Principles of Geology / or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants Considered as Illustrative of Geology

by Sir Charles Lyell

• Rabenstein cave, [736].
• Race of Alderney, its velocity, [293].
• "Races," tidal currents so called, [341].
• Raffles, Sir S., cited, [465], [599].
• Rafts, drift-timber in Mississippi, &c., [267].
• Rain, action of, [713].
• ——, diminished by felling of forests, [713].
• ——, fall of, in basin of Ganges, [278].
• ——, Huttonian theory of, [199].
• ——, fall of, varying with latitude, [199].
• ——, fall of, in Eastern Bengal, [200].
• Rain-prints, recent, on mud in Nova Scotia, [202].
• Raised beaches, [184].
• Ramree, volcanic island, [354].
• Raspe on islands shifting their position (note), [11].
• ——, his theory, 1763, [42], [43], [48].
• Rats, migrations of, [637].
• ——, introduced by man into America, [663], [686].
• Rawlinson, Col., on delta of Tigris, [285].
• Ray, his physico-theology, &c., [30], [31].
• ——, cited, [645], [683].
• Reaumur on insects, 674
• Reculver cliff; action of sea on, [312].
• Rocupero on flowing of lava, [401].
• Red Crag, fossils of, [142].
• Redman, J. B., on changes of English coast, [315], 316, [319].
• Red marl, supposed universality of, [158].
• Red River, new lakes formed by, [269].
• ——, drift-wood in, [267].
• ——, and Mississippi, their junction recent, [264], [284].
• Red Sea, level of, and of Mediterranean, [294].
• ——, coral reefs of, [777], [784].
• Reefs, coral, outline destroyed by denudation, [795].
• Refrigeration, Leibnitz's theory of, [26].
• ——, causes which might produce the extreme of, [106].
• Reid, Col., on motion of shingle beaches, [320].
• Rein-deer, geographical range of, [637].
• ——, migrations of, [640].
• ——, imported into Iceland, [686].
• Rennel, Major, on delta of Ganges, [275].
• ——, on delta of Nile, [261].
• ——, on currents, [95], 97, [291], 292, [293].
• ——, on the tide-wave called "the Bore," [333].
• Rennel, Mr., on delta of Ganges, [275].
• Rennie, Rev. Dr., on peat, and fossils in peat, [718], 719, [720], [722].
• Reptiles, their geographical distribution, [645].
• ——, their powers of diffusion, [645].
• ——, in carboniferous epoch, [136].
• ——, in Ireland, [645].
• ——, imbedded in subaqueous strata, [748], [771].
• ——, fossil, in old red sandstone, [135].
• ——, in coal, [136].
• Rhine, R., description, of its course, [325].
• ——, its delta, [326].
• ——, tuff made of siliceous cases of infusoria, [388].
• Rhinoceros, fossil, food of, [80].
• Rhone, delta of, in Mediterranean, [258].
• ——, delta of, in Lake of Geneva, [189], 252, [286].
• ——, deposits at its confluence with the Arve, [288].
• Rhone, a cannon in calcareous rock in its delta, [759].
• Richardson, Sir J., on rocks near Mackenzie River, [115].
• ——, on sheep of Rocky Mountains, [598].
• ——, on distribution of animals, [640], [645].
• ——, on drift timber, in Slave Lake, [743].
• ——, on arctic fauna, [634].
• ——, on diffusion of fish, [647].
• ——, on isothermal lines, [94].
• Richardson, Mr. W., on Herne Bay, [312].
• Riddell, Dr., on sediment of Mississippi, [273].
• Rive, M. de la, on terrestrial magnetism, [543].
• River-ice, carrying power of, [219].
• Rivers, difference in the sediment of, [189], [258].
• ——, sinuosities of, [205].
• ——, submarine, in Thessaly, &c., [357].
• ——, when confluent, do not occupy bed of proportionally larger surface, [207].
• Robert, M., on geysers of Iceland, [246].
• Robertson, Capt., on mud volcanoes, [449].
• Rockhall bank, recent deposits on, [778].
• Rocks, specific gravity of, [206].
• ——, difference in texture of older and newer, [175].
• ——, altered by subterranean gases, [248].
• ——, origin of the primary, [176].
• ——, persistency of mineral character in, [157].
• ——, older, why most solid and disturbed, [162].
• ——, action of frost on, [221], [231].
• ——, transportation of, by ice, [155], [219].
