The History of Java, v. 1-2

by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles

171. Accompanying this report, the judge of circuit shall forward to government a detailed opinion on the state of the Residency, with respect to its police, its general administration, and other circumstances connected with its actual condition; suggesting, at the same time, any such improvement as, in his opinion, would be conducive to its general prosperity.

172. It remains, finally, to be observed to the Residents, that as the police of different districts must be, in some measure, adapted to various circumstances and localities, they are authorized to enlarge upon these general regulations for the administration of that department within their respective jurisdictions, reporting their suggestions of improvement to government. But it is recommended to those officers to become well acquainted with the ancient usages and institutions of the people placed under their authority; and in submitting their observations, they will be solicitous rather to improve upon the solid foundations of ancient regulations and customs, both acknowledged and understood by the people, than to invent new systems of administration, which for some time must, of necessity, be quite unintelligible to the inhabitants, and which, after the experience of a few years, may probably be found to be by no means congenial to their genius or habits.

173. Copies of this Regulation shall be forwarded to the various officers of government concerned in the carrying it into execution; and translations of it, in the Javan and Malayan languages, shall be furnished to the Bopátis and other native officers. It shall be the duty of these to explain and cause to be made known its purport throughout the country; and for the doing this the more effectually, copies shall always lie on the tables of the several courts, to be open for public reference and inspection.

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APPENDIX E.​—No. I.
A COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THE MALAYU, JAVAN, MADURESE, BALI, AND LAMPUNG LANGUAGES.

