The Student's Elements of Geology

by Sir Charles Lyell

HAIME, Mr., on palæozoic corals, [431]
Hakea silicina and Hakea saligna, Œningen, [222]
Hall, Captain Basil, on Cyclopean Isles, [530]
Hall, Sir James, on curved strata, [75]
Hall, Mr. J., on Appalachian palæozoic rocks, [110]
Hallstadt and St. Cassian beds, [376]
Halysites catenularis, Silurian, [465]
Hamilton, Sir W., on eruption of Vesuvius, 1779, [526]
Hamites spiniger, Gault, [301]
Hancock, Mr., on Protosaurus in Permian, [390]
Harkness, Professor, on Silurian metamorphic rocks, [602]
Harlech grits, fossils of the, [486]
Harris, Major, on the Salt Lakes, [374]
Harpactor maculipes, Œningen, [224]
Harpe, M. de la, on Bournemouth Eocene flora, [263]
Hartung, Mr., cited, [496]
Hartz mountains, mineral veins of, [608]
——, Bunter Sandstein of, [380]
Hastings Sands, subdivisions of the, [316]
Hautes Alpes, granite of the, [571]
Hauy on isomorphism, [502]
Headon series, fossils of the, [255]
Heat, powerful in consolidating rocks, [65]
——, rocks upraised and folded by, [92]
Hébert, M., on age of Sables de Bracheux, [330]
——, comparison of Sables Moyens and Barton shells, [258]
——, on pisolitic limestone, [285]
Hebrides, dikes in the, [514]
Heer, Professor, on American genera in Swiss Miocene, [239]
——, on age of Madeira leaf-bed, [532]
——, on Arctic Miocene flora, [239]
——, on Bear Island flora, [441]
——, on Bovey Tracey Miocene flora, [247]
——, on fossil plants of Switzerland, [215], [219], [221], [224], [236]
——, on Lower Miocene plants of Mull, [248]
——, on Monte Bolca Eocene plants, [263], [543]
——, on Proteas of Lower Miocene, [237]
——, on plants of Hempstead beds, [246]
——, on plants of coal-field, Virginia, [383]
——, on Swiss Miocene insects, [223]
——, on supposed Proteaceæ of Œningen beds, [221]
——, on Superga fossil plants, [244]
Heidelberg, varieties of granite near, [560]
Heliolites porosa, Devonian, [451]
Helix hispida (plebeia), [155]
—— labyrinthica, Headon, [255]
—— occlusa, Bembridge, [253]
—— Turonensis, faluns, [56]
Hemicidaris Purbeckensis, Purbeck, [324]
Hemipneustes radiatus, Chalk, [284]
Hemitelites Brownii, Inferior Oolite, [350]
Hempstead beds, subdivisions of the, [244]
Henry, on absorption of carbonic acid gas in water, [585]
Henslow, Professor, on dike in Anglesea, [515]
——, on Red Crag coprolite bed, [197]
Herschel, Sir J., on slaty cleavage, [590]
Hertfordshire pudding-stone, [62]
Heterocercal tail of fish, [389]
Hicks, Dr., on fossils of Arenig beds, [476]
——, on fossils of Harlech grits, [486]
——, on Menevian beds, [485]
Himalaya, shells 18,000 feet high in, [29]
——, Upper Miocene of, [226]
Hippopodium ponderosum, Lias, [355]
Hippopotamus, tooth of, [164]
Hippurite Limestone, [304]
Hippurites organisans, Chalk, [306]
Histioderma hibernica, [486]
Hitchcock, Professor, on Trias footprints, [381]
Holoptychius nobilissimus, scale of, and restoration, [442]
Homalonotus Delphinocephalus, [467]
—— armatus, Devonian, [454]
Homfray, Mr., on fossils of Tremadoc beds, [483]
Homocercal tail of fish, [389]
Hooghly River, analysis of water, [69]
Hooker, Dr., on coniferæ, [429], [430]
——, on structure of sigillaria, [426]
——, on sporangia of Silurian plant, [460]
Horizontality of strata, [40]
Horizontal strata, upheaval of, [71]
Hornblende, [499], [502]
Hornblende-schist, [578]
Hörnes, Dr., on fossil mollusca of Vienna basin, [225]
Horstead, pot-stones at, [291]
Hour-glass illustrating the destruction and renovation of land, [119]
Howse, Mr., on Protosaurus in Permian, [390]
Hubbard, Professor, on granite of White Mountains, [565]
Hudson River Group, fossils of the, [479]
Hughes, Mr. T. McKenny, cited, [450]
——, on slaty cleavage, [589]
——, on protrusion of solid granite, [575]
Hull, Mr. E., on breccias in Permian, [391]
——, on carboniferous of Lancashire, [395]
——, on carboniferous rocks of north of England, [111]
——, on faults in Lancashire coal-field, [91]
——, on anticlinals and synclinals, Lancashire, [85]
——, on thickness of the Upper Trias, [369]
