[6] It must be borne in mind that the Greek τέχνη, art, corresponds almost exactly to what we mean by "science." It is defined by Aristotle, Metaph., A. 1; 981 a 5 sqq. Schwegler, in his translation of the Metaphysics, renders it by Wissenschaft. Ἐπιστήμη is our "philosophy."
[7] See Jebb, Homer, pp. 110 sqq.
[8] It is a pity that we cannot fix the date of the so-called Picture of Cebes (Κέβητος Πίναξ). In this we find enumerated the votaries of False Learning, (1) Poets, (2) Rhetoricians, (3) Dialecticians, (4) Musicians, (5) Arithmeticians, (6) Geometricians, (7) Astrologers (if we count Poets = Grammarians, we have exactly the Seven Liberal Arts), (8) Hedonists, (9) Peripatetics, (10) Critics, "and such others as are like to these." The "Hedonists" (ἡδονικοί) are the Cyrenaics; the "Critics" (κριτικοί) can hardly be the grammarians, though that is usually the meaning of the term in later times. Should we not read κυνικοί?
[9] "Liberal" means fit, "illiberal" unfit, for freemen. The sum of the liberal arts was called Ἐγκυκλιοπαιδεία, which we have corrupted into Encyclopædia.
[10] Bonn, 1845.
[11] See Boissier, Étude sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de M.T. Varron, pp. 332, sqq.
[12] See Bekker's Anecdota Græca, ii., 655.
[13] I am indebted for a number of these facts to an article by Professor A.F. West, in the Princeton College Bulletin, November, 1890.
[14] These terms, which we still find in Isidore and Hrabanus Maurus, are afterwards, in the thirteenth century, replaced by their Latin equivalents: Natural, Rational, and Moral. In the case of the second, this caused considerable confusion, inasmuch as when it ceased to be used as "rational," it took the place of "dialectic."
[15] In the XXVIIIth Canto of the Paradise, these angelic powers are arranged somewhat differently, in deference to Dionysius Areopagita and St. Bernard.