LONDON, 1913: Brought forward...... 37,969
Sir Lucas Tooth, L1000 (Sydney); Imperial Treasury, L1000;
Royal Geographical Society, L100; S. Y. Buchanan, L100;
Lady Scott, L100; Commander Evans, L100; other members of
Scott Expedition and general subscriptions, L227....... 2,627
Australia, 1913:
Commonwealth grant, L5000; collected by Professor David
(approximately), L50...................... 5,050
Australia, 1914:
Collected by Professor Masson (approximately), L80;
G. J. R. Murray (Adelaide), L100; Sir Samuel Way, L50..... 230
Collected in London, 1914.................... 10
Total moneys donated L45,885
Assets realized and added to the fund:
Sale of photos and newspaper articles, L490; sale
of ship and materials, L3699; lectures, films, &c., L726..... 4,915
Bills Owing ...... 5,932 5,932
Assets to be realized:
L
In hand.................. 560
Owing .................. 340
Anticipated sale of gear......... 570
——
1,470
Debit balance............. 4,462
Total cost ** of Expedition........... 56,732
There is therefore a deficit of L4462 to be made up by the royalty
on the sale of the book, lectures, donations, &c., and the cost of
the publication of the scientific results, which will be approximately
L8000, has yet to be defrayed.
** An estimate of the cost of the expedition should also take
account of donations in kind, which, as can be gathered, were numerous.
Facilities offered by harbour boards and valuable assistance extended
in the matter of docking and repairing the 'Aurora', particularly in
the case of the State of Victoria, and to a less extent in New South
Wales.
Then there were valuable contributions of coal, particularly by Mr.
J. Brown of Newcastle (N.S.W.), Mr. H. D. Murphy (Melbourne),
and the Lithgow Collieries Company.
APPENDIX VII
Equipment
Clothing
With regard to the clothing, the main bulk was of woollen material
as supplied by Jaeger of London. This firm is unexcelled in the
production of camel's-hair garments and has supplied most polar
expeditions of recent years with underclothing, gloves, caps, and
the like. From the same firm we also secured heavy ski-boots,
finnesko-crampons, and the blankets which were used at Winter Quarters
at both Antarctic Bases. Some of the Jaeger woollens were damaged
by sea water on the voyage from London to Australia and were replaced
by Eagley goods; an Australian brand, which proved very satisfactory.
The Ship's Party were outfitted with Kaipoi woollens (New Zealand).
Outer garments were made up to our design from Jaeger fleece by
tailors in Hobart. The suit consisted of a single garment, to be worn
with combination underclothing, and was calculated to meet the
requirements of a severe climate.
An over-suit of wind-proof material, which may be worn when required,
is a necessary adjunct to woollen clothing. Such a suit should have
the additional properties of being light, strong, not readily
absorbing moisture, and not affected by the cold. Burberry
gabardine was found to possess all these properties, and two complete
suits were made up for each man. One suit consisted of three pieces,
whilst the other was made of two; the blouse-jacket and helmet of the
latter being combined.
Furs, which were obtained from Norway, were restricted to sleeping
bags, finnesko or fur-boots, and wolfskin mitts (Lapland).
The outfit of clothing for the party at Macquarie Island and on the
Ship, respectively, differed from that used in the Antarctic. Warmer
temperatures and wet conditions had to be taken into account, and so
rubber boots, oilskins, and rubberized materials were provided as
outer coverings.
Food
The food-stuffs were selected with at least as much consideration as
was given to any of the other requisites. The successful work of an
expedition depends on the health of the men who form its members, and
good and suitable food reduces to a minimum the danger of scurvy; a
scourge which has marred many polar enterprises. Thus our
provisioning was arranged with care and as a result of my previous
experience in the Antarctic with Sir Ernest Shackleton's Expedition.