——, on thickness of Permian, [386]
——, on three lines of flexure since the coal in Lancashire, [94]
Human remains of Recent Period, [157]
—— in cavern deposits, [156]
Humboldt, on mineral character of rocks, [602]
Humphrey and Abbot on Mississippi denudation, [114]
Hungary, trachyte of, [558]
Hunt, Sterry, on action of water in metamorphism, [585]
Huronian series, thickness of the, [490]
Huxley, Professor, on Atlantic chalk-mud, [287]
——, on affinity between reptiles and birds, [338]
——, on batrachians of the coal, [407]
——, on fish of Old Red Sandstone, [443-5]
——, on Pteraspis, [463]
Hyæna den of Kirkdale cave, [157]
Hyæna spelæa, tooth of, [165]
Hybodus plicatilis, Rhætic beds, [367]
—— reticulatus, Lias, [359]
Hydrothermal action producing metamorphism, [584]
—— in formation of granite, [555]
—— forming granite veins, [573]
Hymenocaris vermicauda, [484]
Hyperodapedon Gordoni, Trias, [370]
Hypersthene, [499], [502]
—— rock, [505]
—— rocks of Skye, [491]
Hypogene rocks, uniformity of mineral character in, [602]
—— rocks, term defined, [26]
Hypsiprymnus Gaimardi, molar of recent, [327]
Hythe, Neocomian beds of, [308]

ICE, erosion of lake-basins considered, [184], [188]
——, abrading power of, [168]
——, continental, of Greenland, [170]
Icebergs, drift carried by, [172]
—— stranded in Baffin’s Bay, [173]
Ice-borne erratics at Chichester, [181]
Iceland, glass cavities in quartz of, [555]
——, flow of lava in, [523]
Ichthyosaurus communis, Lias, [361]
Idocrase, [500]
Ichthyodorulite of the Lias, [359]
Iguanodon Mantelli, Weald Clay, [315]
Ilfracombe Group of Devon, [449]
Inclined strata, [73]
India, Miocene formations of, [226]
India, Upper Miocene of, [226]
Inferior Oolite, thickness and fossils of, [349]
Infusoria in tripoli, [51]
Inland sea-cliffs, [103]
Inoceramus Lamarckii, White Chalk, [295]
Insect in American coal, [416]
—— beds of the Lias, [363]
Insect wing of neuropterous, [363]
Insects, Devonian, of Canada, [457]
—— in European coal, [405]
——, Miocene, of Croatia, [243]
——, Upper Miocene, at Œningen, [223]
Intrusion, a test of age of Plutonic rocks, [565]
——, a test of age of volcanic rocks, [521]
Inundation mud of rivers, [153]
Ireland, glacial drift of, [190]
——, yellow sandstone of, [441]
Iron pyrites, [500]
—— weapons of Swiss lake-dwellings, [148]
Isastræa oblonga, Portland Sand, [335]
Isle of Bourbon, lava current of the, [566]
—— Wight, Hempstead beds, [244]
—— Wight, Eocene beds, [255]
—— Mull, Miocene leaf-bed of, [247]
—— Mull, volcanic rocks, [248]
Isomorphism, theory of, [502]
Italy, Lower Miocene of, [244]
——, Older Pliocene volcanoes of, [523]
——, Pliocene of, [207]
——, Older Pliocene flora of, [208]
——, Upper Miocene strata of, [226]

JAMIESON, Mr. T. F., on Scotch glacial drift, [175]
Jaws of mammalia in Purbeck, [327]
Jeffreys, Mr. Gwyn, on Atlantic mud, [288]
Jointed structure of metamorphic rocks, [589]
Jones, Dr. Rupert, on Eozoon Canadense, [491]
Jorullo, lava stream of, [566]
Judd, Mr., on Speeton clay, [311]
Jukes, Mr., on Tarannon shales, [468]
Jura, erratic blocks on the, [169]
——, structure of the, [82]

KANGAROO, jaws of, [159]
Käsegrotte, Bertrich Baden, Basaltic pillars of, [512]
Kaup, Professor, on footprints of the Trias, [373]
Keilhau, Professor, on granite veins, [562]
——, on planes of foliation, [595]
——, on Silurian granite of Norway, [573]
——, on protrusion of granite, [581]
Keller, Dr. F., on lake-dwellings, [148]
Kelloway Rock, percentage of Oxford clay fossils in, [341]
Kentish Rag, [308]
Keuper, of Germany, [375]
—— or Upper Trias of England, [369]
Kilkenny, fossil plants of, [441]
Killas, altered by granite in Cornwall, [582]
Kiltorkan, yellow sandstone of, with Anodonta, [441]
Kimmeridge Clay, [335]
King, Dr., on reptile footprints in coal, [407]
King, Mr., on Permian fossils, [388]
Kirkdale cave, hyæna’s den of, [157]
Kitchen-middens of Denmark, [146]
Kleyn Spawen beds, [242]
Könen, Baron von, on Brockenhurst shells, [257]
Koninck, M. de, on Mountain Limestone fish, [436]