ENGLISH.	MALÁYU.	JAVAN.			MADURESE.		BÁLI.	LAMPUNG.
		Jáwa.	Bása kráma.	Súnda.	Madúra.	Sumenáp.
Memorandum.​—The above Comparative Vocabulary was formed in the following manner.​—Copies of the Vocabulary, in the Malayan character, arranged by the late Dr. Leyden, were circulated in different parts of Java, and completed in the different languages and dialects by the natives. After collections of these were made, several intelligent natives were, from time to time, assembled from different parts of the island, and also from Báli, Lampung, Madura, and Sumenap, and the Vocabulary in each language was carefully revised in concert with them, at the same time that it was re-copied in the native and roman characters.
God	túhan; álah'	yéwang wídi; pang'éran; gusti; alah	​	hongyéwang; sang-yéwang;	pangéran	álah	batára	alah; gusti
Creation	ka-jádian	ka-dádian	kadadósan	ka-jádian	ka-dádian	ka-dádian	ka-dádian	ka-jádian
Eternity	kakálan	kaleng'gang'an	​	kakálan; láng-geng'an	kaláng-gang'an	láng-gang	kúkuán; láng-gang	ka-kálan
Angel	maláikat	maláikat	​	mala-ékat	malaékat	mala-ékat	dewáta	mali-kat
Soul	jíwa; niáwa	niówo; yétmo	​	súkma; niáwa	niába	niáwa	jiwa; átma	nia-wa
Life	idup; hidop	úrip	gesang	irup	ódi	údi	úrep	húghé
Demon or ghost	hantu	antu	​	antu	anto	antu	mamídi; antu	hántu
World	dúnia	jágat	búwana	dúnia	dúnia	dúnia	marcha-páda	dún-nia
Heaven	súrga	súwarga	súwarg'i	súrga	seárga	súar-ga	úarga	sáwa-ghága
Sky	láng'it	láng'it	akása	láng'it	láng'it	láng'é	angkása; lang-it	lang'it
Light	cháhia	cháhia	​	cháhia	sadja; cháhia	cháhia	depta; cháhia	chaháya
Star	bintang	lintang	​	benteung	bintang	bintang	bintang	bintang
Halo of the moon	pagar-búlan	kaláng'an-wúlan	kalang'an-sási	kaláng'an-búlang	​	kalang'an-búlan	káng'an-búlan	kandok-búlan
Planet	bintang-berjálan	lintang lúmáku	lintang-lúmampa	bentéung-léumpang	bintang-ájalan	bintang-ájalan	pelálintáng'an	​
Saturn	bintang zahil	lintang zohal	​	bentéung-júhel	bintang-jóhal	bintang súhal	​	​
Jupiter	bintang mastri	lintang mústarí	​	bentéung-mustari	bintang-mustári	bintang-mustári	​	​
Mars	bintang marikh	lintang marih	​	bentéung-marih	bintang-maríh	bintang marih	​	​
Venus	bintang zahára	lintang johra	​	bentéung-júhára	bintang-johro	bintang-súhara	​	​
Mercury	bintang átarad	lintang átarad	​	bentéung-utára	bintang-ng'alárid	bintang álarad	​	​
Sun	mata-hári	sreng'eng'é	súria	matápoék	ng'areh	áré	mata-nai; súria	mata-gháni
Moon	búlan	wúlan; rembúlan	sási	búlan	búlan	búlan	búlan; sásih	búlan
A comet	bintang ber-ikur	lintang-kumúkus	​	bentéung-buntútan	​	bintang-abúntok	bintang-kúkus	bintang-bugúndang
The milky way	bima-sákti	bima-sákti	​	bima-sákti	​	preng-sadápur	láwat yih-patánu	​
Sunrise	terbet-máta-hári	plétek-sreng'éng'é	médal-súria	bijel-matápoék	kalúar-áreh	kalúar-ári; medal ári	handag-matánai	máta-gháni-chá ka
North pole	bintang-utára	lintang-útára	​	bentéung-útára	bintang-útára	bintang-kelod	​	​
South pole	bintang-selátan	lintang-slátan	​	sela-búmi	bintang-salátan	bintang-salátan	bintang-kája	​
Equator	gáris-sa-teng'ah-dúnia	gára-s-teng'ah-jágat	​	gáres-siteng'ah-jágat	gáris-sátan-g'ah-dúnia	gáris-sátan-g'ah-dúnia	gui-tang'ah-marcha-páda	​
Ecliptic	âlan-máta-hári	dálan-sreng'éng'é	margi-súria	jàlan-máta poék	jálan-áreb	jálan-ári	margan-matánai	​
Aries	bintáng-hamel	lintáng-kámel	​	bentéung-kámel	bintang-kámel	​	​	​
Taurus	bintáng-thur	lintáng-táred	​	bentéung-sur	bintang-tor	​	​	​
Gemini	bintáng-júza	lintáng-jus	​	bentéung-júja	bintang-jus	​	​	​
Cancer	bintáng-sertan	lintáng-sertan	​	bentéung-sertan	bintang-sertan	​	​	​
Leo	bintáng-ásad	lintáng-ásad	​	bentéung-ásad	bintang-ásad	​	​	​
Virgo	bintáng-sánbla	lintáng-sumbúla	​	bentéung-sanblah	bintang-sanbla	​	​	​
Libra	bintáng-mírzan	lintáng-mízan	​	bentéung-mérjan	bintang-mérgan	​	​	​
Scorpio	bintáng-kála	lintáng-kála	​	bentéung-kála	bintang-kála	​	​	​
Sagittarius	bintáng-kos	lintáng-kos	​	bentéung-kus	bintang-kos	​	​	​
Capricorn	bintáng-jádi	lintáng-júdi	​	bentéung-jadi	bintang-júdi	​	​	​
Aquarius	bintáng-dálu	lintáng-dálwi	​	bentéung-delu	bintang-dálui	​	​	​
Pisces	bintáng-hot	lintáng-khot	​	bentéung-hut	bintang-khot	​	​	​
Rainbow	úlar-dánu	kúku-wung	​	kúku-wung	kóbong	andang	yang-lálah	ghóneh
East	timur	wítan; timur	​	timur	timur	témor	témur	ka-ng'in
South	slátan	selátan	​	perna-ang'in	slátan	slátan	kája	​
West	bárat	bárat	​	bárat	bárat	bárat	kao	​
North	útára	útára	​	utára	témor-dáya	utára	klod	​
Earth	búmi	búmi	buntála	tánéu	tánah; búmi	búmi; tána	gúmi	búmi
Island	púlau	púlo	núsa	núsa	póloh	púlau; gili	púlo	púlau
Mountain	gúnung	gúnung	rédi	gúnung	gúnung	gúnung	gúnung	ghú-gok
Stone	bátu	wátu	sela	bátu	báto	bátu	bátu	bátu
Rain	újan	údan	jáwuh	újan	újan	újan	hujan; sábéuh	lábong
River	súngái; káli	kali; bang'awan	lépen	wálung'an; káli	song'ai	song'ai	túkad	bátang-ághi