• ——, grooved by glacial action, [155], 227, [229].
• Rogers, Prof., on Appalachian chain, [559].
• Roman roads under water in Bay of Baiæ, [517].
• Romney Marsh, gained from sea, [316].
• Rose, M. G., on hornblende and augite, [449].
• Ross, Sir J., on cold of antarctic regions, [99].
• ——, obtained soundings at depth of 27,600 feet, [104].
• ——, confirms Cook as to antarctic ice, [125].
• ——, on icebergs, [98], [229].
• Rossberg, slide of the, [732].
• Rotation of the earth, currents caused by, [296].
• ——, of crops, [670], [720].
• Rother, River, vessel found in its old bed, [316], [758].
• Royle, Mr., [81].
• Runn of Cutch described, [463].
• Rye formerly destroyed by sea, [316].

S.

• Saarbuck, reptiles in coal strata at, [136].
• Sabine, Capt., on well at Chiswick, 234
• ——, on waters of Amazon discoloring the sea, [342].
• Sabine, Col., on solar magnetic period, [129], [544].
• Sabrina, island of, [432].
• Saco, R., flood on, [209].
• Sahrunpore, buried town near, [731].
• St. Andrew's, loss of land at, [303].
• ——, gun-barrel, fossil, near, [760].
• St. Domingo, hot springs caused by earthquake in, [494].
• ——, fossil human skeleton in, [758].
• St. Helena, tides at, [291].
• St. Jago, earthquake at, [457].
• St. Katherine's Docks, a fossil vessel found in, [758].
• St. Lawrence, Gulf of, earthquakes in, [470].
• ——, rocks drifted by ice in the, [220].
• St. Maura, earthquakes in, [474].
• St. Michael, siliceous springs of, [246].
• St. Michael's Mount, [323].
• St. Paul, volcanic island, [446].
• St. Vincent's, volcanoes of, [466].
• ——, counter-currents in the air proved by eruption in, [106].
• ——, boa constrictor conveyed on drift-wood to, [646].
• Salt, on its deposition in the Mediterranean, [334].
• Salt springs [18], [247].
• Saltholm, island of, [520].
• Samothracian deluge, [356].
• Sand bars along western coast of Adriatic, [257].
• ——, drift, estuaries blocked up by, [307].
• Sand, imbedding of towns, &c. in, [726].
• ——, cones of thrown up during earthquake, [483].
• Sandown Bay, excavated by sea, [318].
• Sandwich Islands volcanoes, [354], 372, [383], 429, [548], [552].
• Sandwich Land, perpetual snow to level of sea-beach in, [99].
• San Filippo, travertin of, [241].
• San Lio, on Etna, fissures in plain of, [399].
• Santa Maria, island of, raised 10 feet, [455].
• Santorin, geological structure of, [445].
• ——, chart and section of, [442].
• ——, new islands in Gulf of, [441].
• Saracens, learning of the, [17].
• Saussure on the Alps and Jura, [45].
• ——, on glaciers in Alps, [223].
• Savanna la Mar, swept away by sea, [731].
• Saxicava rugosa, cosmopolite shell, [650].
• Scandinavia called an island by the ancients, [520].
• ——, gradual rise of, [520], [563].
• ——. See Sweden.
• Scania, gradual subsidence of, [530].
• Scacchi, Sig., on temple of Serapis, [516].
• ——, on origin of Monte Nuovo, [371].
• Scheuchzer, his theory, 1708, [33].
• Schmerling, Dr., on fossils in caves, [737].
• Schwabe, M., on spots in the sun, [129], [544].
• Sciacca, island of. See Graham Island.
• Scilla on organic remains, 1670, [24].
• Scilla, rock of, [488].
• Scoresby, Capt, on the Gulf stream, [96].
• ——, on formation of field ice, [108].
• ——, on weight of rocks transported by icebergs, [227].
• ——, cited, [640], [743].
• Scotland, floods in, [207], [750].
• ——, colder climate indicated by newest tertiary strata of, [125].
• ——, waste of islands and coast of, [298].
• ——, slight earthquakes felt in, [358].
• ——, peat-mosses of, [720], [723].
• ——, marl lakes of, [752], 766, [770].
• Scrope, Mr. G. P., on eruption of Vesuvius in 1822, [375].
• ——, on columnar basalts of Vesuvius, [385].
• ——, on pisolitic globules at Pompeii, [387].