——, on shells of Mayence basin, [242]
Koninckia Leonhardi, Hallstadt, [377]

LABRADOR rock, [505]
—— series, [490]
Labradorite, [499], [501]
Labyrinthodon Jægeri, section of tooth, [371]
——, tooth of, [370]
Labyrinthodonts of Coal, [407]
Lake-craters of the Eifel, [534]
Lake districts, southern limits of the, [184]
Lake-dwellings, scarcity of human remains in, [149]
—— of Switzerland, [148]
Lakes, deposits in, [27]
——, connection of, with glacial action, [184-8]
Lamarck on bivalve mollusca, [54]
Lamination of clay slate, [594]
Lamna elegans, Bracklesham, [262]
Lancashire, vast thickness of rocks without corresponding altitude in, [111]
Land, balance of dry, how preserved, [116], [118]
—— has been raised, not the sea lowered, [70]
——, mean height of, above the sea, [115]
——, rise of, in Sweden, [72]
——, rise and fall of, affecting denudation, [101]
Land-ice, action of, in Greenland, [171]
Land’s End, columnar granite at, [553]
——, porphyritic granite at, [556]
La Roche, recent deposits in estuary of, [40]
Lartet, M., on mammalia of Faluns, [214]
——, on Gastornis Parisiensis, [276]
——, on reindeer period, [150]
Lastræa stiriaca, Monod, [239]
Lateral compression causing curved strata, [75]
Laterite of Giant’s Causeway, [509]
Laurentian gneiss of Scotland, [493]
—— Group, Upper and Lower, [491]
—— metamorphic rocks, [601]
—— volcanic rocks, [549]
Lava, [507]
—— consolidating on slopes, [496]
—— currents of Auvergne, [541]
—— streams, effect of, [30]
—— of La Coupe d’Ayzac, [511]
—— of Jorullo, [566]
Lead veins, age of, [616]
Leaf-bed of Madeira in basalt and scoriæ, [532]
——, Isle of Mull Miocene, [248]
Leda amygdaloides, London Clay, [266]
—— Deshayesiana (Nucula Deshayesiana), [241]
—— lanceolata (L. oblonga), Scotch drift, [176]
—— truncata, Scotch drift, [177]
Lee, Mr. J.E., on Pteraspis of Lower Ludlow, [463]
Leidy, Dr., on fossil quadrupeds of Nebraska, [249]
Leperditia inflata, coal-measures, [405]
Lepidodendron, Griffithsii, [441]
—— corrugatum, carboniferous., [417]
—— Sternbergii, coal-measures, [423]
Lepidolite, [499], [501]
Lepidostrobus ornatus, Coal, [424]
Lepidotus gigas, Lias, [358]
—— Mantelli, Wealden, [317]
Leptæna depressa, Wenlock, [466]
—— Moorei, Lias, [355]
Level of surface altered by change of subterranean heat, [119]
Lewis, hornblendic gneiss of, [601]
Lias, fishes of the, [358]
——, fossils of the, [354]
—— and Oolite, origin of the, [364]
——, reptiles of the, [360]
——, insects of the, [363]
——, plants of the, [364]
——, plutonic rocks of the, [571]
——, subdivisions of the, [353]
——, volcanic rocks of the, [544]
Liebig, on conversion of coal into anthracite, [403]
——, on origin of stalactite, [156]
Liége, limestone caverns at, [156]
Lightbody, Mr., on Lower Ludlow shales, [461]
Lignite, conversion of into coal, [403]
Lima giganteum, [354]
—— Hoperi, Chalk, [300]
—— spinosa, White Chalk, [294]
Limagne d’Auvergne, Lower Miocene mammalia of the, [234]
Limburg beds, [242]
Lime, scarcity of, in metamorphic rocks, [604]
—— in solution, source of, [69]
Limestone, block of striated, [168]
——, brecciated, [387]
—— of chemical and organic origin, [61]
——, compact, [501]
——, Hippurite, [304]
——, magnesian, [387]
——, metamorphic or crystalline, [579]
——, Mountain, and its fossils, [430-8]
——, striated, [168]
Limnæa longiscata, [55]
Lingula beds, volcanic tuffs of the, [549]
Lingula Credneri, Permian, [388]
Lingula Flags, fossils of the, [484]
Lingula Dumortieri, Crag, [200]
—— Lewisii, Ludlow, [462]
Lingulella Davisii, [484]
Lipari Isles, tufas in, [586]
Liquidambar europæum, [209]
Lithrostrotion basaltiforme, Carboniferous, [432]
Lits coquilliers, [275]
Littoral denudation defined, [102]
Lituites giganteus, Ludlow, [463]
Llanberis slates, [486]
Llandeilo Flags, fossils of the, [473-5]
Llandeilo formation, thickness of the, [475]
——, Lower, [475]
Llandovery Group, classification of the, [468]
—— Rocks, thickness of the Lower, [469]
Loam defined, [38], [153]
Lodes, shells and pebbles in, [608]
—— See Mineral Veins.
