| CHAPTER I. | |
|---|---|
| PAGE | |
| ELECTION OF ABU BEKR | [1] |
| A.H. XI. A.D. 632. | |
| CHAPTER II. | |
| EXPEDITION OF OSAMA TO THE SYRIAN BORDER | [8] |
| A.H. XI. A.D. 632. | |
| CHAPTER III. | |
| MEDINA THREATENED. | |
| A.H. XI. June and July, A.D. 632. | |
| Attack on Medîna repulsed | [11] |
| CHAPTER IV. | |
| RETURN OF OSAMA—EXPEDITIONS FORMED AGAINST THE APOSTATE TRIBES THROUGHOUT ARABIA. | |
| A.H. XI. Sept.—Oct. A.D. 632. | |
| Abu Bekr discomfits the rebels at Rabadza—Expeditions to reclaim the apostate tribes | [16] |
| CHAPTER V. | |
| CAMPAIGN OF KHALID AGAINST THE FALSE PROPHET TOLEIHA. | |
| A.H. XI. Nov. A.D. 632. | |
| Khâlid’s expedition against Toleiha—Khâlid defeats Toleiha—Omm Siml discomfited by Khâlid—Abu Bekr burns a freebooter alive | [20] |
| CHAPTER VI. | |
| STORY OF MALIK IBN NOWEIRA. | |
| A.H. XI. A.D. 632. | |
| Mâlik ibn Noweira joins Sajâh the Prophetess—Is put to death—Khâlid marries his widow | [30] |
| CHAPTER VII. | |
| BATTLE OF YEMAMA. | |
| End of A.H. XI. Beginning of 633 A.D. | |
| The False Prophet Moseilama—Battle of Yemâma—The ‘Garden of Death’ | [38] |
| CHAPTER VIII. | |
| CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE REBELS IN THE EAST AND SOUTH OF ARABIA. | |
| A.H. XI. A.D. 632–3. | |
| Bahrein reduced—Reduction of Omân and Mâhra—Rebellion in Yemen—Reduction of Yemen—Reduction of Hadhramaut—Authority re-established in the South | [47] |
| CHAPTER IX. | |
| ENROLMENT OF THE BEDOUIN TRIBES FOR WAR BEYOND ARABIA. | |
| Arabia aroused by the war-cry from without—All slaves of Arab blood set free—Death of Fâtima | [60] |
| CHAPTER X. | |
| CAMPAIGN OF KHALID IN IRAC. | |
| A.H. XII. A.D. 633. | |
| State of Persia—Mesopotamia and the Syrian Desert—Irâc Araby described—Khâlid’s victories over the Persians—The River of Blood—Hîra capitulates—Hîra remains Christian—Khâlid’s administration in Irâc—Khâlid takes Anbâr and Ain Tamar—Dûma stormed by Khâlid—Expeditions against Bedouins in Irâc—Khâlid’s pilgrimage incognito to Mecca | [66] |
| CHAPTER XI. | |
| CAMPAIGN IN SYRIA—BATTLE OF WACUSA ON THE YERMUK. | |
| A.H. XIII. A.D. 634. | |
| Defeat of Khâlid ibn Saîd in Syria—Reinforcements sent to Syria—Roman army opposes the Moslems on the Yermûk—Indecisive skirmishing with Romans—Khâlid transferred to Syria—Khâlid’s journey across the Desert—Roman and Moslem armies compared—Khâlid takes command—Great battle of Wacûsa on the Yermûk—Roman army totally defeated | [92] |
| CHAPTER XII. | |
| EVENTS IN IRAC—MOTHANNA AND THE PERSIANS—NEED OF REINFORCEMENTS. | |
| Moharram—Jumâd, A.H. XIII. March—August, A.D. 634. | |
| Mothanna asks Abu Bekr for reinforcements | [112] |
| CHAPTER XIII. | |
| SICKNESS AND DEATH OF ABU BEKR. | |
| Jumâd II., A.H. XIII. August, A.D. 634. | |
| Abu Bekr visits Mecca on pilgrimage—Abu Bekr appoints Omar his successor—Death and burial of Abu Bekr—Character of Abu Bekr | [115] |
| CHAPTER XIV. | |
| ACCESSION OF OMAR—REINFORCEMENTS FOR IRAC—CAMPAIGN THERE UNDER ABU OBEID AND MOTHANNA. | |
| Jumâd II., A.H. XIII.—Moharram, A.H. XIV. | |
| August, A.D. 634–March, A.D. 635. | |
