Napoleon: A Sketch of His Life, Character, Struggles, and Achievements

by Thomas E. Watson

In that he strove for himself and his dynasty, Napoleon failed miserably, for to that extent he betrayed his trust, was false to his mission, wandered from the road. But so far as his toil was for others, for correct principles, for better laws, better conditions, productive of happier homes and better men and women, he did not fail. No Leipsic or Waterloo could destroy what was best in his career: no William Pitt could pile up sufficient gold to bribe into the field kings strong enough to chain peoples as they had once been chained. In vain was Metternich’s Holy Alliance, his armed resistance to liberal ideas; his savage laws, his inhuman dragoonings:—the immortal could not be made to die.

---

INDEX

• A
• Abensberg, battle of, [440].
• Aboukir, battle of, [219–220].
• Acre, siege of, [215].
• “Act Additional”—amendment to Constitution, 1814, [637–639].
• Adige, French defence, [156–167].
• Ajaccio—
• Birthplace of Napoleon, [17].
• [Paoli], see that title.
• Reception of Napoleon, 1799, [230–232].
• Revolutionary movements, 1789, [49–60].
• [See also [Corsica].]
• Alexander, Czar of Russia—
• Erfurth conference, [428].
• Successor of Paul, [291].
• Vienna Congress, [620–623].
• [See also [Russia].]
• Alexandria taken by Napoleon, [203].
• Alps crossed, 1800, [280].
• Alvinczy, General, defeated by Napoleon, [162–168].
• Amiens, Peace of, [293];
• ruptured, [312].
• Amnesty to political offenders during Consulate, [258].
• Ancients, council of, see [Council of Ancients].
• André, Abbé d’, rumors as to movements of Napoleon at Elba, [624–625].
• Antommarchi, death mask of Napoleon, [388].
• Aragon, aid in Corsican struggle for independence, [3], [4].
• Arcis on the Aube, battle of, [576].
• Army of France—
• Creation of new army by Napoleon, 1800, [279–282];
• 1813, [506].
• Destruction in Russia, retreat from Moscow, 1812, [493–499], [504].
• Napoleon in—
• Commander, [112–114], [126].
• Loss of position, name struck from list of generals, [60–64], [104].
• Western transfer, order evaded, [94–96], [104].
• Reorganization by Napoleon, [264], [636].
• Artois, Count of, conspiracy against Napoleon, [317–328].
• Aspern, battle of, [442–443], [450].
• Aube River crossing, incident, [572].
• Aubrey—
• Exile, [258], [259].
• Napoleon transferred to army of the West, [95], [96].
• Auerstädt, battle of, [362], [364].
• Augereau, General—
• Coup d’état of 18th Brumaire, [245], [251].
• Directory supported by, during royalist movement, [182–184], [236].
• Italian campaign, [162–164], [168].
• Austerlitz, battle of, [347], [349].
• Austria—
• 1793, French booty, bargain with England, [83].
• 1796, Napoleon’s Italian Campaign, [144–186].
• 1799–1800, operations in Italy, peace of Lunéville, [224], [279–290].
• 1805, coalition of powers, defeat at Austerlitz, [339–347], [355–357].
• 1809, renewal of war, Wagram, etc., [439–449].
• 1812, ally of France, [476], [477].
• 1813, rising in Germany, mediation offered, [507–521], [554–556].
• 1813–15, coalition of powers and fall of Napoleon, [523–648].
• 1814, Vienna Congress, [620–623].
• Secret treaty with Napoleon alleged, [623], [639].
• [See also [Charles, Archduke], and [Francis, Emperor].]
• Avignon, Girondin revolt, [70], [71].
• B
• Barras, General—
• Character, and misgovernment as Director, [125–128].
• Directory, movement against, and fall of, [106], [182], [237–247].
• Memoirs of Napoleon, [82].
• Bassano, peace treaty, 1814, [571].
• “Battle of the Nations,” 1813, [534].
• Bautzen, battle of, [510].