• ——, on eruptions of Etna, [408], [410].
• ——, on cause of convexity of plain of Malpais, [429].
• ——, on connection between state of atmosphere and earthquakes, [561].
• Sea does not change its level, but land, [15].
• ——, its influence on climate, [97].
• ——, area covered by, [124].
• ——, its encroachments on coasts, [298], 302, [324].
• ——, its rise and retreat during earthquakes, [407].
• Sea-beaches, raised, in Ireland, [122].
• ——, progressive motion of, [316].
• Seals, migration of, [642].
• Sea-weed, banks formed by drift, [622], [770].
• Secondary rocks, fossils of the, [86].
• ——, origin of the, [117].
• Sedgwick, Professor, on the Hartz mountains, [48].
• ——, on tertiary deposits of the Alps, [119].
• ——, on the antagonist power of vegetation, [711].
• ——, on organic remains in fissures, [740].
• ——, on diluvial waves, [423].
• Sediment of the Mississippi, [272].
• ——, laws governing deposition o£ [188], [342].
• ——, in river water, [270].
• ——, of Ganges compared to lavas of Etna, [283].
• ——, rate of subsidence of some kinds of, [342].
• ——, area over which it may be transported by currents, [343].
• Sedimentary deposition, causes which occasion a shifting of the areas of, [189].
• Seeds, vitality of, [587].
• ——, of Leguminosæ adapted for water-carriage, [622].
• Serapis, temple of, [507].
• ——, ground-plan of environs of, [507].
• ——, date of its re-elevation, [512].
• ——, now again subsiding, [516].
• ——, worship of, in Italy, [512].
• Serres, E. R. A., on changes in brain of fœtus, [609].
• Serres, E. Marcel de, on fossil human remains, [738].
• Severn, tides in estuary of, [291].
• ——, gain of land in its estuary, [324].
• Shakspeare's cliff, waste of, [314].
• "Shambles," a shoal off Portland Bill, [32].
• Sharpe, Mr. D., on earthquake of Lisbon, [496].
• Sheep, multiplication of, in South America, [686].
• Shell marl, fossils in, [752], 766, [769].
• Shells, fossil of older strata buried in newer or recent beds, 775. See Testacea.
• Sheppey, waste of cliffs, [312].
• Shetland Islands, action of the sea on, [298].
• ——, rock masses drifted by sea in, [298].
• ——, effect of lightning on rocks in, [299].
• ——, formation in progress near, [774].
• Shingle beaches, [318], [320].
• Ships, number of British, wrecked annually, [754], [755].
• ——, fossil, [316], 725, [758].
• Siberia, rhinoceros entire in frozen soil of, [45], [82].
• ——, map of, [79].
• ——, the Bengal tiger found in, [78].
• ——, lowland of, [78], 83, [85].
• ——, drift timber on coast of, [745].
• Siberian lowlands, climate of, [83].
• ——, mammoths, [80].
• Sicily, earthquakes in, [357], 470, [477], 479, [503], [736].
• ——, geological structure of, [74], 167, [183].
• ——, mud volcanoes of, [447].
• Sienna, fossil shells of, [39], [74].
• Sigillariæ, structure of, [88].
• Silex, deposited by springs, [246].
• Silliman, Professor, cited, [759].
• Silurian rocks, wide range of the fossils, [160].
• ——, fauna, no land or freshwater plants in, [134].
• ——, horizontal, [187].
• ——, altered, [177].
• ——, strata formed in deep seas, [117].
• Simeto, R., lava excavated by, [213].
• Sindree, changes caused by earthquakes of 1819, near, [461], 464, [761].
• ——, view of the fort of, before the earthquake (see Pl. xi.), [461].
• ——, its appearance in 1838, [463].
• Skaptâr Jokul, eruption of, [425].
• Slave Lake, drift timber in, [743].
• Sleswick, waste of coast of, [330], [694].
• Sligo, bursting of a peat-moss in, [724].
• Sloane, Sir H., on earthquake in Jamaica, [505].
• ——, on dispersion of plants, [621].
• Smith, William, agreement of his system with Werner's, [48].
• ——, his "Tabular View of the British Strata," 1790, [58].
• ——, his map of England, [58].
• ——, priority of his arrangement, [58].
• Smith, Mr., of Jordan Hill, on the colder climate of newest tertiary period, [126].
• ——, on temple of Serapis, [516].
• Smyrna, volcanic country round, [355].
