Principles of Geology / or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants Considered as Illustrative of Geology

by Sir Charles Lyell

• Calabria, geological description of, [474].
• ——, earthquake of 1783 in, [471].
• ——, tertiary strata of, [74].
• Calanna, lava of Etna turned from its course by hill of, [409], [410].
• ——, valley of, [402], [404].
• Calcareous springs, [239].
• Calcutta, artesian well at, [280].
• Caldcleugh, Mr., on earthquake in Chili, 1835, [453].
• ——, on eruption of Coseguina, [349].
• California, volcanoes in, [349].
• Callao town destroyed by sea, [502].
• ——, changes caused by earthquakes at, [501], [761].
• Camels, carcasses of, imbedded in drift sand, [727].
• Campagna di Roma, calcareous deposits of, [242].
• Campania, aqueous lavas in, [728].
• Camper, on facial angle, [608].
• Canada, earthquakes frequent in, [470].
• ——, climate of, [582].
• ——, probably colder in newest tertiary period, [125].
• Canary Islands, eruptions in, [436].
• Cannon in calcareous rock, [759].
• ——, account of one taken up near the Downs, [726].
• Canoes drifted to great distances, [661].
• ——, fossil, [759].
• Cape May, encroachment of sea at, [332].
• ——, of Good Hope, icebergs seen off, [100].
• Capocci, M., on temple of Serapis, [518].
• Caraccas, earthquakes in, [465], [470].
• Carang Assam volcano, [465].
• Carbonated springs, [248].
• Carbonic acid, supposed atmosphere of, [248].
• ——, gas, its effects on rocks, [249].
• Carboniferous series, [115], [137].
• ——, era, predominance of ferns in, [87].
• ——, era, climate in, [87].
• ——, flora, knowledge of, recently acquired, [126].
• ——, period, vast duration of, [249].
• ——, See Coal.
• Cardiganshire, tradition of loss of land in, [324].
• Cardium, locomotive powers when young, [652].
• Caribbean Sea, tides in, [342].
• Carpenter, Dr., observations on Mississippi R., [272].
• ——, on encroachment of sea at Lyme Regis, [321].
• Carrara marble, [177].
• Cashmere, temples buried in freshwater strata, [762].
• Caspian, Pallas on former extent of, [45].
• ——, evaporation of the, [260].
• ——, its level, [156], [692].
• Catalonia, devastation of torrents in, [713].
• Catania, in part overwhelmed by lava, [400], [728].
• ——, destroyed by earthquakes, [503].
• ——, tools discovered in digging a well at, [753].
• Catastrophes, theories respecting, [7].
• Catcott, on deluges in different countries, [42].
• Cattegat, devastations caused by current in the, [331].
• Cautley, Capt., on buried Hindoo town, [731].
• ——, on fossil quadrumana, [144].
• ——, on bones in ancient wells, [740].
• Caves, organic remains in, [732].
• ——, alternations of, and stalagmite in, [736].
• ——, on Etna, [401].
• Celestial Mountains, [77], [355].
• Celsius, on diminution of Baltic, [33], [521].
• Central America, volcanoes of, [349].
• ——, Asia, volcanic line from, to the Azores, [354].
• ——, France, lavas excavated in, [213].
• ——, France, comparison between the lavas of Iceland and, [426], [427].
• Centres, specific doctrine of, [630].
• Centrifugal force, [534], [544].
• Cephalonia, earthquakes in, [474].
• ——, infusoria in submarine caverns in, [389].
• Cesalpino, on organic remains, [22].
• Cetacea, geographical range of, [635].
• ——, migrations of the, [642].
• ——, imbedding of, in recent strata, [770].
• ——, fossil, absence of in secondary rocks, [145].
• ——, fossil in New Jersey chalk, [145].
• ——, rarity of in secondary rocks, [145].
• Chagos coral isles, [783].
• Chaluzet, calcareous spring at, [239].
• ——, volcanic cone of, [248].
• Chambers, Robert, cited, [530].
• Chamisso, M., on coral islands, [781].
• Chamouni, glaciers of, [223].
• Chara, growing in lakes of N. America, [768].
• Charæ, fossilized, [767].
• Charlevoix, chart of coast of Gulf of Mexico, [272].
• Charpentier, M., on glaciers, [223], [227].
• Cheirotherium, in old red sandstone and coal, [136].
• Chemical theory of volcanoes, [542], [546].