• Bavaria—
• Deserts Napoleon in 1813, [534], [537], [541].
• Refusal to enter coalition against France, 1806, [349].
• Baylen, capitulation of, [427].
• Bayonne, Napoleon at, [419–421].
• Beauharnais, Eugène—
• Jaffa massacre, [213].
• Moscow retreat, [491], [494].
• Viceroy of Italy, [336].
• Beauharnais, Josephine, see [Josephine].
• Beauharnais, Stephanie, dancing anecdote, [32].
• Beaulieu, Austrian general, defeated by Napoleon, [144], [154], [155], [159].
• Bellerophon, British ship, Napoleon sent to St. Helena, [672], [673].
• Bennigsen, Russian general, campaign against Napoleon, [381–383].
• Bentinck, Lord, duplicity of, [563].
• Beresina, crossed by French troops, 1812, [497–499].
• Berg, Grand Duchy of, created, 1806, [351].
• Berlin—
• Entered by Napoleon, 1806, [366–369].
• March abandoned, 1813, [533–534].
• Berlin Decree, [369–371], [416].
• Bernadotte, General—
• Desertion of Napoleon, 1812–14, [475], [526], [538], [566–573].
• Italian campaign, [175], [176].
• Norway transferred to Swedish dominion, [623].
• Policy, 18th Brumaire, [243], [248], [249].
• Sweden, Prince-Royal of, 1810, [463–465].
• Berthier, General—
• Austrian campaign, 1809, mismanagement, [439], [440].
• Commander-in-chief of army in Italy, 1800, [280].
• Desertion of Napoleon, 1814, [592–594].
• Metternich’s interview with Napoleon, 1813, [517].
• Bessières, commander of Imperial Guard, [155];
• death of, [526].
• Blücher, Prussian general—
• Germany, rising in, 1813, [509].
• Hostilities of 1813, battle of Leipsic, etc., [527], [533], [535].
• War of 1814–15, battle of Waterloo, etc., [566–577], [648–671].
• Bohemia, Congress of Prague, [521–523], [545].
• Bonaparte, Caroline, wife of Murat, Berg, Grand Duchy of, created 1806, [350–351].
• Treachery of, [562], [563].
• Bonaparte, Charles, father of Napoleon, [19–27], [41].
• Bonaparte, Jerome, king of Westphalia, see [Westphalia].
• Bonaparte, Joseph—
• Italy, crown refused, [336].
• Naples, King of, [350], [421].
• President of Council of Regency in Paris, betrayal of Napoleon, 1814, [564], [575], [578–579].
• Spain, King of, [421].
• Complaint of interference of Napoleon, [435].
• Driven from throne, [430], [564].
• Bonaparte, Letitia R., mother of Napoleon, [19–21].
• Absence at coronation, [333].
• Life at Elba, [605], [624].
• Bonaparte, Louis—
• Holland, king of, [350].
• Complaint as to interference of Napoleon, [435].
• Vacates throne, [462–464].
• Maintenance and ingratitude during boyhood, [53], [57].
• Bonaparte, Lucien—
• Pamphlet issued by, [289].
• President of Council of Five Hundred on 18th Brumaire, [235], [252–253].
• Refuses bribe offered by Napoleon, [351].
• Bonaparte, Napoleon, see [Napoleon].
• Bonaparte, Pauline, Life at Elba, [603], [605], [624].
• Borodino, battle of, [483].
• Bourbon restoration, 1814, [583–586], [598–627].
• Bourmont, rise and treason in army of Napoleon, [649].
• Bourrienne—
• Anecdotes of Napoleon, [27], [218], [220], [235], [242], [255], [283].
• Betrayal of Napoleon, [552].
• Brienne—
• College, unpopularity of Napoleon, [26–33].
• Visit to, 1804, [334].
• War of 1814, [335], [568].
• Brougham, Lord, anecdote of Napoleon, [405].
• Brueys, French admiral, defeat by Nelson, [208].