• Smyth, Capt. W. H., on the Mediterranean, [45], 259, [296], [511].
• ——, on height Of Etna, [396].
• ——, on Straits of Gibraltar, [333], [336].
• ——, on depth of sea from which Graham Island rose, [432].
• ——, on floating islands of drift-wood, [641].
• ——, on drifting of birds by the wind, [645].
• ——, on diffusion of insects, [657].
• ——, on average number of British ships lost, from 1793 to 1829, [755].
• ——, found shells at great depths between Gibraltar and Ceuta, [773].
• Snow, height of perpetual, in the Andes, [112].
• ——, in Himalaya mountains, [112].
• ——, lowest limits of perpetual, at equator, [222].
• ——, lowest limits of perpetual, at Swiss Alps, [222].
• Sodertelje, buried hut in canal of, [524], [528].
• Soil, its influence on plants, [590].
• Soils, on formation of, [709].
• ——, influence of plants on, [670].
• Soldani, on microscopic shells of Mediterranean, [44].
• ——, on the Paris basin, [44].
• Solent, its channel widening, [318].
• Solfatara, lake of, [243].
• ——, volcano, [358], 363, [367], [385].
• Solitaire, recently extinct bird, [684].
• Solway Moss, [723].
• Solway Firth, animals washed by river floods into, [760].
• Somersetshire, land gained in, [324].
• ——, submarine forest on coast of, [323].
• Somerville, Mrs., on depth of ocean, [104].
• Somma, escarpment of, [381].
• ——, dikes of, [382].
• ——, supposed section of Vesuvius and, [381].
• Sorbonne, College of the, [39].
• Sorting power of water, [287].
• South Carolina, earthquake in, [466].
• South Downs, waste of plastic clay on, [317].
• Spain, earthquakes in, [358].
• Spallanzani on effects of heat on seeds, [621].
• ——, on flight of birds, [644].
• Species, definition of the term, [567].
• ——, Linnæus on constancy of, [568].
• ——, Lamarck's theory of transmutation of, [567], 580, [699].
• ——, reality of, in nature, [583], 591, [592], [611].
• ——, geographical distribution of, [612].
• ——, theories respecting their origin, [666], [703].
• ——, Brocchi on extinction of, [668].
• ——, reciprocal influence of aquatic and terrestrial, [676].
• ——, their successive creation and extinction, [678], 689, [707].
• ——, effect of changes in geography, climate, &c., on their distribution, [105], 690, [697].
• ——, superior longevity of molluscous, [76].
• Specific centres, doctrine of, [630].
• Spence, Mr., on insects, cited, [606], 655, [673].
• Spitzbergen, glaciers of, [96].
• Spix, M., on animals drifted by Amazon, [641].
• ——, on Brazil, [682].
• Spontaneous generation, theory of, [22].
• Springs, origin of, [232].
• ——, the theory of, illustrated by bored wells, [233].
• ——, most abundant in volcanic regions, [237].
• ——, affected by earthquake, [237], 453, [456], 483, [494].
• ——, transporting power of, [238].
• ——, calcareous, [239].
• ——, sulphureous and gypseous, [245].
• ——, siliceous, [246].
• ——, ferruginous, [249].
• ——, brine, [247].
• ——, carbonated, [248].
• ——, petroleum, [250].
• Squirrels, migrations of, [637].
• Stabiæ, buried city of, [394].
• Stalagmite alternating with alluvium in caves, [737].
• Stars, variable splendor of, [128].
• Statical figure of the earth, [534], [544].
• Stations of plants, description of, [614].
• ——, of animals, [677].
• Stelluti on organic remains, [23].
• Steno, opinions of, [23].
• Stephenson on eruption in Iceland, [425].
• Stephenson, Mr. R., on level of Red Sea and Mediterranean, [294].
• Stevenson, Mr., on drift stones on Bell-Rock, [302].
• ——, on the German Ocean, [315], [340].
• ——, on waste of cliffs, [324].
• Stockholm, rise of land near, [526], [527].
• Stokes, Mr., on mineralization of plants, [747].
• Stonesfleld, fossils of, [138], [145].
• Storm of November, 1824, effect of, [317], 318, [320].
• Strabo cited, [14], 260, [355], [361].
• ——, geology of, [14].
• Strachey, Capt, R., on delta of Ganges, [283].
• Straits of Dover, formation of, [315].
• ——, their depth, [315].
