- MacClelland, Dr., on earthquakes In Chittagong, [494].
- ——, on volcanic line In Bay of Bengal, [354].
- MacCulloch, Dr., on gradation from peat to coal, [719].
- ——, on origin of limestones, [796].
- Macacus pliocenus of Owen, fossil in valley of Thames, [144].
- ——, Suffolk Eocene species, [144].
- Macaluba, in Sicily, mud volcanoes, [447].
- Mackenzie, Sir G., his section of geyser, [556].
- ——, on reindeer in Iceland, [686].
- Mackenzie River, driftwood of, [90], [743].
- ——, floods of, [84].
- Maclaren, Mr. C., on Graham Island, [435].
- ——, on quantity of useful soil in America, [687].
- ——, on position of American forests, 714
- ——, remarks, theory of atolls, [792].
- Macmurdo, Captain, on earthquake of Cutch, [460].
- Madagascar, extent of coral near, [776].
- ——, assemblage of quadrupeds in, [632].
- Madrid, New, great earthquake at, [466].
- ——, sunk country near it, [270].
- Maeler, lake, [524], [528].
- Magellan, Straits of, tides in, [291], [293].
- Magnesia deposited by springs, [283].
- Magnesian limestone and travertin compared, [240].
- Magnetism, terrestrial, phenomena of, [543].
- ——, solar, [129].
- Mahomet, his cosmogony, [18].
- Malabar, coral near, [776].
- Maldive Islands, coral reefs of, [778], [782].
- Mallet, Captain, on petroleum of Trinidad, [250].
- Mallet, Mr., on the dynamics of earthquakes, [453], [475].
- ——, on whirling motion during earthquakes, [476].
- ——, cited, [560].
- ——, on transit of the earth-wave, [483].
- ——, on theory of waves, [498].
- Mammalia, different regions of indigenous, [629].
- ——, fossil, of successive tertiary periods. [138], [139].
- ——, imbedding of, in subaqueous strata, [749], [753].
- Mammifer, fossil of trias, [137].
- Mammoth, Siberian, [75].
- ——, bones of, in Yorkshire, [76].
- Man, recent origin of, [147], 182, [687], [764].
- ——, why able to live in all climates, [609].
- ——, diffusion of, [657].
- ——, changes caused by, [150], 182, [630], 663, [681], [713].
- ——, durability of the bones of, [147], [757].
- ——, remains of, in osseous breccias of Morea, [735].
- ——, his remains and works fossil, [753].
- Manetho, [63].
- Mantell, Dr., on bones from Saxon tumulus, [788].
- ——, on Lewes levels, [748], [768].
- Map of Siberia, [79].
- ——, of World, showing present unequal distribution of land and sea, [110].
- ——, showing position of land and sea, which might produce extremes of heat and cold, [111].
- ——, of Europe, showing extent of land covered by sea since commencement of tertiary period (Pl. I.), [121].
- Map of coast from Nieuport to mouth of Elbe, [326].
- ——, of volcanoes from Philippine Islands to Bengal, [351].
- ——, of volcanic district of Naples, [361].
- ——, of Gulf of Santorin, [442].
- ——, of Chili, [454], [455].
- ——, of Cutch, [460].
- ——, of Calabria, [472].
- ——, of Sweden, [522].
- Maracaybo, Lake, [466].
- Marine deposits, imbedding of land quadrupeds in, [749], [752].
- ——, of human remains and works of art in, [756].
- ——, of freshwater species in, [768].
- ——, plants and animals imbedded in, [770].
- Marine vegetation. [617], [622].
- Marl lakes of Scotland, animals and plants fossilized in, [752], [766].
- Marsili, on arrangement of shells in Adriatic, [36], 38, [40].
- ——, on deposits of coasts of Languedoc, [260].
- Marsupial animals, distribution of, [633].
- ——, fossil, [138].
- Martigny destroyed by floods, [211].
- Martius, on drifting of animals by the Amazon, [641].
- ——, on Brazil, [682].
- Maryland, whirlwind in, [619].
- Mattani on fossils of Volterra, [34].
- Mattioli on organic remains, [21].
- Mauritius, reef uplifted above level of sea, [794].
- Mediterranean, microscopic testacea of, [44].