• Brumaire, coup d’état of 18th Brumaire, [241–255].
• Brunswick, Duke of, wounded at Auerstädt, [364].
• Busca, Cardinal, French campaign, [170].
• Bussey, schoolmate of Napoleon, [31], [32], [593].
• Buttafuoco, Corsican representative in France, Napoleon’s “open letter,” [52], [53], [54].
• C
• Cadoudal conspiracy, [318–328].
• Caffarelli, General, French capture of Malta, [202].
• Cairo—
• March to, [203].
• Retreat, [217–219].
• Revolt, war principles of Napoleon, [211].
• Cambacérès, consul, opposition to arrest of Duke d’Enghien, [324].
• Cambronne, royalist commander, return of Napoleon from Elba, 1814, [630].
• Campo Formio, treaty of, [178–187].
• Cannes, landing of Napoleon from Elba, 1814, [626], [629].
• Carnot, Memoirs of, [646], [668].
• Carraccioli, Admiral, murder of, [225], [226].
• Carteaux, abandonment of Toulon command to Napoleon, [73–78].
• Castlereagh, Lord, Vienna Congress, 1814, [620].
• Caulaincourt—
• Abdication of Napoleon, [588–589].
• Peace negotiations, 1813–14, [570–571].
• Cavour, statecraft policy, confession, [374].
• Censorship of the Press, 1814, [614].
• Ceracchi conspiracy, [288].
• Cervoni, Corsican general, Napoleon and Toulon, [75], [76].
• Champ de Mai, 1815, [641].
• Champ-Aubert, battle of, [569].
• Charles, Archduke of Austria—
• Austerlitz defeat, treaty of Presburg, [344], [347].
• Defeat of Jourdan and Masséna, [224].
• Italian campaign, defeated by Napoleon, [162], [175–177].
• Opinion of Napoleon, 1814, [6].
• Renewal of war, 1809, [439–449].
• Charles, Captain Hypolite, and Josephine, [193], [209], [235].
• Charles IV. of Spain, abdication, [418–419], [425].
• “Charter,” issued and violated by Louis XVIII, 1814, [601], [612–618].
• Châtillon Peace Congress, [570].
• Chinese massacres, comparison with Jaffa massacre, etc., [215], [218].
• Choiseul, French minister, purchase of Corsica, [14], [15], [26].
• Church, Concordat of 1801, [302–309], [453].
• Church atrocities, Bourbon restoration, 1814, [614–619].
• Cisalpine Republic—
• Creation of, [195].
• Italian Republic formed, [329].
• Reorganization, [286].
• Coalitions of European powers—
• 1793, [83], [115–121].
• 1798, peace of Lunéville, [222–290].
• 1805, Austerlitz, peace of Presburg, [339–347].
• 1806, Jena, Treaty of Tilsit, [355–385].
• 1813, Dresden, etc., [523–582].
• Armistice, [511–556].
• Desperate position of Napoleon, [525–526], [548–553].
• Determination of Allies to crush Napoleon, [554–557].
• Support of nation weakened by illegitimacy of Napoleon’s kingdom, [548–549].
• 1814–15, [635–670].
• [See also names of Powers, [England], [Russia], etc.]
• Cobentzel, Austrian diplomat, Campo Formio treaty, [184–187].
• Cockburn, Sir George, treatment of Napoleon during voyage to St. Helena, [677–678].
• Codification of laws—the Code Napoléon, [300–302], [412], [413].
• Commercial war, see [Continental system].
• Concordat, work of the First Consul, [302–309], [453].
• Confederation of the Rhine—
• Formation, [350], [352].
• Overthrow, [544].
• Prussian army against, [364].
• Rising in Germany, 1813, [509], [510].
• Constant, valet of Napoleon, anecdotes, [390], [400], [456], [457], [458], [466], [468], [488], [507], [526], [531], [534], [538], [561], [565], [575], [594], [596].
• Constitution, see [Consulate], [Empire], [Republic], etc.
