[7]. Darwin, “Biographical Sketch of an Infant,” Mind, ii. p. 285.
[8]. It is probable that the dates assigned for the first appearance of emotional manifestations by Darwin, Preyer, Perez, etc., are mostly too late, as they were not the outcome of continuous observation. Mrs. Kathleen Carter Moore, in her recent elaborate monograph dealing with the early mental development of her own baby, whom she regards as an average infant, observed the tear secretion first on the tenth day, though it was not fully established until the sixteenth week; a smile when comfortable was seen on the sixth day; the child smiled several times consecutively at his father on the seventh day with movements of excitement, and by the twentieth day smiling at persons had become more frequent and more intelligent. (See K. C. Moore, “The Mental Development of a Child,” Monograph Supplement to the Psychological Review, 1896).—ED.
[9]. Höffding, Psychologie, pp. 392-394, second German edition. J. Sully, The Human Mind, vol. ii. p. 56, considers emotion as a genus of which affection and passion are the species: affection is a fixed emotional disposition; passion is the violent form of the emotion. Nothing can be vaguer and more uncertain than the terminology of our subject, and yet, as Wundt says in his Essays, it has made a very appreciable progress when compared to the confusion which existed at the beginning of the century.
[10]. Letourneau, Physiologie des Passions, liv. i. Chap. I.
[11]. “Pain is a powerful and prolonged vibration of the conscious nervous centres, resulting from a strong peripheral excitation, and consequently of a sudden change of condition in the nervous centres” (Richet). “It is the most violent stimulation of certain sensorial regions—a stimulation to which contribute the more extended stimulations of other regions” (Wundt).
[12]. Sensations internes, Chap. xx., may be read for details on this point.
[13]. Archiv für Anatomie und Physiol., 1885.
[14]. Goldscheider, Ueber den Schmerz, Berlin, 1894.
[15]. Lehmann, Die Hauptgesetze des menschlichen Gefühlslebens, pp. 46 et seq.
[16]. In his preface Sergi briefly indicates the “antecedents of his theory.” He finds it in the English anatomist Todd, in Hack Tuke, Laycock, Herbert Spencer, Brown-Séquard, etc. I may point out that Vulpian, relying on experiments of doubtful interpretation, localised the emotions exclusively in the medulla, Leçons sur l’Anatomie du système nerveux, xxiv.