A summary which may be of possible use to future expeditions is
appended below:
In the matter of canned meats we had some six tons of the excellent
Australian article supplied by the Sydney Meat Preserving Company,
Ramornie Meat Company (N.S.W.), Baynes Brothers (Brisbane), and the
Border (rabbit) Preserving Company of South Australia. For use on
the Ship three tons of salt beef and pork served to replenish the
"harness cask," largely obtained in Melbourne from Cook and Sons.
For a ton of sauces and pickles we were indebted to Brand and Company
(London) and to Mason and Company (London).
Of course fresh meat was consumed as far as possible; a number of
live sheep being taken by the 'Aurora' on each cruise. Some of these
were killed and dressed after reaching 60 degrees south latitude and
supplied our two Antarctic Bases with the luxury of fresh mutton
about once a week throughout a year.
One ton of preserved suet came from the firms of Hugon (Manchester)
and Conrad (Adelaide).
Almost all our bacon and ham, amounting to well over one ton, was of
the Pineapple Brand (Sydney), and to the firm which supplied them we
are indebted alike for the quality of its goods and for its generosity.
Soups in endless variety, totalling two tons, came chiefly from the
Flemington Meat Preserving Company (Melbourne).
Fours tons of canned fish were supplied by C. & E. Morton (London).
Variety in vegetables was considered important. We decided to reduce
the amount of dried vegetables in favour of canned vegetables. About
six and a half tons of the latter in addition to one ton of canned
potatoes were consumed; from Laver Brothers (Melbourne) and Heinz
(Pittsburgh). There were one and a half tons of dried vegetables.
In addition, large quantities of fresh potatoes and other vegetables
were regularly carried by the 'Aurora', and many bags of new and old
potatoes were landed at the Main Base. In the frozen condition, the
former kept satisfactorily, though they were somewhat sodden when
thawed. The old potatoes, on the other hand, became black and useless,
partly owing to the comparatively high temperature of the ship's hold,
and in part to the warmth of the sun during the first few weeks in
Adelie Land.
Canned fruits, to the extent of five tons, were supplied by Jones
Brothers (Hobart) and Laver Brothers (Melbourne). This stock was eked
out by some two and a half tons of dried fruits, chiefly from South
Australia.
The management of Hartley (London) presented us with two tons of jam,
and James Keiller and Son (London) with one ton of marmalade.
Of the twelve tons of sugar and half a ton of syrup consumed, all were
generously donated by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Sydney).
For milk we were provided with two tons of Glaxo (a dry powder) which
was used at the land bases, and a ton and a half of Nestle's condensed
variety for use on the ship.
Three tons of cereal meals, largely from Parsons (Sydney), were
consumed.
As one might have expected, the amount of flour used was enormous.
In the thirteen tons of this commodity from Colman (London) there were
three varieties, self-rising, plain, and wheatmeal flour, encased in
stout metal linings within strong, well-finished cases of a convenient
size. Until required, the cases of flour were used to solidify the
break-wind on the southern side of the Hut.
Bird and Company (Birmingham) more than satisfied our needs in the
matter of baking powder, custard powder, jelly crystals, and the
like.
There was over half a ton of fancy biscuits of excellent quality and
great variety, for which we were indebted to Jacob and Company
(Dublin), Arnott Brothers (Sydney), and Patria Biscuit Fabriek
(Amsterdam). "Hardtack," the name by which a plain wholemeal
biscuit of good quality, made by Swallow and Ariell (Melbourne) was
known, constituted the greater part of the remaining two and a half
tons of ordinary biscuits. "Hardtack" was much appreciated as a
change from the usual "staff of life"—soda bread.
For sledging we had secured one ton of biscuits specially prepared
by the Plasmon Company (London) containing 30 per cent. of plasmon.
These, together with one ton of pemmican and half a ton of emergency
ration prepared by the Bovril Company (London), are specially referred
to in the chapter on sledging equipment.
Butter was an important item; the large stock of two and a half tons
coming from the Colac Dairying Company (Melbourne). The butter was
taken fresh in fifty-six lb. blocks, packed in the usual export
cases. On the 'Aurora' it was carried as deck-cargo, and at the Main
Base was stacked in the open air on the southern side of the Hut. At
the end of the second year (1913) it was still quite good; a fact
which speaks well for the climate as a refrigerator. Of Australian
cheese we used half a ton, and this was supplied in forty-pound
blocks.