- ——, deposition of salt in the, [334].
- ——, new island in, [432].
- ——, its temperature, depth, level, &c., [45], 294, [334], [510].
- ——, same level as Red Sea, 294
- Megna, R., arm of Brahmapootra, [279].
- Melville Island, fossils of, [90].
- ——, migrations of animals into, [640].
- Melville, Dr., on dodo, [684].
- Memphis, in delta of Nile, [261].
- Mendip Hills, caves of, [737].
- Menu's Institutes, [4], [5].
- Mercati on organic remains, [22].
- Mersey, vessel in bed of, [758].
- Messina, tide in Straits of, [290].
- ——, earthquakes at, [477], 488, [490].
- Metallic nucleus, theory of an unoxidated, [545].
- Metallic substances changed by submersion, [759].
- Metamorphic rocks, how formed, [177].
- ——, of the Alps, [178].
- ——, why those visible to us must be very ancient, [178].
- Mexico, Gulf of, tides in, [295].
- ——, currents in, [96], [292].
- ——, volcanoes of, [349], [546].
- Meyen, Dr., on earthquake in Chili, 1822, [458].
- Michell on phenomena of earthquakes, [41].
- ——, on the geology of Yorkshire, [42].
- ——, on earthquake at Lisbon, [358], [497].
- ——, on retreat of the sea during earthquakes, [498].
- ——, on wave-like motion of earthquakes, [558].
- ——, on earthquakes cited, [499].
- Microlestes, triassic mammifer, [138], [145].
- Middendorf, Mr., on Siberian mammoth, [81].
- Migrations of plants, [618].
- ——, of animals, [635], [636].
- ——, of cetacea, [642].
- ——, of birds, [642].
- ——, of fish, [646].
- ——, of zoophytes, [653].
- ——, of insects, [655].
- Migratory powers indispensable to animals, [689].
- Milford Haven, rise of tides at, [291].
- Millennium, [20], [32].
- Mineral waters, their connection with volcanoes, [237].
- ——, ingredients most common in. See Springs, [237].
- Mineralization of plants, [747].
- Mines, heat in, augments with the depth, [538].
- Miocene strata of Suffolk, fossils of, [142].
- ——, proportion of living species in fossil shells of the, [183].
- Mississippi, its course, delta, &c., [268], [275].
- ——, drift-wood of the, [261].
- ——, earthquakes in valley of, [270], [350].
- ——, antiquity of delta of, [272].
- ——, earthquake region of, [467].
- ——, banks higher than swamps, [266].
- Missouri, R., [264].
- Mitchell, Dr., on waste of cliffs, [311].
- Moel Tryfane, recent marine shells on, [122].
- Mollusca. See Testacea.
- ——, provinces of, [649].
- Molluscous animals, longevity of species of, [76].
- Moluccas, eruptions in the, [504].
- Monkeys, fossil, [144].
- Monte Barbaro, description of, [373].
- ——, Bolca, fossil fish of, 44
- ——, Nuovo, formation of, [369], [518].
- ——, Somma, structure of, [382].
- Monti Rossi on Etna described, [397], 399, [422].
- Montlosier, on Auvergne, [49].
- Moraines of glaciers, [223], 226, [228].
- Morayshire, town in, destroyed by sea, [302].
- ——, effect of floods in, [208], [730].
- Morea, Céramiqne of, [731].
- ——, osseous breccias now forming in the, [734].
- ——, human remains imbedded in, [735].
- Moriot, on subsidence in Adriatic, [257].
- Moro, Lazzaro, his geological views, [34].
- ——, on primary rocks, [52].
- Morocco, earthquakes at, [358].
- Morton, Dr. S. G., on hybrids and species, [601].
- Mountain chains, on the elevation of, [65].
- ——, theory of sudden rise of, [163].
- Moya of the Andes described, [348], [470].
- Mud eruptions in Quito, 1797, [348].
- ——, volcanoes, [447].
- Mules sometimes prolific, [601].
- Murchison, Sir R., on the Hartz mountains, [48].
- ——, on tertiary deposits of the Alps, [119].
- ——, on geography of Siberia, [78], 84, [124].
- ——, map of Russia, [123].
- ——, on depression of Caspian, [157].