• Chepstow, rise of the tides at, [291].
• Cheshire, brine springs of, [247].
• ——, waste of coast of, [324].
• Chesil bank, [320].
• Chesilton, overwhelmed by sea, [320].
• Chili, earthquakes in, [65], 347, [357], 453, [457].
• ——, numerous volcanoes in, [346].
• ——, coast of, upheaved, [170], 172, [347], 455, [457].
• Chiloe, [349].
• Chimborazo, height of, [102].
• China, climate of, [95].
• ——, earthquakes in, [355].
• Chinese deluge, [7].
• Chines, or narrow ravines, described, [319].
• Chittagong, earthquakes at, [476].
• Chockier, cave at, [736].
• Chonos archipelago, rise of land in, [453].
• Christchurch Head promontory, [319].
• Christie, Mr., on plasticity of ice, [226].
• Christol, M. de, on fossils in caves, [738], [739].
• Chronology of Hebrew Scriptures, [659].
• ——, of Dr. Hales, [659].
• Cimbrian deluge, [331].
• Cisterna on Etna, how formed, [414].
• Cities engulfed, [173].
• Civita Vecchia, springs at, [243].
• Clarke, Dr., on lava in motion, [377].
• Cleavage, or slaty structure, [176].
• Clermont, calcareous springs at, [239].
• Climate of Europe, Raspe on former, [43].
• ——, changes of [75], [86].
• ——, change of, in northern hemisphere, [73], [123].
• ——, on causes of vicissitudes in, [92].
• ——, astronomical causes of fluctuations in, [126].
• ——, its influence on distribution of plants, [613].
• ——, effect of changes in, on range of species, [696].
• ——, influence of vegetation on, [713].
• Climates, insular and excessive, [94].
• Coal, modern, at mouths of Mackenzie, [743].
• ——, ancient beds, formed of plants, [90].
• ——, ancient, formed in deltas, [116].
• ——, fields, American, [115].
• ——, formed by plants which grow on the spot, [115].
• ——, period, warmth, moisture, &c. of climate, [126].
• ——, formation, fossil plants of the, [88], 115, [133].
• ——, climate indicated by, [91].
• ——, reptilian fossils in, [136].
• ——. See Carboniferous.
• Colchester, Mr. W., on fossil quadrumana, [144].
• Colebrooke, Mr. H. T., on age of Vedas, [4].
• ——, on crocodiles of the Ganges, [277].
• ——, Major R. H., on the Ganges, [277].
• Colle, travertin of, [240].
• Colombia, earthquakes in, [456].
• Colonna, on organic remains, [23].
• Columbia, R., submerged forest in, [270].
• Conception, earthquakes at, [453], 456, [499], [761].
• Conglomerates, now formed by rivers, &c., [289].
• ——, volcanic, [411], [438].
• Coniferæ of coal, [133].
• ——, Araucarian, in coal, [88].
• Consolidation of strata, [175].
• Conybeare, Rev. W. D., on Lister, [26].
• ——, on landslip near Axmouth, [321], 322
• Cook, Captain, on drifting of canoes far, [661].
• ——, on highland near the South Pole, [98], [99].
• Copaic lake, [735].
• Copernican theory, edicts against, repealed at Rome, [56].
• Copiapo, earthquakes at, [347].
• ——, raised banks of shells at, [458].
• Coral islands, [775], 776, [793].
• ——, origin of their circular form, [783].
• ——, linear direction of, [782].
• ——, rate of growth, [776].
• ——, downward movement slow and uniform, [791].
• ——, absence of, in Atlantic, &c., [796].
• Coralline crag fossils, [142].
• Corda, on palm wood in Bohemian coal, [88].
• ——, cited, [133].
• Cordier, M., on rate of increase of heat in mines, [538], [539].
• ——, his theory on central heat and fluidity, [540].
• ——, on tides in the internal melted ocean, [541].
• Cordilleras shaken by earthquakes, [457], [466].
• ——, parallel ridges successively upheaved, [170].
• Corinth, decomposition of rocks in, [733].
• Cornwall, waste of cliffs of, [323].
• ——, land inundated by drift-sand in, [727].
• ——, temperature of mines in, [538].
• Coromandel, inundations of sea on coast of, [730].
• Coseguina volcano, great eruption of, [347].
• Cosmogony distinct from geology, [3].
• ——, of the Hindoos, [4].
• ——, Egyptian, [8].
