BIBLIOGRAPHY
It is not intended here to give a complete Bibliography of Greek Education, but merely to point the readers of this book, who may desire to pursue the subject further, to the chief sources of information.
1. ANCIENT WORKS
For the first part of the Hellenic Period, that of the "Old Education," our authorities are fragmentary, and often vague. They are the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, the Works and Days of Hesiod, the fragments of the pre-Socratic philosophers (collected by Mullach, in his Fragmenta Philosophorum Græcorum, Paris, Didot, 1860-81, 3 vols. 4to), and the comedies of Aristophanes, especially the Clouds. For the second part of the same period, that of the "New Education," the chief authorities are the tragedies of Euripides, the Clouds of Aristophanes, the dialogues of Plato, especially the Protagoras, Lysis, Republic, and Laws, and the Cyropædia, Œconomics, and Constitution of Lacedæmon of Xenophon.
For Aristotle's educational doctrines, we are confined for information to his own works, and, among these, to the Ethics and Politics. Of the latter, the closing chapters of the seventh, and the whole of the eighth, book deal professedly with education. Some information may also be gleaned from the recently discovered Constitution of Athens.
For the Hellenistic Period, our information is derived chiefly from inscriptions, from the writings of Philo Judæus, Sextus Empiricus, Plutarch (On the Nurture of Children), Ælian (Miscellanies), Lucian (Anacharsis chiefly), Stobæus, Plotinus, Varro, Cicero, Seneca, Quintilian (Education of the Orator), Martianus Capella (Nuptials of Mercury and Philology), and Cassiodorus, and from stray notices in other poets, historians, and philosophers.
Of the works referred to, these deserve special mention:—
1. Aristophanes, Clouds. Translations by John Hookham Frere, Thomas Mitchell, and W.J. Hickie (in Bohn's Library).
2. Xenophon, Cyropædia. Translation, in Whole Works translated by Ashley Cooper and Others, Philadelphia, 1842, and by J.S. Watson and H. Dale (in Bohn's Library).
3. Plato, Republic. Translations by J. Ll. Davies and D.J. Vaughan, by B. Jowett, and by Henry Davis (in Bohn's Library).
4. Plato, Laws. Translations by B. Jowett, and by G. Burges (in Bohn's Library).
5. Aristotle, Politics (Books VII, VIII). Translations by B. Jowett, J.E.C. Weldon, and E. Walford (in Bohn's Library).
6. Plutarch, On the Nurture of Children. Translation in Morals, translated from the Greek by several hands, corrected and revised by W.W. Goodwin, Boston, 1878.
7. Quintilian, Education of an Orator. Translation by J.S. Watson (in Bohn's Library).
2. MODERN WORKS
These are very numerous; but the most comprehensive is Lorenz Grasberger's Erziehung und Unterricht im klassischen Alterthum, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Bedürfnisse der Gegenwart, Würzburg, 1864-81, 3 vols. The first volume deals with the physical training of boys, the second with their intellectual training, and the third with the education imparted by the State to young men (ἔφηβοι). A volume of plates is promised. The work is badly constructed, but is a mine of information and of references.