- ——, on travertin of Tivoli, [245].
- ——, on tertiary deposits of Alps, [124].
- Muschelkalk, [193].
- Mydaus meliceps, [639].
- Myrmecobius, fasciatus, [138].
- Mytilus polymorphus, [652].
N.
- Nantucket, banks of, [293].
- Naples, volcanic district round, [361].
- ——, recent tertiary strata near, [74].
- Narwal stranded near Boston, [771].
- ——, fossil near Lewes, [769].
- Nasmyth, Mr., on nonconductibility of dry sand and clay, [418].
- Needles of Isle of Wight, [318].
- Negro physiognomy traced back 3000 years, [660].
- Neill on whales stranded, [771].
- Nelson, Lieut, on coral reefs, [798].
- Neptune, temple of, under water, [516].
- Neptunists and Vulcanists, rival factions of, [50], [55].
- Nerbuddah, river, [705].
- Newbold, Lieut., on mud of Nile, [262].
- Newfoundland cattle mired in bogs of, [723].
- Newhaven, its cliffs undermined, [317].
- New Holland, plants of, [112], [614].
- ——, animals of, [630].
- ——, coral reefs of, [776], [791].
- New Kameni, formation of, [443].
- New Madrid, U. S., earthquakes at, [350], [466].
- New Zealand, animals in, [635].
- ——, tree ferns in, [89].
- Niagara, Falls of, [214].
- ——, their recession, [217], [218].
- ——, height of, [216].
- Niccolini, M., on Temple of Serapis, [518].
- Nicolosi destroyed by earthquake, [399].
- Nile, R., delta of the, [261].
- ——, cities buried under blown sand near the, [726].
- ——, swept away by flood of, [753].
- Nilson, M., on subsidence of Scania, [530].
- ——, on migrations of eels, [648].
- Nitrogen in springs, [710].
- Nomenclature of geology, remarks on, [158].
- Norfolk, waste of cliffs of, [305].
- ——, gain of land on coast of, [308].
- North Cape, drift-wood on, [745].
- Northumberland, land destroyed by sea in, [303].
- Norway free from earthquakes, [531].
- ——, rise of land in, [192], 527, [529].
- Norwich once situated on an arm of the sea, [307].
- Norwich Crag, fossils of, [142].
- Nova Scotia, rise of tides in, [332].
- Nummulitic limestone, [124].
- Nymphs, temple of, under water, [516].
- Nyoe, a new island formed in 1783, 425, [432].
O.
- Obi, E., fossils on shores of, [81].
- Ocean, permanency of its level, [518].
- Odoardi on tertiary strata of Italy, [42].
- Oersted, discoveries of, [543].
- Ogygian deluge, [349], [356].
- Ohio, junction of, with Mississippi, [264].
- Oldham, Mr., on raised sea beaches in Ireland, [122].
- Old red sandstone formation, fossils of, [135], [193].
- Old red sandstone, reptile in, [135].
- Olivi on fossil remains, [22].
- Omar, an Arabian writer, [17].
- Ontario, Lake, distance from Niagara, [216].
- Oolite, fossils of the, [137].
- Oolitic structure, recent, in Lancerote, &c., [439].
- Orang-outang, change of, to man, [575].
- Orbigny, M. A. de, on Pampean mud, [170].
- Organic remains, controversy as to real nature of, [19].
- ——, imbedding of. See Fossillzation.
- ——, importance of the study of, [60].
- ——, abrupt transition from those of the secondary to those of the tertiary rocks, [120].
- ——. See also Fossils.
- Oriental philosophers, [10].
- Oriental cosmogony, [7].
- Orkney Islands, waste of, [301].
- Orleans, New, ground sinking, [268].
- ——, trunks of trees in soil of delta, [268].
- Osseous breccias, [735], 736, [741].
- Otaheite, coral reefs of, [784], [786].
- Oujein, buried Indian city, [729].
- Ouse, R., has filled up an arm of the Sea, [744].
- Ovid cited, [10], [345].
- Owen, Prof., on bones of turtles, [772].
- ——, on the dog and wolf, [584].
- ——, on tertiary mammalia, [142], [144].
- ——, quoted, [184].
- ——, teeth of mammoth, [78].