• ——, of the Koran, [18].
• Cosmopolite shells, [650].
• Coste, Capt., on elevation caused by earthquakes, [453].
• Cotopaxi, [348], [560].
• Covelli, M., on hot spring in Ischia, [456].
• ——, on Vesuvian minerals, [385].
• Cowper, the poet, on age of earth, [55].
• Crag strata, fossils of the, [142].
• Craters of elevation, theory of, [371], 380, [415].
• Crawfurd, Mr., his discovery of fossils in Ava, [28].
• ——, on eruption in Sumbawa, [106], 464, [465].
• ——, on drifting of canoes, [662].
• Creation, supposed centres or foci of, [667].
• ——, epoch of, difference of opinion on, [660].
• Cremona, lakes filled up near, [255].
• Crocodiles imbedded by a river inundation in Java, [503], [748].
• Cromer, waste of cliffs of, [306].
• Cropthorn, fossils found at, [76].
• Cruickshanks, Mr. A., on Chilian earthquake, [457].
• Cuba, fossils in caves of, [741].
• Culver, cliff, [318].
• Cumana, earthquake of, [470].
• Cunningham, Major, on buried temples of Cashmere, [764].
• Cupressus thyoides, [725].
• Currents from equatorial regions, [96].
• ——, from the pole to the equator, [107].
• ——, causes and velocity of, [293].
• ——, polar and tropical, direction of, [295].
• ——, destroying and transporting power of, [297], [340].
• ——, in estuaries, their power, [337].
• ——, in the Straits of Gibraltar, [333].
• Currents, reproductive effects of, [337].
• ——, on the British shores, [339].
• ——, convey species from Antarctic to Arctic Ocean, [622].
• Curtis, Mr., on ravages caused by aphides, [674].
• ——, on power of the Tipulæ to cross the sea, [657].
• ——, on number of British insects, [705].
• ——, on fossil insects, [748].
• Curves of the Mississippi, [265].
• Cutch, changes caused by earthquake of 1819 in, [469], [761].
• Cuvier on durability of bones of men, [147], [757].
• ——, on crocodiles of Ganges, [277].
• ——, on variability in species, [583], [584].
• ——, on fish not crossing the Atlantic, [647].
• ——, on identity of Egyptian mummies with living species, [586].
• ——, on number of fishes, [705].
• Cuvier, M. F., on aptitude of some animals to domestication, [593].
• ——, on influence of domestication, [595].
• Cypris, fossil and living, [768].

D.

• Dana, Mr., on Sandwich Islands, [354], 372, [383], [548].
• ——, on fragments of recent coral thrown up by Polynesian volcanoes, [372].
• ——, on Mount Loa, volcano, [552].
• ——, on "volcanoes no safety-valves," [552].
• Dangerfield, Capt F., on buried cities In India, [729].
• ——, on Onjein, [729].
• Daniell, Professor, on the trade winds, [106].
• ——, on melting point of iron, [539].
• Dante cited, [52], [256].
• Dantzic, waste of land near, [331].
• Darby, on lakes formed by Red River, [269].
• ——, on delta of Mississippi, [272].
• Darwin, Mr. C., on distribution of animals and plants, [77], 98, [141].
• ——, on vegetation required for support of large quadrupeds, [82].
• ——, Mr. C., on drifting of rocks by ice, [228].
• ——, on earthquakes, [347], 458, [456], 476, [753].
• ——, on earthquake waves, [497].
• ——, on rise of land, [458], [502].
• ——, on oolitic travertin, [439].
• ——, on great droughts in S. America, [696].
• ——, on peat of S. America, [719].
• ——, on coral islands, [779], 780, [782], 785, [789].
• ——, geology of S. America, [170].
• ——, on recent shells in Chili, [190].
• ——, on shingle on coast of S. America, [342].
• ——, map of coral reefs, [352], 791, [794].
• ——, on crateriform hills of Galapagos, [372].
• ——, infusoria brought home by, [388].
• ——, on new islands forming in Atlantic, [436].
• ——, on nat. hist. of Galapagos, [141], 597, [615], 616, [642].
• ——, on extinction of animals, [700].
• Daubeny, Dr., on springs, [237].
• ——, on Mount Vultur, [356].
• ——, on Vesuvius, [380].
• ——, on decomposition of trachyte, [385].
• ——, on flowing of lava under water, [383].
• ——, on volcanoes, [548], 549, [550], [551].