Loess of fluviatile loam described, [153]
——, fossil shells of the, [154]
Logan, Sir W., on Eozoon Canadense, [490]
——, on Gaspe sandstones, [455]
——, on Huronian and Laurentian, [490]
——, on stigmaria in under-clays, [398]
——, on thickness of Nova Scotia coal, [409]
——, on thickness of Laurentian in Canada, [113]
Loire, faluns of the, [211]
London Clay, fossils of the, [264], [266]
Longevity, relative, of mammalia and testacea, [162]
Longmynd Group, fauna of the, [486]
Lonsdale, Mr., on corals of America, [229]
——, on Devonian fossils, [449]
——, on Stonesfield slate, [345]
——, on United States Miocene corals, [229]
Lonsdaleia floriformis, Carboniferous, [432]
Lowe, Reverend R. T., on Mogador shells, [537]
Lubbock, Sir J., on the two stone-periods, [147]
Lucina serrata, Bracklesham, [262]
Ludlow formation, Upper, [459]; Lower, [461]
——, bone-bed of the Upper, [459]
Lulworth Cove, dirt-bed of, [333]
Lycett, Mr., on fossils of the Great Oolite, [344]
Lycopodiaceæ of Coal, [422]
Lycopodium densum, living species, [423]
Lym-fiord, mingled fresh-water and marine strata of, [59]
Lymnea caudata, Headon, [256]
—— longiscata, Bembridge, [253]
Lynton Group of Devon, [454]

MACLAREN, Mr., on Pentland Hills, volcanic rocks, [548]
Macclesfield, marine shells 1,200 feet high at, [181]
MacClintock, Sir L., on Atlantic mud, [287]
MacCulloch, Dr., on Aberdeenshire granite, [558]
——, on basaltic columns in Skye, [510]
——, on formation of hornblende-schist, [582]
——, on trap, [519]
MacMullen, Mr. J., on Eozoon Canadense, [491]
Macropus atlas, lower jaw of, [158]
—— major (living), lower jaw of, [159]
Madeira, beds of laterite in, [509]
——, dike in valley in, [513]
——, Pliocene leaf-bed and shells in lavas of, [532]
——, Miocene volcanic rocks of, [536]
——, wind, removing scoriæ in, [97]
Maestricht beds and their fossils, [283]
Maffiotte, Don Pedro, cited, [538]
Magas pumila, White Chalk, [294]
Magnesian Limestone defined, [38]
—— and marl-slate, [387]
Magnetite, [500]
Maidstone, Upper Cretaceous fossils of, [297]
Malacolite, [502]
Malaise, Professor, on Engihoul cave, [157]
Mammalia, anterior to Paris gypsum, table of, [329]
——, extinct, coeval with man, [152], [157]
——, fossil, of Middle Purbeck, [325]
——, fossil, in Pliocene in Val d’Arno, [208]
——, fossil, in the Crag, [193], [197]
——, fossil, of Vienna basin, [225]
—— of the Limagne d’Auvergne, [234]
—— of Siwalik Hills, [227]
—— of the Stonesfield slate, [345]
——, teeth of Post-pliocene, [165]
Mammalia and testacea, comparative longevity of, [162]
Mammoth, rude carving of in Perigord cave, [150]
—— in Scotch till, [175]
—— See Elephas primigenius.
Man, antiquity of, [152]
Manfredi on amount of subaërial denudation, [114]
Mantell, Dr., on iguanodon of Wealden, [313]
——, on Oxford Clay belemnites, [340]
——, on Wealden fossils, [316]
Mantellia nidiformis, Purbeck, [331]
Map of Chalk formation in France, [305]
—— of Eocene tertiary basins, [250]
—— of Hallstadt and St. Cassian beds, [376]
Marble defined, [37]
—— of Carrara, metamorphic, [599]
Marcou, M., on age of Wealden beds, [319]
Margaric acid, [591]
Marine fauna of the Carboniferous, [432]
—— beds underlying the London Clay, [269]
—— and brackish-water strata in coal, [404]
—— strata, how distinguished from fresh-water, [53-59]
Marl from Lake Superior, [63]
—— and marl-slate defined, [38]
——, red, green, and white, of Auvergne, [233]
—— slate of Middle Permian, [387]
Marsupials, extinct, of Australia, [159]
Marsupites Milleri, White Chalk, [294]
Massachusetts, plumbago of, [583]
Mastodon arvernensis, molar of, Norwich crag, [193]
—— giganteus, in United States after the drift, [183]
Mayence basin tertiaries, [242]
May-Hill Sandstone, [468]
Mechanical and chemical deposits, [60]
—— theory of cleavage, [592]
Mediterranean, one zoological province, [127]
Megalodon cucullatus, Devonian, [452]
Melania inquinata (Cerithium melanoides), [55], [268]
Melania turritissima, Bembridge, [253]
Melanopsis buccinoidea, [55]
Melaphyre, a variety of basalt, [504]
Menevian beds and their fossils, [484]
Mesozoic, term explained, [123]
—— and Cainozoic periods, gap between the, [282]
—— and Palæozoic rocks, limits of the, [385]
Metals, relative age of different, [614]
Metamorphic limestone, [579]