• Consulate—Napoleon as First Consul, [257–271], [280].
• Life tenure of consulship, [310].
• Peace overtures during, [275–278].
• Reforms in the republic, [256–273], [295–302].
• Continental system, [369–371], [385], [416].
• Holland, aid to Great Britain in violating system, [436].
• Tilsit treaty with Russia, violation, [470–478].
• Convention, adjournment and new Constitution, [104–112].
• Corsica—
• [Ajaccio], see that title.
• British occupation, failure of French expedition, [92–94].
• British withdrawal, 1796, [195].
• Description, situation, etc., [1].
• Early patriotism of Napoleon, [24–30].
• Incorporation with France, organization of governments, 1789, [50], [51].
• History of foreign supremacy and struggle for independence, [1–16].
• Napoleon’s activity in favor of French Revolution, [49–52].
• Napoleon’s ambition to achieve independence of Corsica, [45], [64].
• National Guard election, arrest of French commissioner, [58], [59].
• [Paoli], see that title.
• “Corsican ogre,” name given to Napoleon, [419], [466].
• Corunna, battle of, [433].
• Council of Ancients, fall of the Directory, 18th Brumaire, [241–251].
• Council of Five Hundred—
• Directory, fall of, 18th Brumaire, [241–253].
• Lucien Bonaparte, deputy and president, [235], [252–253].
• Councils, removal of, [236–241].
• Craonne, battle of, [575].
• Cumberland, Duke of, massacre of Highlanders after Culloden, [214].
• Czernischeff, Russian general, spy on French army, 1812, [474].
• D
• Danube—
• Cession of provinces to Russia, 1808, [429].
• Crossed by French forces, 1809, [441–446].
• War between Russia and Turkey, 1812, [473], [475], [481].
• D’Argenteau, Napoleon’s victory of Montenotte, [138–140].
• Daru, coalition of 1813, [524–525].
• Davidovitch, defeat of, [161–168].
• Davoust, French general—
• Austrian campaign, 1809, Wagram, [440–448].
• Berlin, entry into, 1806, [366].
• Campaign of 1814, Napoleon’s error in overlooking Davoust, [648], [657].
• Defeat of Prussian forces, [362].
• Moscow retreat, [494].
• De Barrin—French Revolution, Napoleon’s movements, [49], [50].
• Dejean, General, messenger to Joseph Bonaparte, fall of Paris, 1814, [578–579].
• Della Rocca, A., G., and R., Corsican struggle, [3], [5].
• D’Enghien, Duke, execution of, [322–327].
• Denmark, British seizure of fleet, [415–416].
• D’Erlon, mistake at Ligny, [652–653].
• Des Mazis, aid to Napoleon, [101].
• Desaix, death of, [285].
• Desgenettes, surgeon of French army in Egypt, [218].
• Directory—
• Napoleon’s success and power feared, [147], [193], [194].
• Misgovernment under Barras and others, [123–125], [135].
• Organization of, [112].
• Supported by Napoleon during royalist insurrection, [182–184].
• Weakness and overthrow of, [236–255], [273].
• Djezzar, Napoleon’s campaign in Egypt, [213], [216–217].
• Dolgorouki, demands surrender of Italy, etc. from Napoleon, [344].
• Doria, S., Corsican struggle, [7].
• Dresden—
• Battle of, 1813, [527–532].
• Conferences, 1812, 1813, [476–479], [516–519].
• Dubois de Crancé, warning to Directory against Napoleon, [243], [246].
• Dugomier, General, siege of Toulon, [78].
• Dumas—reforms by Napoleon, 1814, [636].
• Dumont, J., recognition by Napoleon, 1814, [603].
• Duroc, General, death of, [526].
• Dutch delegation, congratulations on Jena victory, [379–380].
• E
• Eckmühl, battle of, [440], [441].
• Education reform during Consulate, [295], [298].
• Egypt—
• British conquest, [292].
• French invasion, [199–227].
• Napoleonic improvements, [207], [411].