• D'Aubuisson cited, [58], [411].
• Davis, Mr., on Chinese deluge, [7].
• Davy, Sir H., on lake of the Solfatara, [243].
• ——, on formation of travertin, [243].
• ——, on theory of progressive development, [131].
• ——, on eruption of Vesuvius, [378].
• ——, on chemical agency of electricity, [542].
• ——, his theory of unoxidated metallic nucleus, [546].
• ——, on agency of air and water in volcanoes, [548], [550].
• ——, his analysis of peat, [718].
• Davy, Dr., on Graham Island, [436], [549].
• ——, on helmet taken from sea near Corfu, [760].
• De Beaumont. See Beaumont, De.
• Debey, Dr., of Aix, on cretaceous dicotyledons, [133].
• De Candolle, on hybrid plants, [605].
• ——, on distribution of plants, [613], [616].
• ——, on agency of man in dispersion of plants, [625].
• ——, on stations of plants, [670].
• ——, on barriers separating botanical provinces, [703].
• ——, on number of land plants, [705].
• ——, on longevity of trees, [422].
• Dechen, Von, map of Germany, &c., [123].
• Dee, R., bridge over, swept away by floods, [208].
• Deer, their powers of swimming, [636].
• ——, diminished number in Great Britain, [683].
• ——, remains of, in marl lakes, [752].
• De la Beche, Sir H., on rocks in S. Wales, [91].
• ——, on delta of Rhone in Lake of Geneva, [253].
• ——, on storm of Nov., 1824, [321].
• ——, on submarine forests, [323].
• ——, on earthquake of Jamaica, 1692, [504].
• ——, on action of rain in the tropics, [713].
• De la Hire, on fossil wood from Ava, 1692, [28].
• Delhi territory, elephants in, [81].
• Delta of the Adige and Brenta, [256].
• ——, of the Brahmapootra or Burrampooter, [275].
• ——, of the Ganges, 275 to [284].
• ——, of the Mississippi, 263 to [275].
• ——, of the Mississippi, antiquity of. [271].
• ——, of the Nile, [261].
• ——, of the Po, [256].
• ——, of Rhone, in Lake of Geneva, [252].
• ——, of Rhone, in Mediterranean, [258].
• Deltas, chronological computations of age of, [253], [285].
• ——, of Lake Superior, [253].
• ——, grouping of strata in, [286].
• De Luc, his treatise on Geology, [56].
• ——, on conversion of forests into peat mosses, [721].
• De Luc, M. G. A., his natural chronometers, [726].
• Deluge, ancient theories on, [18], 23, [25], 31, [42], [155].
• ——, fossil shells referred to the, [20].
• Deluges, local, how caused, [7], [269].
• ——, traditions of different, [7], 11, [42], 331, [356], 500, [501].
• Demaillet, speculative views of, [572].
• Denudation can only keep pace with deposition, [154].
• ——, effects of, [708].
• Deposition of sediment, shifting of the area of, [188].
• ——, and denudation parts of the same process, [154].
• Deshayes, M., on fossils of tertiary, [184].
• Desmarest, his definition of geology, [3].
• ——, on Auvergne, [49].
• Desnoyers, M., on human remains in caves, [739].
• Desor, M., on glacier motion, [224].
• Deucalion's deluge, [12].
• Deville, M., on contraction of granite, [173].
• ——, on trachytes, [440].
• Devonian strata formed in deep seas, [117].
• Diatomaceæ, [388].
• Dikes, composition and position of, [379].
• ——, how caused, [379].
• Diluvial waves, no signs of on Etna, [423].
• ——, theory of earlier geologists, [25].
• Diodorus Siculus cited, [357].
• Dion Cassius cited, [364].
• Dodo, recent extinction of the, [684].
• Dog, varieties of the, [570], [584].
• ——, hybrids between wolf and, [601].
• ——, acquired instincts hereditary in, [593].
• ——, has run wild in America, [686].
• Doggerbank, [340].
• Dollart, formation of estuary of the, [329].
• Dolomieu on Val di Noto, Vicentin, and Tyrol, [49].
• ——, on lavas of Etna, [49].
• ——, on decomposition of granite, [249].
• ——, on earthquake of 1783 in Calabria, [473], 475, [478], [480].
• Domestication, aptitude of some animals for, [593], [599].
• ——, influence of, [595].
• Don, river, rocks transported by, [208].
• Donati on bed of Adriatic, [38], 71, [774].