—— strata, origin of, [579]
—— theory, objections to, considered, [587]
—— rocks defined, [32]
Metamorphic rocks, [576]
——, cleavage of, [588]
——, scarcity of lime in, [604]
——, ages of, [597]
——, order of succession of, [602]
——, uniformity of mineral character in, [602]
Metamorphism, hydrothermal action producing, [584]
Metamorphosis of trilobites, [471], [487]
Meteorites, minerals in, [501]
Mexico, Gulf of, terrestrial remains washed into, [128]
Meyer, Mr. Karl, on fossil shells of Madeira, [537]
——, M. H. von, on reptiles in coal, [407]
——, on Wealden of Germany, [319]
Miascite, [558]
Mica and its varieties, [499], [501]
——, how deposited, [40]
—— schist or micaceous schist, [578]
Micaceous sandstone, origin of, [36]
Micraster cor-anguinum, [294]
Microconchus carbonarius, coal-measures, [405]
Microlestes antiquus, Upper Trias, [368]
Migrations of quadrupeds, [161]
Miliolite limestone, [274]
Miller, Hugh, on Old Red Sandstone fish, [443]
——, on salt lakes, [375]
Milne Edwards, Mr., on Palæozoic corals, [432]
Minchinhampton, Great Oolite of, [344]
Mineral composition a test of age of volcanic rocks, [523]
—— a test of age of plutonic rocks, [565]
—— a test of age of strata, [124]
—— character of hypogene rocks, [602]
—— springs of Auvergne, [604]
Mineral veins, [605]
—— formed in fissures, [606]
——, successive formation of, [609]
——, swelling and contraction of, [611]
——, relative age of, [614]
——, pebbles in, [608]
Mineralisation of organic remains, [65]
Minerals in meteorites, [501]
——, table of the most abundant in hypogene rocks, [499]
Miocene of Bordeaux and south of France, [214]
—— and Eocene, line between the, [230], [251]
——, Lower, of England, [244]
——, Lower, of Germany and Croatia, [242]
——, Lower, of Central France, [231]
——, Lower, of Italy, [244]
——, Lower, of Nebraska, United States, [248]
——, term defined, [143]
——, Upper, of the Bolderberg, [224]
——, Upper, of France, [211]
——, Upper, of Italy, [226]
——, Upper, of Greece, [226]
——, Upper, of India, [226]
——, Upper, of Vienna basin, [224]
Mississippi, sediment of, used as a test of denudation by rivers, [114]
—— valley, deposition and denudation in the, [102]
Mitchell, Mr., on Aralia fruit in Alum Bay, Eocene, [263]
Mitchell, Sir T., on Wellington caves, [158]
Mitchell, Rev. Hugh, on Pteraspis, [446]
Mitra Scabra, Barton clay, [259]
Mitscherlich, on Isomorphism, [502]
Modiola acuminata, Permian, [387]
Moel Tryfaen, shells found at, [181]
Mohs on isomorphism, [502]
Molasse, Lower, of Switzerland, [235]
——, Middle, or Marine, of Switzerland, [223]
——, Upper, fresh-water, of Switzerland, [217]
——, term explained, [217]
Mollusca. See Shells.
——, longevity of species of, [162]
—— of Hallstadt beds, [377]
——, value of, in classification, [142]
—— of the Carboniferous, [435]
Monitor of Thuringia, [463]
Monoclinic feldspars, [501]
Monod, flora of the Lower Molasse at, [236]
Mons, unconformable strata near, [95]
Montblanc, talcose granite of, [568]
—— Dor, Auvergne, extinct volcanoes of, [232]
——, age of volcano of, [541]
Monte Bolca, fossil fish of, [543]
—— Calvo, section of cross stratification, [44]
—— Mario, age of volcanic deposits of, [533]
—— Nuovo, formed 1538, [525]
Montmartre, gypseous series of, [270]
Monts Dome, Auvergne, extinct volcanoes, [495]
Moore, Mr. C., on Rhætic beds, [366]
——, on Upper Trias quadrupeds, [369]
Moraines described, [169]
Morea, cretaceous volcanic rocks of, [544]
Mortillet, M. de, on ice-erosion of lake-basins, [184]
Morton, Dr., on age of American cretaceous rocks, [307]
Mosasaurus Camperi, Chalk, [284]
Mountain Limestone, fossils of the, [433-8]
Mull, Isle of, leaf-bed, [247]
Münster, Count, on fossils of Solenhofen, [337]
Murchison, Sir R., on brackish-water strata in coal, [404]
——, on Devonian series, [439], [449], [454]
——, on Devonian ichthyolites, [453]
——, on Eocene igneous rocks, [278]
——, on Llandovery beds, [468]
——, on Laurentian gneiss of Scotland, [492]
——, on metamorphic rocks of North Highlands, [601]
——, on Monte Bolca fish-beds, [543]
——, on name Permian, [385]
——, on Old Red Sandstone, [449]
——, on Palæozoic strata, Queenaig, [112], [113]
——, on protrusion of solid granite, [574]
——, on Silurian, [458], [459], [461], [467], [470], [473], [475]
