1. To cover his head with aught which may be deemed a covering, as a cap or turband; but he may carry an umbrella, dive under water, stand in the shade, and even place his hands upon his head. A woman may wear sewn clothes, white or light blue (not black), but her face-veil should be kept at a distance from her face. 2. To wear anything sewn or with seams, as shirt, trowsers, or slippers; anything knotted or woven, as chain-armour; but the pilgrim may use, for instance, a torn-up shirt or trowsers bound round his loins or thrown over his shoulders, he may knot his Izar, and tie it with a cord, and he may gird his waist. 3. To knot the Rida, or shoulder-cloth.[FN#16]
[p.285] 4. To deviate from absolute chastity, even kissing being forbidden to the Muhrim. Marriage cannot be contracted during the pilgrimage season. 5. To use perfumes, oil, curling the locks, or removing the nails and hair by paring, cutting, plucking, or burning. The nails may be employed to remove pediculi from the hair and clothes, but with care, that no pile fall off. 6. To hunt wild animals, or to kill those which were such originally. But he may destroy the five noxious,a kite, a crow, a rat, a scorpion, and a dog given to biting. He must not cut down a tree,[FN#17] or pluck up a self-growing plant; but he is permitted to reap and to cut grass.
It is meritorious for the pilgrim often to raise the Talbiyat cry (for which see p. 140 ante).
Labbayk Allahumma Labbayk!
La Sharika laka Labbayk!
Inna l hamda wa l niamata laka wal mulk!
La Sharika laka, Labbayk.[FN#18]
When assuming the pilgrim-garb, and before entering Meccah, Ghusl, or total ablution, should be performed; but if water be not procurable, the Tayammum, or sand ablution, suffices. The pilgrim should enter the Holy City by day and on foot. When his glance falls upon the Kaabah he should say, O Allah, increase this (Thy) house in degree, and greatness, and honour, and awfulness, and increase all those who have honoured it and glorified it, the Hajis and the Mutamirs (Umrah-performers), with degree, and greatness, and honour, and dignity! Entering the outer Bab al-Salam, he must exclaim, O Allah, Thou art the Safety, and from Thee is the Safety! And then passing into the Mosque, he should repair to the Black Stone, touch it with his right hand, kiss it, and commence his circumambulation.[FN#19]
[p.286]Now, the victims of Al-Ihram are five in number, viz.:
1. The Victim of Requisites, when a pilgrim accidentally or willingly omits to perform a requisite, such as the assumption of the pilgrim garb at the proper place. This victim is a sheep, sacrificed at the id al-Kurban (in addition to the usual offering),[FN#20] or, in lieu of it, ten days fastthree of them in the Hajj season (viz. on the 6th, 7th, and 8th days of Zul Hijjah) and seven after returning home. 2. The Victim of Luxuries, (Turfah), such as shaving the head or using perfumes. This is a sheep, or a three days fast, or alms, consisting of three saa measures of grain, distributed among six paupers. 3. The Victim of suddenly returning to Laical Life; that is to say, before the proper time. It is also a sheep, after the sacrifice of which the pilgrim shaves his head. 4. The Victim of killing Game. If the animal slain be one for which the tame equivalents be procurable (a camel for an ostrich, a cow for a wild ass or cow, and a goat for a gazelle), the pilgrim should sacrifice it, or distribute its value, or purchase with it grain for the poor, or fast one day for each Mudd measure. If the equivalent be not procurable, the offender must buy its value of grain for alms-deeds, or fast a day for every measure. 5. The Victim of Incontinence. This offering is either a male or a female camel[FN#21]; these failing, a cow or seven sheep, or the value of a camel in grain distributed to the poor, or a days fast for each measure.
Section II.Of Tawaf, or Circumambulation.
Of this ceremony there are five Wajibat, or requisites, viz.:Concealing the shame,[FN#22] as in prayer. Ceremonial purity of body, garments, and place. Circumambulation inside the Mosque. Seven circuits of the house. Commencement of circuit from the Black Stone. Circumambulating the house with the left shoulder presented to it. Circuiting the house outside its Shazarwan, or marble basement.[FN#23] And, lastly, the
[p.287] Niyat, or intention of Tawaf, specifying whether it be for Hajj or for Umrah.