• Donny, Mr., cited, [557].
• D'Orbigny, M. A., on abrupt transition from one fossil fauna to another, [184].
• Dorsetshire, landslip in, [321].
• ——, waste of cliffs of, [319].
• Dove, Mr., map of isothermal lines, [93].
• Dover, waste of chalk cliffs of, [314].
• ——, depth of sea near, [315].
• ——, formation of Straits of, [315].
• ——, strata at foot of cliffs of, [314].
• Downham buried by blown sand, [727].
• Dranse, R., [210].
• Drift, northern, fossil marine shells in, [186].
• Drift-sand, fossils in, [727].
• Drift-wood of Mississippi, [268].
• ——, abundant in North Sea, [744].
• Drontheim, [529].
• Droughts in S. America, animals destroyed by, [696].
• Druids, their doctrines, [16].
• Dufresnoy, M., geological map of France, [122].
• ——, on formation of Monte Nuovo, [371], [372].
• ——, on tuffs of Somma, [382].
• ——, on lavas of Vesuvius, [384].
• Dujardin, M., on shells, &c., brought up by artesian well at Tours, [236].
• Dumont, M., cited, [120], [328].
• Dumoulin, M.. on earthquakes in Chili, [453].
• Dunes, hills of blown sand, [305], [307].
• Dunwich destroyed by the sea, [310].
• Durand, Lieut., on fossil quadrumana, 144
• Dureau de la Malle, M., cited, [584], [593].
• Durham, waste of coast of, [303].
• D'Urville, Capt, on temperature of Mediterranean, [296].

E.

• Earth, antiquity of the, [21].
• ——, on changes in its axis, [80].
• ——, proportion of land and sea on surface, [125].
• ——, spheroidal form of the, [534].
• ——, mean density of the, [535].
• ——, attempt to calculate thickness of its crust, [536].
• Earth, electric currents in the, [543].
• ——, sections of the (see figs. [70], 71), [539].
• ——, effects produced by powers of vitality on surface, [708].
• Earthquakes, chronologically described, [458], et seq.
• ——, energy of, probably uniform, [58].
• ——, earth's surface continually remodelled by, [102].
• ——, recurrence of, at stated periods, accidental, [345].
• ——, felt at sea, [358].
• ——, land elevated by, [458], 455, [457], [462].
• ——, all countries liable to slight shocks of, [358].
• ——, phenomena attending, [452].
• ——, in Cutch, 1819 (see Map), [460].
• ——, in Calabria, 1783, [471].
• ——, difficulty of measuring the effects of, [477].
• ——, chasms formed by, [479].
• ——, excavation of valleys aided by, [488].
• ——, renovating effects of, [565].
• ——, cause of the wave-like motion of, [475], [558].
• ——, cause of great waves and retreat of sea during, [496], [498].
• ——, ravages caused by sea during, [499], 501, [730].
• ——, connection between state of atmosphere and, [561].
• ——, people entombed in caverns during, [736].
• ——, causes of volcanoes and, [533].
• ——, recurrence of, in certain zones of country, [172].
• ——, of Lisbon, area over which it extended, [496].
• ——, more frequent in winter, [561].
• Eccles, old church of, buried under blown sand, [306].
• Edmonstone Island, [279].
• Eels, migration of, [647].
• Egypt nearly exempt from earthquakes, [9], [358].
• Egypt, towns buried under drift-sand in, [726].
• ——, date of civilization of, according to Bunsen, [636].
• Egyptian cosmogony, [8].
• ——, mummies identical with living species, 585
• Ehrenberg, on Bengal tiger in Siberia, [77].
• ——, on origin of bog-iron ore, [722].
• ——, on corals of Red Sea, [777].
• ——, on ashes enveloping Pompeii, [388].
• ——, on infusoria in volcanic tuff, [389].
• Electricity, a source of volcanic heat, [542].
• ——, whence derived, [543].
• Elephant, fossil, in ice, [45], [80].
• ——, covered with hair in Delhi, [81].
• ——, sagacity of, not attributable to intercourse with man, [598].
• ——, their powers of swimming, [636].
• Elevation of land, how caused, [29], 448, [444], 453, [455], [457].
• ——, proofs of, slow and gradual, [170], 184, [518], [563].
• Elevation and subsidence, proportion of, [564].
• ——, alternate areas of, in Pacific, [790].
• Elevation crater theory, [371], 380, [420].