——, on Tertiary volcanic rocks of Italy, [533]
——, on thickness of chalk in Russia, [287]
——, on thickness of the Trias, [369]
——, on the Upper “Old Red”, [468]
Murchisonia gracilis, [479]
Murex vaginatus, [204]
Muschelkalk, fossils of the, [378]
Muscovite, or common mica, [499], [501]
Musk-ox, fossil, in Thames valley, [161]
Myliobates Edwardsi, Bracklesham, [261]
Mytilus septifer, Permian, [387]

NAPLES, Post-pliocene volcanic rocks of, [525]
——, escape of carbonic acid near, [604]
Natica clausa, Scotch drift, [176]
—— helicoides, Chillesford beds, [192]
Natrolite, [500]
Nautilus centralis, London Clay, [266]
—— Danicus, Faxoe Chalk, [286]
—— plicatus, Hythe beds, [309]
—— truncatus, Lias, [356]
—— ziczac (Aturia ziczac), [266]
Nebraska, Miocene strata of, [248]
Necker, M., on “underlying” igneous rocks, [562]
——, on dikes in Vesuvius, [526]
Neocomian, Upper, [308]
——, Middle, [312]
——, Lower, [312]
——, use of the term, [282]
Neolithic era, [147]
Neozoic type of corals, [431]
Nerinæa Goodhallii, Coral Rag, [339]
Nerinæan limestone, [340]
Nerita conoidea (N. Schmidelliana), [275]
—— costulata, Great Oolite, [345]
—— granulosa, [55]
Neritina concava, Headon, [255]
—— globulus, [55]
Neufchâtel, coins and iron tools in lake of, [149]
Newberry, Dr., on flora of American cretaceous rocks, [307]
Newcastle coal-field, faults in, [90]
Newfoundland bank described, [106]
New Jersey, mastodon in, [183]
New Madrid, “Sunk Country” in, [402]
New Red sandstone of Connecticut Valley, [381]
——, trappean rocks of the, [545]
New York, Devonian strata of, [456]
——, Cambrian strata of, [490]
——, Silurian strata of, [478]
——, Laurentian strata of, [491]
Niagara Limestone, fossils of the, [479]
Nidau, iron tools in lake of, [148]
Nile, homogeneous mud of the, [154]
Ninety-fathom dike in coal, [90]
Nipadites ellipticus, Sheppey, [264]
Nodules in strata, how formed, [63]
Noeggerathia cuneifolia, Permian, [393]
Nomenclature of rocks, [140]
—— of volcanic minerals, [499]
Norfolk cliffs, drift of, [190]
North America. See America.
Norway, Cambrian of, [489]
——, foliation of crystalline schists in, [595]
——, granite veins in gneiss of, [573]
——, granite altering fossiliferous strata in, [581]
Norwich, or Fluvio-marine crag, [193]
Nova Scotia coal-measures, [409]
—— coal, reptiles and shells in, [414]
——, folding and denudation of beds in, [417]
Nucula Cobboldiæ, Crag, [194]
Nummulites lævigata, Bracklesham, [260]
—— Puschi, Pyrenees, [278]
—— variolaria, Bracklesham, [259]
Nummulitic formations, [277]

OBOLUS APOLLINIS, in Russian grit, [478]
Obsidian, [505]
Oceanic areas, permanence of, [117]
Œningen, Upper Miocene beds of, [215]
Oeynhausen, M. von, on Cornish granite veins, [560]
Ogygia Buchii, [474]
Oldhamia radiata: O. antiqua, [487]
Old Red Sandstone, Upper, [440]
——, Middle, with fish, [443]
——, Lower, [446]
——, trap of the, [547]
——, classification of, [439]
Olenus micrurus, [484]
Oligocene, term for Lower Miocene, [230], [244]
Oligoclase, [499], [500]
Oliva Dufresnii, Bolderberg, Belgium, [224]
Olivine, [499]
Omphyma turbinatum, Silurian, [466]
Onchus tenuistriatus, Silurian, [460]
Oolite, classification and physical geography of the, [321]
——, defined, [37]
——, Inferior, fossils of the, [349], [350]
—— and Lias, origin of the, [364]
—— and Chalk, Palæontological break between, [338]
Oolitic strata, palæontological relations of, [351]
—— volcanic rocks, [545]
Ophioderma tenuibrachiata, Lias, [357]
Oppel on zones of Lias, [353]
Orbigny, Alcide de, on foraminifera of Vienna basin, [225]
——, on orbitoidal limestone, [279]
——, on Pisolitic limestone, [285]
——, on Sénonian, [302]
Oreodaphne Heerii, Italian Pliocene, [209]
Organic remains, mineralisation of, [65]
——, tests of age of strata, [125]
——, tests of age of volcanic rocks, [522]
——, geological provinces of, [127]
Oriskany Sandstone, [478]
Orthis elegantula, Ludlow, [46]
—— grandis, Caradoc beds, [470]
—— tricenaria, Bala beds, [470]
—— vespertilio, Bala beds, [470]
Orthoceras duplex, [474]
—— Ludense, Silurian, [463]
—— laterale, [436]
—— ventricosum, Silurian, [462]
Orthoclase, [499], [500]
Orthoclastic feldspars, [501]
Osborne or St. Helen’s series, Eocene, [255]
Osteolepis, Old Red Sandstone, [444]
Ostraceon, spine of, Bracklesham, [261]