The firm of Messrs. Cadbury, well known for their cocoa and eating
chocolate, supplied us with these commodities, and receive our
unqualified praise for the standard of the articles and the way in
which they were packed. The total consumption was one ton of cocoa
and half a ton of chocolate.
The three-quarters of a ton of tea was donated by "Te Sol"
(Guernsey) and Griffiths Brothers (Melbourne). In both cases the
articles were well packed and much appreciated. Half a ton of coffee
was used, partly supplied from London and partly donated by
Griffiths Brothers.
Rose's (London) lime juice, as an antiscorbutic, was mainly reserved
for consumption on the Ship. This lime juice was much in favour as a
beverage.
Other supplies, taken in bulk, and for which we are indebted to the
manufacturers, are: one ton of Cerebos Salt, half a ton of Castle
salt, one ton of Sunlight Soap, our complete requirements in toilet
soap from Pears, candles from Price, matches from Bryant and May
including special sledging vestas, and dried milk from the Trufood
Company.
Sweets, which were used for dessert and on special occasions, were
presented by the firms of Fuller and Batger of London, and by Farrah
of Harrogate, &c. There were also small quantities of aerated waters,
ales, wines, and whisky for each Base.** At the Main Base, at least,
there was no demand for whisky until penguin omelettes became
fashionable.
** * Donated by Schweppes, Kopke, Burgoyne, and others.
The smokers were well provided for by a generous donation of Capstan
tobaccos, cigarettes and cigars from the British American Tobacco
Company in London. At a later date, when our Macquarie Island party
was formed, the Sydney branch of the same firm met our added needs
with the same generosity.
There are many other items which have not yet found a place in this
summary which cannot be acknowledged severally, but for which we are
none the less grateful. Mention is made of the following: Horlick's
Malted Milk, Neave's Health Diet, Brown and Polson's Cornflour,
International Plasmon Company's Plasmon chocolate and Plasmon powder,
Bovril and lime juice nodules manufactured by Bovril Limited,
Colman's Mustard and Groats, Flemington Meat Company's desiccated
soups, Seager's meats, Nestle's nut-milk chocolate, Escoffier's soups,
&c.
The cooking range which served us well for two years in the Hut at
Adelie Land was from J. Smith and Wellstood (London); others were
presented by Metters (Adelaide).
The total supply of foods purchased and donated aggregated quite one
hundred tons, exclusive of packing. Much of this was assembled in
London. In Australia the Government Produce Department of Adelaide
rendered valuable assistance.
TABLE OF FOOD-SUPPLIES FOR A TWELVE-MAN BASE
The following are the food requirements for a party of twelve men
wintering in the Antarctic. It is our own store list, with slight
modifications where these are found desirable. The figures are based
on the supposition that unlimited quantities of seal and penguin meat
can be had on the spot, and, furthermore, are ample for a second
year's requirements should the party be unavoidably detained. The
fare during the second year might be somewhat less varied, but would
otherwise be sufficient. Health was, of course, the first
consideration in this selection, but economy was also studied. The
quantities are stated in pounds weight.
lbs.