• Elevation, valleys of, [420].
• Elizabeth or Henderson's Island, upraised atoll of, [788], [794].
• Elsa, travertin formed by the, [239].
• Embankment, system of, in Italy, [255].
• Emu in Australia will become exterminated, [684].
• Englehardt on the Caspian Sea, [157].
• England, waste of cliffs on coast of, [303].
• ——, slight earthquakes felt in, [358].
• ——, height of tides on coast of, [291], [308].
• ——, tertiary strata of, [76].
• Eocene period, fossils of the, [142], 144, [183].
• Epomeo, Mount, in Ischia, [362].
• Equatorial current, [95].
• Equinoxes, precession of the, [100], [537].
• Erebus, Mount, the active volcano of, [99].
• Erie, Lake, peninsula cut through by, [333].
• ——, waste of cliffs in, [333].
• Erman, M., on eruptions in Kamschatka, [353].
• Erratic blocks, [122], 154, [220].
• ——, icebergs charged with, [86].
• Erratic blocks, submarine, laid dry by upheaval, [229].
• Eruptions, volcanic, number of per year, [450].
• ——, cause of, [533].
• Erzgebirge, mica slate of the, [48].
• Escher, M., on flood in valley of Bagnes, [211].
• Eschscholtz Bay, fossils of, [82].
• Essex, tertiary strata of, [76].
• ——, inroads of sea on coast of, [311].
• Estuaries, how formed, [327], [337].
• ——, imbedding of freshwater species in, [768].
• Etna, description of and its eruptions, 396 to [424].
• ——, towns overflowed by lava of, [400], [728].
• ——, subterranean caverns on, [401].
• ——, a glacier under lava on, [412].
• ——, marine formations at its base, [401].
• ——, antiquity of cone of, [422].
• Euganean Hills, lavas of, [359].
• Euphrates, delta of advancing rapidly, [284].
• Euxine burst its barrier, according to Strabo, [14].
• ——, gradually filling up, [14].
• ——. See Black Sea.
• Evaporation, water carried off by, [260], 294, [334].
• ——, currents caused by, [294].
• Everest, Rev. E., on climate of fossil elephant, [81].
• ——, on sediment of Ganges, [282].
• Excavation of valleys, [488].
• Expansion of rocks by heat, [560].
• Extinction of species, [697], [701].
• ——, of animals, [700], [702].

F.

• Fabio Colonna, [23].
• Facial angle, [608].
• Fair Island, action of the sea on, [301].
• Falconer, Dr., on fossil quadrumana, [144].
• ——, on crocodiles of Ganges, [277].
• Falconer, Dr., on peat near Calcutta, [280].
• Falconi on elevation of coast of Baiæ, [367].
• Falkland Islands, quadrupeds of, [141], [635].
• Falloppio on fossils, [21].
• Falls of Niagara, [214].
• ——, of St. Mary, [254].
• Faluns of Touraine, [142].
• Faraday, Mr., on water of the Geysers, [246].
• ——, on slow deposition of sulphate of baryta, [343].
• ——, on electric currents In the earth, [543].
• ——, on metallic reduction by voltaic agency, [548].
• ——, on liquefaction of gases, [560].
• Faroe Islands, deposits forming near the, [774].
• Farquharson, Rev. J., on floods in Scotland, [208].
• ——, on formation of ground ice, [222].
• Faujas, on Velay and Vivarais, 1779, [49].
• Faults, [162].
• Fauna formerly as diversified as now, [160].
• ——, arctic, described by Sir J. Richardson, 634
• Felspar, decomposition of, [247].
• Ferrara on lavas of Etna, [283].
• ——, on floods on Etna, [412].
• ——, on earthquake in Sicily, [471].
• Ferruginous springs, [247].
• Fez, earthquakes in, [358].
• Fife, trap rocks of, [160].
• ——, coast of, submarine forests on, [303].
• ——, encroachments of sea on, [203].
• Findhorn town swept away by sea, [302].
• Fish, their distribution, and migrations, [646].
• ——, fossil, [745].
• ——, fossil of coal formation, [136].
• Fissures, sulphur, &c., ejected by, [470].
• ——, caused by Calabrian earthquake, [479], 480, [481].
• ——, caused by earthquake near New Madrid, [468].
• ——, preservation of organic remains in, [732].
• Fitton, Dr., on history of English geology, [51].
• Fitzroy, Capt., on earthquake in Chili, 1835, 453, [455].