| Omar raises a new levy for Irâc—Rustem sends a Persian army against Abu Obeid—Battle of the Bridge—Moslems routed—Fresh levies ordered to Irâc—Mothanna’s victory at Boweib—Character of Mothanna | [125] |
| CHAPTER XV. | |
| CAMPAIGN IN SYRIA—TAKING OF DAMASCUS—BATTLE OF FIHL. | |
| A.H. XIV. A.D. 635. | |
| Syria east of the Jordan—Khâlid deposed: Abu Obeida succeeds him—Siege of Damascus—Storm and capitulation of Damascus—Cathedral of St. John the Baptist—Battle of Fihl—Progress of Moslem conquest on the Jordan | [141] |
| CHAPTER XVI. | |
| YEZDEGIRD SUCCEEDS TO THE THRONE OF PERSIA—BATTLE OF CADESIYA. | |
| A.H. XIV. A.D. 635. | |
| Yezdegird, King of Persia—Sád, commander-in-chief in Irâc—Death of Mothanna—Sád encamps at Câdesîya—Rustem advances on Câdesîya—Rustem crosses the river by a dam—Battle of Câdesîya. First day—Attack of the elephants—Second and third days—Night of Clangour—Defeat of Persians—Omar receives tidings of the victory | [155] |
| CHAPTER XVII. | |
| EVENTS FOLLOWING THE BATTLE OF CADESIYA—CAPTURE OF MEDAIN. | |
| A.H. XV., XVI. A.D. 636–7. | |
| Advance upon Medâin—Western suburb of Medâin taken—Capture of Medâin—Rich spoil of Medâin | [178] |
| CHAPTER XVIII. | |
| BATTLE OF JALOLA—REDUCTION OF MESOPOTAMIA—KUFA AND BUSSORAH FOUNDED. | |
| A.H. XVI. A.D. 637. | |
| Great booty taken at Jalôla—Operations in Mesopotamia and the Delta of the Euphrates—Kûfa and Bussorah—Land settled with native cultivators—Factious spirit at Kûfa and Bussorah | [187] |
| CHAPTER XIX. | |
| CAMPAIGN IN NORTHERN SYRIA. | |
| A.H. XV. A.D. 636. | |
| Northern Syria reduced—Heraclius retires to Constantinople—Story of Jabala, Prince of the Beni Ghassân | [198] |
| CHAPTER XX. | |
| CONQUEST OF PALESTINE. | |
| A.H. XV. A.D. 636. | |
| Invasion of Palestine—Jerusalem capitulates to Omar—Omar visits Jerusalem—Causes facilitating conquest of Syria—Humiliation of Jews and Christians—‘Ordinance of Omar’ | [205] |
| CHAPTER XXI. | |
| RISING IN NORTHERN SYRIA. | |
| A.H. XVII. A.D. 638. | |
| Byzantine attack on Northern Syria—Campaign in Asia Minor—Khâlid brought to trial—Khâlid dies in neglect | [215] |
| CHAPTER XXII. | |
| EXPULSION OF JEWS AND CHRISTIANS FROM ARABIA—THE CIVIL LIST OF OMAR—SLAVES OF ARAB BLOOD MADE FREE. | |
| A.H. XIV., XV. A.D. 635, 636. | |
| Expulsion of Christians from Najrân, and of Jews from Kheibar—Dewân, or Civil List, of Omar—Omar perpetuates military organisation—The Corân, how compiled | [223] |
| CHAPTER XXIII. | |
| FAMINE AND PLAGUE. | |
| A.H. XVIII. A.D. 639. | |
| Omar visits Syria after the Plague—Muâvia, Governor of Syria | [232] |
| CHAPTER XXIV. | |
| CONQUEST Of EGYPT. | |
| A.H. XX. A.D. 641. | |
| Alexandria taken—Fostât founded—Canal from the Nile to the Red Sea—Second siege of Alexandria | [239] |
| CHAPTER XXV. | |
| ADVANCE ON THE SOUTHERN BORDER OF PERSIA—HORMUZAN TAKEN PRISONER. | |
| A.H. XVI.—XX. A.D. 637–641. | |
| Unsuccessful attack on Persepolis—Capture of Râm Hormuz, Tostar, and Sûs—Hormuzân sent prisoner to Medîna—Embraces Islam | [249] |
| CHAPTER XXVI. | |
| CONQUEST OF PERSIA. | |