- ——, on British fossil mammalia and birds, [137].
- Owhyhee, [787].
- Oysters, &c., thrown ashore alive by storm, [773].
- ——, migrations of, [652].
P.
- Pacific Ocean, depth of, [104].
- ——, its height above the Atlantic, [294].
- ——, subsidence greater than elevation in, [787].
- ——, coral and volcanic islands of, [354], 776, [780], [787].
- Palæotherium of Isle of Wight, [142].
- Palestine shaken by earthquakes, [355].
- Palissy on organic remains, [23].
- Pallas on mountains of Siberia, [45].
- ——, on Caspian Sea, [45].
- ——, on fossil bones of Siberia, [45], 78, [80].
- ——, cited, [333].
- Palmer, Mr., on shingle beaches, [313], [320].
- Palms, rare in carboniferous group, [88].
- Pampas, gradual rise of, [170].
- Panama, tides in Bay of, [295].
- Papandayang, eruption of, [493].
- ——, its cone truncated, [493].
- Papyrus rolls in Herculaneum, [392].
- Paradise, Burnet on seat of, [32].
- Parana, R., animals drifted down on rafts by, [641].
- ——, animals drowned in, [696].
- Paris basin, formations of the, [121].
- ——, fossils of the, [142].
- Parish, Sir W., on inroads of sea during earthquakes, [499], [502].
- ——, on drifting of animals on floating rafts, [641].
- ——, on great droughts in S. America, [696].
- ——, on floods of Parana R., [751].
- Parma, tertiary strata near, [74].
- Paroxysmal energy of ancient causes controverted, [174].
- Parrot, on Caspian Sea, [157].
- Parrots near Cape Horn, [97].
- Parry, Captain, highest northern latitude reached by, [98].
- ——, on migration of polar bear, [640].
- ——, on animals of Melville Island, [640].
- Patagonia, tides on coast of, [291].
- Paviland cave, [737].
- Peat in delta of Ganges, [280].
- ——, on preservation of fossils in, [711], 718, [722].
- ——, distribution of, [719].
- ——, bogs, bursting of, 724
- ——, submarine, [725].
- Peat of Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia, [724].
- Pembrokeshire, loss of land in, [324].
- Penco destroyed by earthquake, [499].
- ——, elevation near, [500].
- Pennant on waste of Yorkshire coast, [304].
- ——, on migration of animals, [77], 631, [637].
- Pentagonal network of mountain chains, M. E. de Beaumont on, [170].
- Penzance, loss of land near, [323].
- Permian rocks, reptiles in, [136].
- Péron on distribution of species, [647].
- Perrey, M. Alexis, on frequency of earthquakes in winter, [561].
- Persian Gulf, coral in, [776].
- Peru, volcanoes in, [347].
- ——, earthquakes in, [347], [501].
- Peruvian tradition of a great flood, [8], [502].
- Peterhead, whale stranded near, [771].
- Phascolotherium Bucklandi, [139].
- Philippi, Dr. A., on fossil tertiary shells of Sicily, [183].
- Phillips, Mr. J., on waste of Yorkshire coast, [304].
- Phlegræan fields, volcanoes of, [373].
- Physical Geography. See Geography.
- Pietra Mala, inflammable gas of, [11].
- Pigs, instincts of, [595].
- ——, swim to great distances, [635].
- ——, fossil, [723].
- Pilla, M., on Monte Somma, [382].
- Pindar cited, [398].
- Pingel, Dr., on subsidence of Greenland, [530].
- Pisolitic limestone of France, [120].
- Pitch lake of Trinidad, [250].
- Plants, carboniferous, wide geographical range, [160].
- ——, varieties in, produced by horticulture, [588].
- ——, extent of variation in, [589].
- ——, their geographical distribution, [97], 112, [613].
- ——, dispersion of, [618].
- ——, stations of, [614], [669].
- ——, equilibrium among, kept up by insects, [672].
- ——, number of terrestrial, [705].
- ——, imbedding of, in subaqueous deposits, [742], 765, [770].
- ——, on number which are now becoming fossil, [745].
- ——, mineralization of, [747].
- Plants, fossil, of the coal strata, [87], 115, [133].
- Plastic clay fossils, [142].