• Straits of Gibraltar, currents in, &c., [333], [335].
• Strata, laws governing deposition of, [188].
• ——, slow deposition of, proved by fossils, [154].
• ——, on consolidation of, [175].
• Stratifications in deltas, causes of, [287].
• ——, of debris deposited by currents, [288].
• ——, unconformable, inferences derived from, [187].
• Strabo, hypothesis of, [14].
• Strickland, Mr., on tertiary strata, Cropthorn, [76].
• ——, on dodo, [684].
• Stromboli, its appearance during Calabrlan earthquakes, [488].
• ——, constancy in eruption, [546], [561].
• Stufas, jets of steam in volcanic regions, [237], [546].
• Stutchbury, Mr., on coral islands, [778], [782].
• Subapennine strata, [74].
• ——, early Italian geologists on, [42], [71].
• Submarine forests, [303], 323, [746].
• ——, peat, [724], [770].
• ——, rivers, [357].
• ——, volcanoes, [431], [454].
• ——, eruptions in mid Atlantic, [436].
• Subsidence of land, [460], 465, [470], 477, [495], 503, [504], 507, [691], 761, [762].
• ——, great areas of, [170], [790].
• ——, greater than elevation, [563], [787].
• ——, simultaneous in Miocene epoch, [192].
• ——, of land, delta of Mississippi, [271].
• ——, of coral islands, slow and uniform, [791].
• Subterranean movements, uniformity of, [186].
• ——, movements near New Madrid, 1811-12, [270].
• Suffolk, cliffs undermined, [309].
• ——, tertiary strata of, [142].
• Sulphuric acid, lake of, in Java, [353].
• Sulphureous springs, [245].
• Sumatra, volcanoes in, [354].
• ——, animals destroyed by river floods in, [751].
• Sumbawa, subsidence in island of, 1815, 464, [762].
• ——, ashes, transported to great distances by eruptions of, [106].
• Sun, variations in spots of, [129].
• Sunda, Isles of, volcanic region of, [350].
• Sunderbunds, part of delta of Ganges, [276].
• "Sunk country," west of New Madrid in U. S., [467].
• Superior, Lake, deltas of, 254
• ——, recent deposits in, [254], [768].
• ——, its depth, extent, &c., [254].
• ——, bursting of, would cause a flood, [156].
• Sussex, waste of its coast, [317].
• Sutlej, R., fossils near, [6].
• Swanage Bay, excavated by sea, [318].
• Sweden, gradual rise of, [520], [563].
• ——, gradual subsidence of south of, [530].
• ——, earthquakes in, [531].
• ——, land rising, [192].
• ——, See also Scandinavia.
• Switzerland, towns destroyed by landslips in, [732].
• Syria, earthquakes in, [355], [453].

T.

• Tacitus cited, [364].
• Tagliamento, R., delta of the, [258].
• Targioni, on geology of Tuscany, [40].
• Tartary, volcanoes in, [355].
• Taxodium distichum in Great Dismal Swamp, [725].
• Tay, estuary of, encroachment of sea in, [302].
• ——, submarine forests in, [303].
• Taylor, Mr. R. C., on waste of cliff's, [306].
• ——, on gain of land on coast of Norfolk, [308].
• ——, on caves in isle of Cuba, [741].
• Tchihatchoff, M., map of Italy, [123].
• Teissier, M., on human bones in caves, &c., [739].
• Temperature, great changes in, [92].
• ——, difference of, in places in same latitudes, [95].
• ——, warmer in tertiary periods, [75].
• ——, oscillation of, [125].
• ——, See Climate.
• Temples, buried, in Egypt, [726].
• ——, under water in Bay of Baiæ, [518].
• ——, buried in Cashmere, [762].
• Teneriffe, volcanic eruptions in, [439].
• Terra del Fuego, fauna of, [141].
• Terranuova, subsidence near, [470].
• ——, fault in the tower of, [478].
• ——, landslips near, [485].
• Tertiary formations, general remarks on, [141], 182, [183].
• ——, geographical changes implied by, [118].
• ——, glacial in Scotland, [126].
• ——, origin of successive periods, [182].
• ——, circumstances under which these and the secondary formations may have originated, [117], [118].
• ——, fossils of the newest, [183].
• ——, fossil mammals of successive, [142].
• ——, formations of England, [76], [142].
• ——, of the Paris basin, [142].
• ——, deposits, climate of warmer, [86].