| A.H. XXI., XXII. A.D. 642, 643. | |
| Yezdegird attacks the Moslems—Battle of Nehâvend—Persian provinces reduced—Miracle at the siege of Darâbgird | [255] |
| CHAPTER XXVII. | |
| THE LATER YEARS OF OMAR’S REIGN—DOMESTIC EVENTS. | |
| A.H. XVII.-XXIII. A.D. 638–644. | |
| Grand Square formed around the Káaba—Moghîra arraigned for adultery—Abu Mûsa, Governor of Bussorah—Moghîra, Governor of Kûfa—Deterioration of social life—Luxury, intemperance, and dissipation—Simplicity of Omar’s life—Death of Abu Sofiân and other ‘Companions’ | [262] |
| CHAPTER XXVIII. | |
| DEATH OF OMAR. | |
| A.H. XXIII. A.D. 644. | |
| Omar stabbed by a Persian slave—Omar appoints Electors—Death of Omar—Character and reign of Omar | [278] |
| CHAPTER XXIX. | |
| ELECTION OF OTHMAN. | |
| Dzul Hijj, A.H. XXIII.—Moharram, A.H. XXIX. | |
| November, A.D. 644. | |
| The six Electors—Conclave of the Electors—Othmân elected Caliph—Hormuzân slain by Omar’s son | [286] |
| CHAPTER XXX. | |
| CALIPHATE OF OTHMÂN—GENERAL REVIEW. | |
| A.H. XXIV.-XXXV. A.D. 645–656. | |
| Causes of Othmân’s unpopularity—Persia, Syria, Asia Minor, and Armenia—Conquests in Northern Africa—Naval victory off Alexandria | [294] |
| CHAPTER XXXI. | |
| DOMESTIC EVENTS DURING THE CALIPHATE OF OTHMÂN HIS GROWING UNPOPULARITY. | |
| Change of governors at Kûfa—Change of governors at Bussorah—Revision of Corân—Story of Abu Dzarr Ghifary—Unlawful amusements checked—Othmân’s increasing unpopularity—Othmân marries Nâila | [303] |
| CHAPTER XXXII. | |
| DANGEROUS FACTION AT KUFA—GROWING DISAFFECTION. | |
| A.H. XXXII.-XXXIV. A.D. 653–655. | |
| Emeute at Kûfa—Saîd expelled from Kûfa—Aly expostulates with Othmân—Othmân appeals to the people | [316] |
| CHAPTER XXXIII. | |
| THE OUTLOOK DARKENS. | |
| A.H. XXXIV., XXXV. A.D. 655. | |
| Complainants invited to come forward—Conference of governors at Medîna | [324] |
| CHAPTER XXXIV. | |
| THE PLOT RIPENS—CONSPIRATORS ATTACK MEDINA—DEATH OF OTHMAN. | |
| A.H. XXXV. A.D. 656. | |
| Conspirators attack Medîna—Altercation of conspirators with Othmân—Tumult in the Great Mosque—Othmân besieged in his palace—The blockade—Death of Othmân—Burial of Othmân | [329] |
| CHAPTER XXXV. | |
| THE ELECTION OF ALY. | |
| End of A.H. XXXV. June, A.D. 656. | |
| Aly will not punish the regicides—Aly appoints new governors—Muâvia’s defiant attitude | [342] |
| CHAPTER XXXVI. | |
| REBELLION AT BUSSORAH. | |
| A.H. XXXVI. A.D. 656. | |
| Ayesha at Mecca—Rebellion of Ayesha, Zobeir, and Talha—Rebel army marches from Mecca to Bussorah—Pursued by Aly—Ayesha’s alarm—Zobeir and Talha occupy Bussorah | [351] |
| CHAPTER XXXVII. | |
| BATTLE OF THE CAMEL. | |
| Jumad II., A.H. XXXVI. December, A.D. 656. | |
| Aly advances on Bussorah—Negotiations with Zobeir and Talha—Regicides bring on engagement—Battle of the Camel—The insurgents defeated—Ayesha retires to Medîna | [359] |
| CHAPTER XXXVIII. | |
| ALY TRANSFERS HIS SEAT OF GOVERNMENT TO KUFA. AFFAIRS IN EGYPT. | |
| A.H. XXXVI. A.D. 656, 657. | |
| Cays, Governor of Egypt, deposed—Mohammed son of Abu Bekr appointed Governor of Egypt—Amru joins Muâvia—Muâvia and Aly | [369] |