Ostrea acuminata, Fuller’s earth, [349]
—— carinata, Chalk marl, [300]
—— columba, Chloritic sand, [300]
—— gregarea, Coral Rag, [339]
—— deltoidea, Kimmeridge clay, [336]
—— distorta, Middle Purbeck, [324]
—— expansa, Portland sand, [336]
—— Marshii, Oolite, [351]
—— vesicularis, Chalk, [295]
Otodus obliquus, Bracklesham, [262]
Outcrop of strata, [83]
Overlapping strata, [95]
Owen, Professor on Archæopteryx, [337]
——, on Eocene Zeuglodon, [279]
——, on footprints in Trias, [382]
——, on fauna of Sheppey, [265], [267]
——, on Gastornis Parisiensis, [276]
——, on Labyrinthodon, [370]
——, on mammalia of Stonesfield, [347]
——, on Purbeck mammalia, [326], [328]
——, on reptiles of coal, [407], [414]
——, on zoological provinces of extinct animals, [160]
Ox, tooth of (recent), [165]
Oxford Clay, thickness and fossils of, [340]

PAGHAM, erratic block at, [182]
Palæaster asperimus, [472]
Palæchinus gigas, Mountain Limestone, [43]
Palæocoma tenuibrachiata, Lias, [357]
Palæoniscus, Permian fish, [389]
—— comptus, P. elegans, P. glaphyrus, [390]
Palæotherium magnum, [254]
Palæophis typhoeus, Bracklesham, [261]
Palæozoic or Paleozoic, term defined, [123]
—— Plutonic rocks, [572]
—— rocks, [458]
—— type of corals, [431]
Palagonia, dikes of lava in, [531]
Paleolithic era, [147], [149]
——, alluvial deposits of, [150]
Palm in Swiss Miocene, [237]
Palma, volcanic crater of, [497]
Paludina lenta, Hempstead beds, [55]
—— orbicularis, Bembridge, [253]
Paradoxides Bohemicus, [488]
—— Davidis, Lower Cambrian, [485]
Parallelism of folded strata for long distances, [93]
Paris basin, Tertiary group first studied in, [141]
——, Tertiaries of the, [270]
Parka decipiens, “Old Red,” [448]
Parkfield Colliery, ground-plan of, [400]
Patagonia, strata of, rich in soda, [587]
Patella rugosa, Great Oolite, [345]
Paterson, Dr., on angiosperm of the Coal, [429]
Peach, Mr. C, cited, [601]
——, Pteraspis, found by, [443]
Pearlstone, [505]
Pebbles in mineral veins, [608]
—— in chalk, [292]
Pecopteris elliptica, Coal, [421]
Pecten Beaveri, White Chalk, [294]
—— cinctus, Neocomian, [312]
—— islandicus, Scotch Drift, [176]
—— jacobæus, in tertiary of Sicily, [206]
—— quinque-costatus, [300]
—— Valoniensis, Rhætic beds, [366]
Pegmatite, [553]
Penarth beds, [366]
Pengelly, Mr., on Bovey Tracey lignite, [246]
——, on flint-knives of Brixham Cave, [157]
Pentacrinus Briareus, Lias, [357]
Pentamerus Knightii, Aymestry, [461]
—— oblongus, and P. lirata, [469]
Pentland Hills, volcanic rocks of the, [548]
Perigord cave, carving of mammoth in, [150]
Permanence of continents and oceans, [117]
Permian Flora, [392]
—— of Germany, [393]
—— strata, thickness of, in north of England, [386]
——, Upper and Middle, [386], [387]
——, Lower, [390]
Perna Mulleti, Neocomian, [310]
Petherwyn, Devonian fossils of, [450]
Petrifaction, process of, [67]
Petrophiloides Richardsoni, Sheppey, [25]
Pahcops caudatus, Silurian, [467]
—— latifrons, Devonian, [450]
Phascolotherium Bucklandi, [348]
Phasianella Heddingtonensis, and cast, [66]
Phillippi, on tertiary shells of Sicily, [205]
Phillips, Professor, on fossils distorted by cleavage, [592]
——, on ninety fathom dike, [90]
——, on Wenlock limestone and shale, [465], [467]
——, on Yoredale series, [395]
Phillips, Mr. J. Arthur, on origin of gold of California, [617]
Phlebopteris contigua, Inferior Oolite, [350]
Phlogopite, [499], [501]
Pholadomya fidicula, Inferior Oolite, [350]
Phonolite, [506]
Phorus extensus, London Clay, [266]
Phragmoceras ventricosum, Silurian, [463]
Physa Bristovii, Middle Purbeck, [325]
—— columnaris, [55]
—— hypnorum, [55]
Piedmont, absence of lakes in, [186]
Pile dwellings of Switzerland, [148]
Pilton, group of, Devon, [449]
Pinnularia in Atlantic mud, [288]
Pinus sylvestris in peat, [147]
Pisolitic limestone of France, [285]
Pitchstone, [505]
Placodus gigas, Muschelkalk, [380]
Placoids, rare in Old Red Sandstone, [443]
Plagiaulax Becklesii, jaw and molar of, [327]
Plagioclastic feldspars, [501]
Plagiostoma giganteum, Lias, [354]
—— Hoperi, Chalk, [300]
Planorbis discus, Bembridge, [253]
—— euomphalus, [55], [255]
Plants of Bovey Tracey, Miocene, [247]
——, fossil fresh-water, [57]
—— of the Coal, [420]
—— of the Lias, [364]
—— of the Swiss Upper Miocene, [219]
Plas Newydd, rock altered by dike near, [515]