- Plastic force, fossil shell ascribed to, [20].
- Playfair on Huttonian theory, [53], [57].
- ——, on instability of the earth's surface, [212].
- ——, on gradual rise of Sweden, [523].
- ——, on form of the earth, [534].
- Plieninger, Professor, on triassic mammifer, [137].
- Pliny the Elder, [16].
- ——, on delta of Rhone, [258].
- ——, on Islands at the mouth of the Texel, 329..
- ——, killed by eruption of Vesuvius, A. D. [79], [364].
- Pliny the Younger, on Vesuvius, [364].
- Pliocene strata, fossils of, [143].
- Plot on organic remains, [26].
- Pluche, theory of, 1732, [83].
- Plutonic rocks, how formed, [161].
- ——, action, changes produced by, [176], [178].
- Po, R., [207].
- ——, frequently shifts to course, [255].
- ——, embankment of the, [256].
- ——, delta of the, [256], 284
- ——, subsidence in delta of, [257].
- Poisson, M., on astronomical causes of changes in climate, [127].
- Polyps. See Zoophytes.
- Pomerania, fossil ships in, [758].
- Pompeii, how destroyed, [365], 385, [387].
- ——, section of the mass enveloping, [386].
- ——, objects preserved in, [390].
- ——, infusorial beds covering it, [388].
- Pont Gibaud, gneiss decomposed at, [248].
- ——, calcareous springs near, [239].
- Poole Bay cut into by sea, [319].
- Popayan, volcanoes and earthquakes in, [349].
- Portland, fossil ammonites of, [28].
- ——, its peninsula wasting. [319].
- Port Royal, subsidence of, [504], 517, [691], [762].
- Porto Praya, Azores, calcareous stratum, [436].
- Portugal, earthquakes in, [358].
- Porzio on formation of Monte Nuovo, [369], [371].
- Post-tertiary formations, [184].
- Precession of the equinoxes, [100], [537].
- Prentice, Lieut, on coral reef in Maldives, [778].
- Pressure, effects of, [171].
- Prestwich, Mr., on artesian wells, [234].
- Prevost Const., on Stonefield fossil mammalia, [138].
- ——, Const., on gypseous springs, [245].
- ——, on rents formed by upheaval, [371].
- ——, on new island in Mediterranean, [433].
- ——, on geological causes, [718].
- ——, on osseous breccias of caves, [736].
- Prevost, Pierre, on radiation of heat, [93].
- Prevost, Mr. J. L., on number of wrecked vessels, [756].
- Primary fossiliferous rocks, fossils of, [114].
- Priscodelphinus, cetacean, of chalk, [145].
- Pritchard, Dr., on Egyptian cosmogony, [8].
- ——, on recent origin of man, [147].
- ——, on hybrid races, [602].
- ——, on facial angle, [608].
- ——, on distribution of animals, [629], [631].
- Procida, island of, ancient writers on, [360].
- Progressive development, theory of, 130-153.
- ——, in animals, Lamarck's theory of, [567].
- Provinces, geographical, of Testacea, [649].
- Provinces, zoological and land quadrupeds, [631].
- Pterodactyles, [137].
- Pulo Nias, upraised coral in, [794].
- Purbeck, its peninsula wasting, [319].
- Pursh on plants of United States, [614].
- Puzzuoli, Temple of Serapis near, [507].
- ——, inland cliffs near, [508], [510].
- ——, date of re-elevation of coast of, [515], [518].
- ——, encroachment of sea near, [515].
- ——, coast near, now subsiding, [516].
- Pyrenees, their relative age, height, &c., [120], [166].
- Pythagoras, system of, [10].
- ——, on Etna, [345].
Q.
- Quadrumana, fossil, [144].
- Quadrupeds, domestic, multiply in America, [584], [685].
- ——, regions of indigenous, [630], [636].
- ——, imbedding of terrestrial, [749].
- Quaggas, migrations of, [638].
- Quebec, climate of, [95].
- ——, earthquakes in, [470].
- Queenstown, Canada, table land terminates at, [216].
- Quintero elevated by earthquake of 1822, [457].
- Quiriui, theory of, [25].
- Quito, earthquakes and volcanoes in, [346], 348, [469].
R.