| CHAPTER XXXIX. | |
| BATTLE OF SIFFIN. | |
| A.H. XXXVI., XXXVII. A.D. 657. | |
| Aly marches against Muâvia—Fighting at Siffîn—Battle of Siffîn—Combat closed by reference to arbitration—The armies break up | [376] |
| CHAPTER XL. | |
| THE KHAREJITES, OR THEOCRATIC FACTION, REBEL AGAINST ALY | [388] |
| A.H. XXXVI. A.D. 657. | |
| CHAPTER XLI. | |
| DECISION OF THE UMPIRES. | |
| A.H. XXXVII. A.D. 658. | |
| The Umpires meet—The decision deposing Aly | [391] |
| CHAPTER XLII. | |
| THE KHAREJITES, OR THEOCRATIC SEPARATISTS, DEFEATED AT NEHRWAN. | |
| A.H. XXXVII. A.D. 658. | |
| Hostile attitude of Khârejites—Second campaign against Syria projected—Army diverted by Khârejites—Khârejites defeated | [395] |
| CHAPTER XLIII. | |
| REVOLT OF EGYPT. | |
| A.H. XXXVIII. A.D. 658. | |
| Aly abandons the war on Syria—Aly loses Egypt | [401] |
| CHAPTER XLIV. | |
| THE REMAINDER OF ALY’S REIGN. | |
| A.H. XXXVIII.-XL. A.D. 658–660. | |
| Khârejite émeutes—Syrian expeditions against Aly—Troubles of Aly—Peace between Aly and Muâvia | [404] |
| CHAPTER XLV. | |
| ASSASSINATION OF ALY. | |
| A.H. XL. A.D. 661. | |
| Conspiracy against Aly, Muâvia, and Amru—Muâvia and Amru escape—Assassination of Aly—Character of Aly | [411] |
| CHAPTER XLVI. | |
| HASAN SUCCEEDS ALY.—ABDICATES IN FAVOUR OF MUAVIA. | |
| A.H. XL., XLI. A.D. 661. | |
| Hasan abdicates the Caliphate—Muâvia sole Caliph | [418] |
| CHAPTER XLVII. | |
| SOME BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. | |
| A.H. XL.—L. | |
| Amru, Moghîra, and Ziâd—Muâvia acknowledges Ziâd as his brother | [422] |
| CHAPTER XLVIII. | |
| YEZID PROCLAIMED HEIR APPARENT—HEREDITARY NOMINATION BECOMES A PRECEDENT. | |
| A.H. LVI. A.D. 676. | |
| Precedents of succession—Yezîd declared Heir Apparent—Precedent for future successions | [427] |
| CHAPTER XLIX. | |
| YEZID AND THE TRAGEDY AT KERBALA. | |
| A.H. LXI. A.D. 680. | |
| Yezîd succeeds to the Caliphate—Hosein sets out for Kûfa—Hosein stopped at Kerbala—The tragedy of Kerbala—Death of Hosein—‘The Moharram’ | [433] |
| CHAPTER L. | |
| THE OMEYYAD AND ABBASSIDE DYNASTIES, AND CONCLUSION. | |
| Rebellion of Ibn Zobeir, Mukhtâr, and Khârejites—Abd al Malik and Welîd—Omeyyad dynasty—Abbasside dynasty—The Abbassides—Al Mâmûn—The Motázilites—Golden Age under Abbassides—Fall of the Caliphate—Early influences which still survive—Soonnies and Shîyas—Islam stationary—Causes of decadence—Conclusion | [443] |
| Index | [461] |
Errata
Page 72, line 14, for Hâtim, son of Adî, read Adî, son of Hâtim.
Page 241, line 15, for Khâlid read Amru.
ANNALS
OF
THE EARLY CALIPHATE.
CHAPTER I.
ELECTION OF ABU BEKR.
A.H. XI. A.D. 632.
Death of Mahomet, 13 Rabi I. A.H. XI., June 8, A.D. 632.
At eventide of a summer day in the eleventh year of the Hegira, three chief ‘Companions’ of Mahomet might be seen issuing in haste from the Great Mosque at Medîna, where, close by in the chamber of Ayesha, his favourite wife, the Prophet of Arabia lay dead.[4] They were Abu Bekr, Omar, and Abu Obeida. I will first describe each briefly, and then explain the object of their errand.
Abu Bekr.