Plastic Clay, Eocene, [267]
Platanus aceroides, Miocene, [221]
Platystoma Suessii, Hallstadt, [377]
Playfair, on amount of subaërial denudation, [114]
—— on faults, [87]
Plectrodus mirabilis, Ludlow, [460]
Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, Lias, [361]
Pleurotoma attenuata, Bracklesham, [262]
—— exorta, Eocene, [57]
Pleurotomaria anglica, and cast, [66]
—— carinata (flammigera), [434]
—— granulata, Inferior Oolite, [351]
—— ornata, Inferior Oolite, [351]
Plieninger, Professor, on Triassic mammifer, [368]
Pliocene glacial formations, [189-92]
—— Period, [189]
—— plutonic rocks, [565]
—— strata of Sicily, [204]
——, term defined, [143]
—— volcanic rocks, [529]
Plombières, alkaline waters of, [585]
Plumbago of Massachusetts, [583]
Plutonic and sedimentary formations, diagram of, [567]
——, origin of the term, [551]
—— rocks, Mesozoic, [570]
——, Recent and Pliocene, [565]
——, Miocene and Eocene, [568]
——, uncertain tests of age of, [564]
—— defined, [31]
Podocarya Bucklandi, Oolite, [348]
Polypterus of the Nile, [444]
Polyzoa and Bryozoa, terms explained, [197]
Pomel, M., on fossil mammalia of the Limagne, [235]
Ponza Islands, globiform pitchstone of, [512]
Porites pyriformis, Devonian, [451]
Porphyritic granite, [556]
Porphyry, [506]
Portland, Cycads in dirt-bed of, [331]
—— oolite and sand, [334]
“Portland screw,” a cast of a shell, [335]
Porto Santo, marine shells in volcanic tuff of, [536]
Post-pliocene period, climate of the, [161]
—— mammalia, teeth of, [163]
——, term defined, [145]
—— lakes of Switzerland, [185]
—— volcanic rocks, [524]
Potamides cinctus, [56]
Pothocites Grantonii, coal-measures, [429]
Potsdam Sandstone, [480], [489]
Pot-stones in the Chalk, [290]
Pottsville, coal seams of, [400]
Powrie, Mr., on Cephalaspis beds, [446]
——, on Parka decipiens, [448]
Pratt, Mr., on Eocene Isle of Wight mammalia, [254]
Predazzo, altered rocks at, [571]
Pressure, solidifying rocks, [65]
Prestwich, Mr., on age of Sables inferieurs, [276]
——, on Chillesford beds, [192]
——, on Coalbrook Dale insects, [405]
——, on Eocene strata, [267], [269]
——, on faults in coal-measure of Coalbrook Dale, [88]
——, on shells of London clay, [264]
——, on thickness of Coralline Crag, [198]
Prévost, M. Constant, on Paris basin, [270]
Primary Limestone, [579]
—— rocks, [458]
——, term defined, [123]
“Primordial Zone” of Bohemia, [481], [482]
Productus horridus, Permian, [388]
—— semireticulatus (antiquatus), [434]
Progressive development indicated by low grade of early mammals, [384]
Proteaceæ of Aix-la-Chapelle flora, [304]
—— of Lower Molasse, Switzerland, [237]
—— of Œningen beds, [221]
Protogine, [578]
Protosaurus of Thuringia, [390], [464]
Protrusion of solid granite, [574]
Provinces of animals and plants, [126]
Psammodus porosus, [437]
Pseudocrinites bifasciatus, Silurian, [466]
Psilophyton princeps, Devonian, [455]
Pteraspis in Lower Ludlow shale, [463]
Pterichthys, Old Red Sandstone, [445]
Pterodactyl of Kentish chalk, [297]
Pterodactylus anglicus, Old Red, [447]
—— crassirostris, Solenhofen, [337]
Ptychodus decurrens, White Chalk, [297]
Pudding-stone or conglomerate, [36]
——, formation of, [62]
Pumice, [508]
Punfield beds, brackish and marine, [318]
Pupa muscorum, [155]
—— tridens, Loess, [56]
—— vetusta, Coal, [415]
Purbeck beds, Upper, Middle, and Lower, [323], [324], [336]
——, fossil mammalia of the Middle, [325]
—— marble, [324]
——, subdivisions of the, [333]
Purity of coal, cause of, [402]
Purpura tetragona, Red Crag, [196]
Purpuroidea nodulata, Great Oolite, [345]
Puy de Côme, cone and lava-current of, [528]
—— de Tartaret, lava-current and cone of, [527], [542]
—— de Pariou, crater of the, [529]
Puzzuoli, elevation of land at, [525]
Pygopterus mandibularis, Permian, [390]
Pyrenees, chalk altered by granite in the, [570]
——, curved strata in, [86]
——, lamination of clay-slate in, [596]
Pyroxene group of minerals, [499], [502]
Pyrula reticulata, Crag, [200]

QUADER-SANDSTEIN, Cretaceous age of the, [293]
Quadrumana of Gers, [215]
Quadrupeds, extinct, in Paleolithic gravels, [152]
Quartz, specific gravity of, [499], [500], [555]
Quartzite or Quartz Rock, [579]
Queenaig, unconformable Palæozoic strata at, [112]
Quenstedt on zones of Lias, [353]