Extract From the Dasa Nama.[298]

1.	Madia ning mangsa		from ordinary thought comes knowledge of time or season.
j.b.	Mángsa		season, time.
j.b.	Kála		time.
k.	Dók		the same.
b.	Tak-kála		the same.
b.	Panjenáng'an		the time, as applied to the reign of a sovereign or governor, a dynasty, a rule.
j.b.	Jáman		the same.
k.	Titika, or kútika		the same.
b.	Dáweg or dáwak		present time.
j.b.	Láji		future time.
j.b.	Waktu		time.
j.b.	Usum		the season of any thing, as the paddy season or fruit seasons, season for breed of cattle.
j.b.	Mangsa ren-dang		season or time of rain.
j.b.	Ka-telu	(3)	commencement of the rain.
j.b.	Ka-pat	(4)	rains.
j.b.	Ka-lima	(5)	ditto.
j.b.	Ka-nam	(6)	ditto, rivers full.
j.b.	Ka-pitu	(7)	heavy rains.
j.b.	Ka-wólu	(8)	rains commence falling off.
j.b.	Ka-sáng'a	(9)	rains nearly over.
	Mangsa trang		dry or clear seasons.
b.	Kása-dása	(10)	commencement of dry season.
j.b.	Dasta		autumnal, or season of the falling of the leaves.
j.b.	Sadá		season of heavy dews.
j.b.	Kása		clear, dry, and cloudless season.
j.b.	Káro		the season in which trees commence to throw out their leaves and flowers.
2.	Mangsa ren-dang ing ardi		the rainy season comes from the hills or mountains.
k.	Parwáka		mountains from which wind comes.
k.	Gíri		stupendous, abrupt mountains, which create awe on looking on them.
k.	Purwáta		original mountains, the first or primitive mountains.
k.	Chála		mountain.
k.	Mandála		the base or foot of a mountain.
k.	Liwáwan, or himáwan.		distant mountains.
b.	Ardi		stupendous mountains.
j.b.	Gúnung.		mountains or hills.
j.b.	Kendeng		low ranges of hills.
j.b.	Sengkan		the acclivity of a hill.
j.b.	Mádik		the same.
j.b.	Jujúrang		the space between two hills above the valleys.
k.	Sárung		the valley or bottom of the space between two hills.
j.b.	Papéreng		the steep part of a hill which cannot be ascended.
j.b.	Héring or iring		the same.
3.	Ardi akátah séla		the hills have many stones.
b.	Séla		stones, large stones.
j.b.	Ka-rikil		small stones, pebbles.
j.b.	Kamlása		small fine stones, gravel.
j.b.	Wátu		stones.
k.	Mánik.		a kind of hard black stone.
j.b.	Párang		a sort of stone neither hard or soft.
k.	Redjeng		the same.
j.b.	Gamping		lime stone.
j.b.	Wádas		a kind of stone.
j.b.	Chúri		a particular kind of stone, rather harder than redjeng.
k.	Cháni		a sort of stone which when taken from the quarry is soft and easily cut, but afterwards becomes hard on exposure to air.