta of Po, [257].
• ——, on extinction of species, [668].
• ——, on the Subapennines, [118].
• Broderip, Mr., on opossum of Stonesfield, [139].
• ——, on shells from Conception Bay, [500].
• ——, on bulimi revived, [650].
• ——, on moulting of crabs, [653].
• ——, on naturalization of a foreign landshell, [664].
• ——, on the Dodo, [684].
• Brongniart, M. Adolphe, [87].
• ——, on fossil plants of coal, [88], [117], [133].
• ——, on plants in islands, [112].
• Brongniart, M. Alex., on modern lava streams, [427].
• ——, on elevated beaches in Sweden, [527].
• Brown, Mr. R., on structure of vessels in myzodendron, [88].
• ——, on plants common to Africa, Guiana, and
• Brazil, [621].
• ——, on wheat in Egyptian tombs, [587].
• Buch. See Von Buch.
• Buckland, Rev. Dr., on landslip near Axmouth, [321].
• ——, on fossil elephants, &c., in India, [7].
• ——, on fossils from Eschscholtz's Bay, [82].
• ——, on fossils in caves and fissures, [739], [740].
• ——, on Val del Bove, [402].
• Buffon, his theory of the earth, [39].
• ——, reproved by the Sorbonne, [39].
• ——, on geographical distribution of animals, [590], [612], [629].
• ——, on extinction of species, [701].
• Buist, Mr., on submarine forests in the estuary of Tay, [303].
• ——, on mud volcanoes in India, [448].
• Bunbury, Mr., on coal plants of Alabama, [88].
• ——, on ferns in carboniferous era, [87].
• Bunsen, Chevalier, on Ancient Egypt, [659].
• Bunsen, Professor, on Geysers of Iceland, [558].
• ——, on mineral springs in Iceland, [246].
• ——, on mud volcanoes of Iceland, [447].
• ——, on solfataras of Iceland, [551].
• Bunter Sandstein, fossils of, [193].
• Bura, submerged Grecian town, [15], [762].
• Buried cones on Etna, section of, [397].
• ——, temples of Cashmere, [762].
• Burnes, Sir A., on Cutch, earthquake of, [461], [464].
• Burnet, his theory of the earth, [31].
• Burntisland, whale cast ashore near, [771].
• Burrampooter, R., delta of the, 275. See Brahmapootra.
• ——, bodies of men, deer, &c. floated off by, [751].
• Bustards recently extirpated in England, [688].

C.