• Testacea, their geographical distribution, [649].
• ——, fossil, importance of, [183].
• ——, marine, imbedding of, [768].
• ——, freshwater, [770].
• ——, burrowing, [773].
• ——, longevity of species of, [76].
• ——, number of recent, in different tertiary periods, [142], [183].
• Texel, waste of islands near the, [328].
• Thames, valley of, tertiary strata in, [76].
• ——, gain and loss of land in its estuary, [312].
• ——, tide in its estuary, [338].
• ——, buried vessels in alluvial plain of the, [758].
• Thanet, Isle of, loss of land in, [313].
• Thermo-electricity, [543].
• Thibet, yak or wild ox of, in ice, [85].
• Thomson, Dr. T., on Western Himalaya and Thibet, [763].
• ——, on buried temples in Cashmere, [763].
• Thrace subject to earthquakes, [355].
• Thury, M. Hericart de, on artesian wells, [234], [236].
• Thylacotherium Prevostii, [138].
• Tiber, growth of its delta, [243].
• Tide wave of the Atlantic, [308].
• Tides, height to which they rise, [279], [290].
• ——, effect of winds on the, [295].
• ——, effects of, on wells near London, [233].
• ——, their destroying and transporting power, [291].
• ——, their reproductive effects, [337].
• ——, and currents, drifting remains of animals by, [753].
• Tiedemann on changes in brain of fœtus, [609].
• Tiger of Bengal found in Siberia, [77].
• Tigris and Euphrates, their union a modern event, [284].
• Tigris, river, delta of, advancing, [284].
• Tilesius on Siberian mammoth, [81].
• Time, prepossessions in regard to the duration of past, [62].
• Tivoli, flood at, [211].
• ——, travertin of, [244].
• Tomboro, volcano, eruption of, [465].
• ——, town of, submerged, [465].
• Torre del Greco overflowed by lava, [394].
• ——, columnar lavas of, [384].
• Torrents, action of, in widening valleys, [204].
• Torres' Strait, volcano of, [792].
• Totten, Col., on expansion of rocks by heat, [562].
• Tournal, M., on French caves, [738], [739].
• Towns destroyed by landslips, [732].
• Trade-winds, [106], [295].
• Traditions of losses of land, [324], [327].
• ——, of floods, [500], [501].
• Transition texture, [176].
• ——, formations, [177].
• Trap rocks of many different ages, [160].
• Travertin of the Elsa, [239].
• ——, of San Vignone, [240].
• ——, of San Filippo, [241].
• ——, spheroidal structure of, [242].
• ——, compared to English magnesian limestone, [243].
• ——, of Tivoli, [244].
• Travertin politic, recent, in Lancerote, [439].
• Tree-ferns, distribution of, [88].
• Tree-ferns, extend more south than north of equator, [86].
• Trees, longevity of, [422].
• Trias, fossil mammifer of, [137].
• Trimmer, Mr., on recent marine shells in Wales, [122].
• Trinidad, subsidence in, [250].
• ——, pitch lake of, [250].
• Tripergola, [370], 371, [395].
• Tripolitza, plain of, breccias in, [734].
• Trollhattan, [527].
• Truncation of volcanic cones, [352], [493].
• Tufa. See Travertin.
• Tuff, infusorial, [388].
• Turner, Dr., on decomposition of felspar, [247].
• Turtles, migrations of, [645].
• ——, eggs of, fossil, [771].
• Turton cited, [646].
• Tuscany, geology of, [23], [40].
• ——, calcareous springs of, [239].
• Tyrol, Dolomieu on the, [49].

U.

• Uddevalla, upraised deposits at, [184], 527
• Uliah Bund, formation of the, [462].
• Ulloa cited, [501], 502, [685].
• Unconformable strata, inferences derived from, [187].
• Uniformity of laws of nature, [71], 149, [373].
• ——, of system of past changes in animate and inanimate world, [181].
• Universal formations, theory of, [49], [154].
• Universal ocean, theory of, [26], [34].
• ——, disproved by organic remains, [191].
• Upsala, strata near, [528].

V.

• Val d'Arno, Upper, effect of destruction of forests in, [712].
• Val del Bove on Etna described, [403].
• ——, form, composition, and origin of dikes in, [406].
• ——, lavas and breccias of the, [411].
• ——, origin of the, [413].
• ——, floods in, [411].
• Val di Calanna, [405], 407, [410].