Meats, tinned—Corned beef, 216; roast beef, 72; roast mutton, 72;
boiled mutton, 72; Irish stew, 216; assorted meats, 168, including
mutton cutlets, haricot mutton, ox tail, ox tongue, sausages, and
brawn; sheep's tongues, 288; special meats, 192, including rabbit,
hare, duck, fowl, and turkey................... 1296
Live sheep—16 sheep to be dressed south of 60 degrees S. latitude
(weight not included)
Suet, tinned—400......................... 400
Bacon and Ham—Bacon in sides, packed in salt, 250; ham, 250... 500
Fish, tinned—Salmon, 360; haddocks, 96; kippered herrings, 216;
herrings in tomato sauce, 72; fresh herrings, 72; sardines, 300;
cods' roe, curried prawns, &c., 72.............., 1188
Soups, assorted tinned, 1152.................. 1152
Vegetables, fresh, in wooden cases—new potatoes, 1200; onions,
3601560
Tinned—potatoes, 864; onions, 216; peas, 450;
French beans, 450; spinach, 360; cabbage, 144; beetroot, 288;
carrots, 288; parsnips, 144; turnips, 108; celery, 144;
leeks, 72; champignons, 144; Boston baked beans, 144;
tomatoes, 288..................... 3240
Cereals and Dried Vegetables, &c.—Split peas, 112; lentils, 56;
marrowfat peas, 56; haricot beans, 56; barley, 72; rice, 252;
tapioca, 144; semolina, 56; macaroni, 56; rolled oats, 648;
cornflour, 156........................ 1664
Flour, including plain, wholemeal, and self-rising...... 4480
Biscuits, &c.—Plasmon wholemeal, 1344; plain wholemeal, 560;
assorted sweet, 560; cake tinned, 224; plum pudding, 224.... 1712
Fruit, tinned in syrup—peaches, 288; pears, 288; plums, 288;
apricots, 288; pineapples, 288; apples, 288; gooseberries, 216;
cherries, 216; mulberries, 48; strawberries, 48; red currants, 48;
black currants, 48; raspberries, 48............... 2400
Dried fruits—Prunes, 112; apples, 112; peaches, 56; nectarines, 56;
apricots, 56; raisins seeded, 224; currants, 112; figs, 224;
dates, 112; candied peel, 56.................. 1120
Sweets, &c.—Eating chocolate (chiefly for sledging) 504; assorted
sweets, 168; crystallized fruits, 56; assorted nuts, 84..... 812
Milk—as dried powder, 2400................... 2400
Butter—in 56 lb. export cases, 1456.............. 1456
Cheese—in original blocks or tins, 240............. 240
Cocoa, Tea, and Coffee—Cocoa, 576; tea, 288; coffee, 288.... 1152
Sugar, Jam, &c.—Sugar, 3584; jam, 1456; marmalade, 448;
honey, 576; syrup, 288..................... 6352
Sauces, Pickles, &c.—Tomato sauce, 180; Worcester sauce, 135;
sweet pickles, 162; mango chutney, 81; assorted pickles
(first quality) 216; vinegar, 210............... 984
Cooking requisites—Baking powder (in addition to that in
selfrising flour) 56; sodium bicarbonate, 1; ground mixed spice, 3;
ground ginger, 4; whole cloves, 1; nutmegs, 2; assorted essences, 10;
desiccated cocoanut, 12; mixed dried herbs, 2; dried mint, 6; dried
parsley, 1; onion powder, 9; curry powder, 30; mustard, 30; black
pepper, 12; white pepper, 12; table salt, 784.......... 975
Soap, &c.—Soap, 448; soda, 168................. 616
(16 tons approx.) 35,699
Note. These weights are exclusive of packing. When high southern
latitudes can be reached within three weeks, fresh eggs may be taken
with advantage, preferably unfertilized, but care should be taken to
freeze them as soon as possible, and not to allow them to thaw again
until required for use. It is advisable to take small quantities
of whisky, ale, wines and lime juice. Matches, candles, soap, and
other toilet requirements, kerosene and fuel are not reckoned with
here, appearing in a more general stores' list. Certain medical
comforts, such as malted milk and plasmon, may also be included.
Medical Equipment
The medical equipment consisted of a complete outfit of Burroughs
and Wellcome's drug's, dressings, &c., and Allen and Hanbury's
surgical instruments. Sets, varying in character with particular
requirements, were made up for the Ship and for each of the land
parties. Contained within the fifty-five boxes was a wonderful
assortment of everything which could possibly have been required
on a polar expedition. There was in addition a set of Burroughs
and Wellcome's medicines for the treatment of dogs.