• Flamborough Head, waste of, [303].
• Fleming, Dr., on uniformity in climate, [74].
• ——, on fossil elephant, [76].
• ——, on submarine forests, [303].
• ——, on rapid flight of birds, [646].
• ——, on turtles taken on coast of England, [645].
• ——, on changes in the animal kingdom caused by man, [683].
• ——, on stranding of cetacea, [771].
• Flinders on coral reefs, [776], [791].
• Flint on course of Mississippi, &c., [264], [265].
• ——, on earthquakes in Mississippi valley, [466].
• Floods, by bursting of lakes, [269].
• ——, in North America, [209].
• ——, in valley of Bagnes, [210].
• ——, in Scotland, [207], [750].
• ——, traditions of, [499], [501].
• ——, causes which may give rise to, [156].
• ——, at Tivoli, [211].
• ——, caused by melting of snow by lava, [348], [411].
• ——. See Deluge.
• Flysch, of the Alps, eocene, [124].
• Folkstone, subsidence of land at, [316].
• Fontenelle, his eulogy on Palissy, [23].
• Foot-marks, fossil, in North America, [136].
• Forbes, Prof. E., on glacial epoch, [86].
• ——, on fossils of tertiary, [184].
• ——, on new island in Gulf of Santorin, [443].
• ——, on regions of depth in Ægean Sea, [649].
• ——, on migration of mollusca, [651].
• ——, cited, [703].
• Forbes, Prof. J. D., on glacier motion, [224].
• ——, on rate of flowing of lava, [378], [400].
• ——, on temple of Serapis, [515], [517].
• Forchhammer, Dr., on boulders drifted by ice, [231].
• ——, on peat, [719].
• Forests, influence of, [712], 713, [715].
• ——, sites of, now covered by peat, [720].
• ——, destroyed by insects, [717].
• ——, submarine, [303], 323, [746].
• Forests, submerged. In Colombia R. by landslides, [215].
• Forfarshire, waste of coast of, [302].
• ——, marl lakes of, [766], [796].
• Forshey, Mr., on Mississippi, [264], [271].
• Forster, Mr., on coral reefs, [778].
• Forsyth on climate of Italy, [395].
• Fortis cited, [42].
• ——, views of Arduino confirmed by, [48].
• ——, and Testa on fossil fish, [44].
• Fort William, near Calcutta, artesian well, [280].
• Fossiliferous formations, breaks in the series, [180].
• Fossilization of organic remains on emerged land, [718], [775].
• ——, in peat mosses, [722].
• ——, In caves and fissures, [732].
• ——, in alluvium and landslips, [730].
• ——, in volcanic formations on land, [349], [728].
• ——, in subaqueous deposits, [742], [753].
• ——, in marl lakes, [752].
• Fossils, early speculations concerning their nature, [19], 24 to [27].
• ——, distinctness of secondary and tertiary, [119].
• ——, mammiferous of tertiary eras, [137], [140].
• ——, why distinct in successive groups, [190].
• ——, See Organic Remains.
• Fossil trees, upright position of some, [91].
• Fourier, Baron, on temperature of spaces surrounding our atmosphere, [108].
• ——, on central heat, [127].
• ——, on radiation of heat, [127].
• Fox, Mr., on heat in mines, [538].
• ——, on electric currents in the earth, [543].
• France, waste of coast of, [324].
• ——, caves of, [737].
• Franconia, caves of, [736].
• Franklin, on a whirlwind in Maryland, [619].
• Fremont, Capt., on submerged forests in Columbia, [270].
• Freshwater plants and animals fossilized, [766], [768].
• ——, strata in Cashmere, [762].
• Freyberg, school at, [46], [52].
• Fries, on dispersion of cryptogamic plants, [620].
• Fringing reef, nature and origin of, [785].
• ——, upraised, [794].
• Fuchsel, opinions of, 1762, [43].
• Funchal. rise of sea at, during earthquake, [496].
• Fundy, Bay of, wave called the "bore" in, [332].

G.

• Gaillonella ferruginea, [722].
• Galapagos, peculiar character of the fauna of [139], 635, [643].
• ——, island, tameness of birds in, [597].
• ——, Archipelago, craters form hills in, [372].
• Galongoon, great eruption of, [353], [430].
• Gambier coral island, [783], [787].
• Ganges, delta of, and Brahmapootra, 275 to [284].