• Religious observances, [206], [689].
• Elba, Napoleon’s exile—
• Departure for, [596].
• Journey, [601–602];
• landing, [605].
• Life at, [605–610].
• Return of Napoleon, [623–628].
• Political position in France, [627].
• Reception in France, [623–636].
• War with Allies, [635], [639–640].
• Terms of Treaty of Fontainebleau, [595], [608].
• Elbe, concentration of French forces, 1813, [530], [533].
• Elchingen, battle of, [341].
• Elster bridge, French retreat, 1813, [538], [540].
• Émigrés, release of, [258], [587].
• Empire, French—
• Dreams of empire, [305].
• Napoleon proclaimed Emperor, coronation, [331–333];
• anniversary of coronation, [346].
• Enghien, Duke d’, execution of, [322–327].
• England—
• Austerlitz, battle of, consternation at result of, [349].
• Coalitions, 1793, [83], [115–121];
• 1798, [222];
• 1805, [339];
• 1813, [523];
• 1814, [566];
• 1815, [648].
• [Continental system], see that title.
• Corsica, occupation of, [92–94];
• withdrawal, [195].
• Danish fleet seized by, [415–416].
• Egypt and Malta taken, [292], [312].
• Encouragement to Austria to war against France, [290], [439].
• French Invasion of England, 1805, preparations and defeat of Napoleon, [339–340].
• Napoleon’s hatred of, [83–85].
• [Nelson], see that title.
• Newspaper abuse of Napoleon, [314].
• Northern confederation against, treaty of Tilsit, [385].
• Peace offered by Napoleon, and rejected, [275–277], [339], [430].
• Portugal, British defeat of French, [427].
• St. Helena, Napoleon as prisoner of war, [672–676].
• Vienna Congress, 1814, dispute as to division of territory, [620–623].
• War declared, 1804, seizures of French property, [315].
• War loans and paper currency, [353].
• Waterloo, battle of, [660–667].
• [Wellington], see that title.
• Enzersdorf, battle of, [446].
• Erfurth conference, [428].
• Essling, battle of, [442].
• Eylau, battle of, [381].
• F
• Ferdinand of Naples, entry into Rome, 1798, [222], [223].
• Ferdinand of Spain—
• Disputes with Charles IV, [418–419], [425].
• Proclaimed king of Spain, surrender of crown to Napoleon, [418–421].
• Release refused, 1813, [558];
• granted, 1814, [612], [613].
• Financial reforms, [297], [352–354].
• First Consul, see [Consulate].
• Five Hundred, Council of, see [Council of Five Hundred].
• Fleury, Cardinal, Corsican struggle, [12].
• Fontainebleau—
• Abdication of Napoleon, 1814, [588–594].
• Conference with Pope, 1813, [508].
• Departure for Elba, 1814, [596].
• Napoleon at, 1814, news of fall of Paris, [581], [583].
• Fontainebleau, Treaty of, terms and violation of, [595], [606–608].
• Fouché—
• Betrayal of Napoleon, [553].
• Provisional government after Waterloo, [668–670].
• Fox, British ministry, 1806, [359], [363].
• Francis, Emperor of Austria—
• Centre of Austrian loyalty, [549].
• Conduct regarding Maria Louisa, [606], [607].
• Frankfort proposals, insincerity of, [555–562].
• Frederick the Great, tomb of, sash and sword taken by Napoleon, [368], [369].
• Frederick, King of Prussia, centre of Prussian loyalty, [548].
• French revolution—
• Foreign intervention feared, 1791, [56].
• Napoleon sides with nation, activity in Corsica, [47–52].
• Swiss defence and Westermann attack, Napoleon’s attitude, [61–63].
• Valence ceremonies, new oath of allegiance, 1791, [55].
• Friedland, battle of, [383].
• Fructidor, coup d’état of, [183], [258].
• Fulton steamboat invention, [402].
• G
• Gaffori, Corsican chief, fall of, [13].
• Gap, return of Napoleon from Elba, 1814, [630].