• Val di Noto, Dolomieu on the, [49].
• Valdivia, earthquake at, [453].
• Valenciennes, M., on fish not crossing the Atlantic, [647].
• Valley, newly formed in Georgia, U. S., [205].
• Valleys, Targioni on origin of, [40].
• ——, excavation of, in Central France, [213].
• ——, of elevation, section of, [420].
• ——, on Etna, account of, [404].
• ——, the excavation of, assisted by earthquakes, [484].
• Vallisneri on the origin of springs, [33].
• ——, on marine deposits of Italy, [34].
• ——, cited, [34], 35, [52].
• Valparaiso, changes caused by earthquakes at, [457], 517, [761].
• Van Dieman's Land, climate of, [97].
• Vedas, sacred hymns of, [4].
• Vegetable soil, why it does not increase, [709].
• ——, how formed, [710].
• Vegetation, luxuriant, not required to support
• large animals, [82].
• ——, centres of, [703].
• ——, its conservative influence, [710], [711].
• ——, its influence on climate, [713].
• Veins, mineral, on their formation, [484].
• ——, of lava. See Dikes.
• Verneuil, M. de, on lowland of Siberia, [84].
• Verona, fossils of, [20], 22, [34].
• ——, Arduino on mountains of, [41].
• Verstegan, on separation of England from France, [315], [642].
• Vertebrated animals in oldest strata, [135].
• Vessels, fossil. See Ships.
• Vesta, temple of, [212].
• Vesuvius, excavation of tuff on, [213].
• ——, history of, [263], [374].
• ——, eruptions of, [364], [374].
• ——, dikes of, [379].
• ——, lava of, [384].
• ——, structure and origin of the cone of, [383].
• ——, and Somma, probable section of, [381].
• ——, volcanic alluvium on, [728].
• Vicentin, Dolomieu on the, [49].
• ——, submarine lavas of the, [71].
• Victoria land, skirted by ice, [99].
• Vidal, Capt., on Rockhall bank, [773].
• Villages buried by landslips, [732].
• Virlet, M., on Samothracian deluge, [356].
• ——, on volcanoes of Greece, [355].
• ——, on Santorin, [443], 445, [446].
• ——, on corrosion of rocks by gases, [733].
• ——, on human bones imbedded in Morea, [735].
• Vivarais, basalts of the, [48].
• Volcanic action, defined, [345].
• ——, power adequate to effect lateral pressure, [172].
• ——, lines, [169], [352].
• ——, craters in Galapagos with southern side lowest, [783].
• ——, action, uniformity of, [162], [711].
• ——, cones, truncation of, [352], [493].
• ——, their perfect state no proof of relative age, [712].
• ——, conglomerates, [438].
• ——, dikes. See Dikes.
• ——, eruptions, causes of, [542].
• ——, average number of, per annum, [450].
• ——, formations, fossils in, [349], [728].
• ——, products, mineral composition of, [449].
• ——, regions, their geographical boundaries, [346].
• ——, map showing extent of, [351].
• ——, rocks, subterranean, [178], [450].
• ——, of all geological periods, [160].
• Volcanoes, safety-valves according to Strabo, [15].
• ——, remarks on their position, [346], [355].
• ——, and earthquakes, effects of same causes, [345].
• ——, agency of water in, [545].
• ——, mode of computing the age of, [420].
• ——, sometimes inactive for centuries, [346], [421].
• ——, of Sandwich Islands, [354], 372, [548], 383, [429].
• ——, chemical theory of, [546].
• ——, mud, [447].
• ——, "no safety-valves," Dana on, [553].
• Voltaire on systems of geology, [54].
• Volterra, Mattani, on fossils of, [34].
• Von Baer, Prof., on frozen soil of Siberia, [84].
• ——, on ice-drifted rocks, [231].
• Von Buch on rise of land in Sweden, [523], [526].
• ——, on volcanic lines, [352].
• ——, on volcanoes of Greece, [355].
• ——, on formation of Monte Nuovo, [369].
• ——, on Vesuvius and Somma, [367], 380, [382], 384
• ——, on eruption in Lancerote, [436].
• ——, on glaciers, [228].
• ——, on new islands, [468].
• ——, on volcanic regions, [346].
• Von Hoff. See Hoff.
• Vulcanists and Neptunists, factions of, [50], [55].
• Vultur, Mount, [356].
• Vultures, range of, [643].

W.