• ——, antiquity of delta of, [281].
• ——, quantity of sediment in waters of, [278].
• ——, islands formed by the, [276].
• ——, bones of men found in delta of. [757].
• ——, artesian borings in delta of, [268].
• Gardner, Mr., on unexplored Antarctic land, [99].
• Gases, liquefaction of, [560].
• ——, evolved by volcanoes, [549].
• Gefle, upraised shelly deposits near, [526], [528].
• Gemmellaro on Etna, [408].
• ——, on ice under lava, [412].
• Generation, spontaneous, theory of, [22].
• Generelli. on state of geology in Europe in middle of eighteenth century, [35], [53].
• Geneva, lake of, delta of Rhone in, [252].
• Geognosy of Werner, [46].
• Geographical distribution of plants, [613].
• ——, of animals, [629].
• ——, of birds, [642].
• ——, of reptiles, [644].
• ——, of fishes, [646].
• ——, of testacea. [649].
• ——, of zoophytes, [653].
• Geographical distribution of insects, [654].
• ——, of man, [659].
• Geography, proofs of former changes in physical, [114], [121].
• ——, effect of changes in, on species, [690].
• Geological society of London, [59].
• ——, theories, causes of error in, [61].
• Geology defined, [1].
• ——, distinct from cosmogony, [3].
• ——, causes of its retardation, [24], 55, [61].
• ——, state of, before eighteenth century, [86].
• ——, modern progress of, [58].
• Georgia, Island of, snow to level of sea in, [99], [108].
• ——, U. S., new ravines formed in, [205].
• Gerbanites, an Arabian sect, their doctrines, [14].
• German Ocean, filling up, [340].
• Gesner, John, on organic remains, [41].
• Geysers of Iceland, [533], [553].
• ——, cause of their intermittent action, [555].
• Gibraltar, birds' bones in breccia at, [740].
• ——, Straits of, [383].
• Gironde, tides in its estuary, [338].
• Glacial epoch, [75].
• Glacier under lava, on Etna, [412].
• ——, moraines of, [223].
• ——, view of, [223].
• Glaciers, formation of, 222 to [227].
• ——, motion of, [228].
• ——, of Spitzbergen, [96].
• ——, transportation of rocks by, [155].
• Glen Tilt, granite veins of, [51].
• Gloucestershire, gain of land in, [324].
• Gmelin on distribution of fish, [648].
• Goats, multiplication of, in South America, [686].
• Goeppert, Prof., [87].
• ——, on fossilization of plants, [747].
• Golden age, doctrine whence derived, [9].
• Goodwin Sands, [314].
• Gothenburg, rise of land near, [526].
• Graab, Capt., on subsidence of Greenland, [530].
• Graham, Mrs., on earthquake of Chili in 1822, [459].
• Graham Island, newly formed in 1831, [432].
• ——, supposed section of, [435].
• Granite of the Hartz, Werner on, [47].
• ——, disintegration of, [221], [346].
• ——, formed at different periods, [177].
• ——, veins observed by Hutton in Glen Tilt, [51].
• Grant, Capt., on Chilian earthquake, [462].
• Graves, Capt., on diffusion of insects by winds, [656].
• ——, survey of Santorin by, [441].
• Gray, Mr., on Mytilus polymorphus, [658].
• Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia, [724].
• Grecian Archipelago, new isles of the, [43].
• ——, volcanoes of the, [355], 442, [450].
• Greece, earthquakes in, [355].
• ——, traditions of deluges in, [356].
• Greeks, geology of, [13].
• Greenland, why colder than Lapland, [94].
• ——, gradual subsidence of, [530], [562].
• ——, timber drifted to shores of, [745].
• Grevllle, Dr., on drift sea-weed, [623].
• Groins described, [818].
• Grooves in rocks formed by glaciers, [155], 227, [228].
• Grotto del Cane, [248].
• Ground ice, [221].
• ——, transporting rocks in Baltic, [231].
• Guadalonpe, human skeletons of [757].
• Guatemala, active volcanoes in, [349].
• Gulana, partly formed by sediment of Amazon, [342].
• Guilding, Rev. L., on migration of Boa Constrictor, [646].
• Guinea current, [296].
• Guinea, New, mammalia of, [682].
• Gulf stream, [96], 292, 294. [621].
• ——, stream aids migration of fish, [648].
• Guyot, M., on glacier motion, [224].
• Gyrogonite described, [766].

H.