Scientific Equipment
The scope of our projected scientific work necessitated extensive
purchases, and these were amplified by loans from many scientific
bodies and individuals.
Instruments for surveying and navigation were loaned by the Royal
Geographical Society and by the Admiralty, while many theodolites,
chronometers, and half-chronometer watches were manufactured to order.
An assortment of oceanographical gear was generously supplied through
H. S. H. The Prince of Monaco, from the Institut Oceanographique
of Monaco. Dr. W. S. Bruce made similar donations and supervised the
construction of our largest deep-sea dredge. The three-thousand
fathom tapered steel cables and mountings, designed to work the
deep-water dredges, were supplied by Messrs. Bullivant. Appliances
were also loaned by Mr. J. T. Buchanan of the 'Challenger' Expedition
and by the Commonwealth Fisheries Department. The self-recording
tide-gauges we employed were the property of the New South Wales
Government, obtained through Mr. G. Halligan.
The taxidermists' requirements, and other necessaries for the
preservation of zoological specimens, were for the most part purchased,
but great assistance was rendered through Professor Baldwin-Spencer
by the National Museum of Melbourne and by the South Australian Museum,
through the offices of Professor Stirling. Articles of equipment for
botanical work were loaned by Mr. J. H. Maiden, Director of the
Botanical Gardens, Sydney.
A supply of heavy cameras for base-station work and light cameras for
sledging was purchased; our stock being amplified by many private
cameras, especially those belonging to F. H. Hurley, photographer of
the Expedition. Special Lumiere plates and material for colour
photography were not omitted, and, during the final cruise of the
'Aurora', P. E. Correll employed the more recent Paget process for
colour photography with good results.
The programme of magnetic work was intended to be as extensive as
possible. In the matter of equipment we were very materially assisted
by the Carnegie Institute through Dr. L. A. Bauer. An instrument
was also loaned through Mr. H. F. Skey of the Christchurch Magnetic
Observatory. A full set of Eschenhagen self-recording instruments
was purchased, and in this and in other dispositions for the magnetic
work we have to thank Dr. C. Chree, Director of the National Physical
Laboratory, and Dr. C. C. Farr of University College, Christchurch.
Captain Chetwynd kindly assisted in arrangements for the Ship's
compasses.
Two complete sets of Telefunken wireless apparatus were purchased from
the Australasian Wireless Company. The motors and dynamos were got
from Buzzacott, Sydney, and the masts were built by Saxton and Binns,
Sydney. Manilla and tarred-hemp ropes were supplied on generous terms
by Melbourne firms (chiefly Kinnear).
The meteorological instruments were largely purchased from Negretti
and Zambra, but a great number were loaned by the Commonwealth
Meteorological Department (Director, Mr. H. A. Hunt) and by the
British Meteorological Office (Director, Dr. W. N. Shaw).
For astronomical work the following instruments were loaned, besides
transit-theodolites and sextants: a four-inch telescope by the
Greenwich Observatory through the Astronomer Royal: a portable
transit-theodolite by the Melbourne Observatory through the
Director, Mr. P. Baracchi; two stellar sidereal chronometers by
the Adelaide Observatory through the Astronomer, Mr. P. Dodwell.
The apparatus for bacteriological and physiological work were got in
Sydney, in arrangements and suggestions for which our thanks are due
to Dr. Tidswell (Microbiological Laboratory) and Professor Welsh, of
Sydney University.
Artists' materials were supplied by Winsor and Newton, London, while
the stationery was partly donated by John Sands, Limited, Sydney
Geological, chemical, and physical apparatus were all acquired at the
instance of the several workers.
Adjuncts, such as a calculating machine, a typewriter, and duplicator
were not forgotten.**
** Acceptable donations of various articles were made by the firms of
Ludowici, Sydney; Allen Taylor, Sydney; Sames and Company, Birmingham;
Gamage, London; Gramophone Company, London; the Acetylene Corporation,
London; Steel Trucks Ltd., &c.