• Genoa—
• Annexation to France, 1804, [338].
• Corsican struggle, [2–14].
• Disturbances, 1796, [156].
• Napoleon’s mission in, 1794, [88].
• George IV. of England, Napoleon’s appeal for British protection, 1815, [674].
• Georges conspiracy, [318–328], [417].
• Germany—
• Aid to Corsica, [10].
• [Confederation of the Rhine], see that title.
• Hatred of French principles by feudal powers, origin of Prussian war, [364].
• Redistribution of lands, [329–331].
• Rising against France, 1813, [506–522], [543–545].
• Giampolo, Corsican independence, [5].
• Girondin revolt, [70], [71].
• Godoy, Spanish minister, fall of, [417–421].
• Gohier, fall of the Directory, [239–247].
• Gourgand, General, complaints of neglect, [569].
• Government of France—
• [Legislative body], see that title.
• [Louis XVIII], see that title.
• Provisional government, 1815, [667–671].
• Reorganizations, [256–273], [636–641].
• [See also [Consulate], [Directory], etc.]
• Great Britain, see [England].
• Great St. Bernard, crossed 1800, [280].
• Grenoble, reception of Napoleon in 1814, [630–631].
• Grenville, Lord, Napoleon’s peace overtures, [276].
• Grossbeeren, battle of, [530].
• Grouchy, conduct of, 1814–15, [648–667].
• Guadamara mountains, crossed, 1808, [432].
• H
• Hanau, battle of, [542].
• Hanover, ceded to Prussia, 1806, [357], [359], [363].
• Hatzfeldt, Prince, treachery of, [367].
• Haugwitz, Prussian envoy to Napoleon, [357].
• Hautefort, Marquis de—Thellusson ball, [133].
• Heilsberg, battle of, [383].
• Helvetic republic established, [222].
• Hinton, sailor on board the Undaunted, [604–605].
• Hobhouse, writings of, [642], [682].
• Hoche, General—
• Directory, support to, [182].
• Italian campaign, [177].
• Hohenlinden, Moreau’s victory, [290].
• Hohenlohe, Prussian general, defeated at Jena, [361].
• Holland, monarchy under Louis Bonaparte, 1806, [350].
• Dependency on France, complaint, [435].
• Throne vacated, Holland annexed to France, 1810, [462–464].
• Honors, distribution of, enthronement of members of Bonaparte family, [350–352].
• Hougomont fortress, British defence, 1815, [660].
• House of Lords, created 1814, [638–639].
• Houssaye incidents of Napoleon, 1815, [653–655].
• Hundred Days of Napoleon, 1814, [635], [675], [684].
• I
• Imperial guard formed, [155].
• Inquisition, [173], [612].
• Invasion of France, 1813, and fall of Paris, 1814, [557–582].
• Inventions ignored by Napoleon, [402].
• Italy—
• Army, Napoleon in, [86], [103].
• Commander-in-chief, [132], [136–138].
• Transfer order, evasion of, [94–96].
• Campaigns of Napoleon, [87], [138–195], [278–290].
• Coalition against French republic, [221–227].
• Monarchy under Napoleon, [335–338].
• Reforms by Napoleon, [410].
• Republic created, [171], [194], [195].
• Troops in Paris favorable to Napoleon, 18th Brumaire, [242].
• J
• Jaffa massacre, [213–215].
• Jena, battle of, [361], [403].
• Jomini, desertion to allied forces, [525].
• Josephine, wife of Napoleon—
• Character and infidelity of, [127–134], [191–193], [209–210].
• Coronation, [333].
• Death of, Napoleon’s visit to Malmaison, [643–644].
• Divorce, [130], [455–457].
• Fall of Napoleon, attitude of Josephine, [593–594].
• First meeting, [109–110].
• Italy, Josephine joins Napoleon in 1796, [192].
• Marrac, château of, life at, [419–420].
• Marriage, [130], [132].
• Napoleon’s return from Egypt, [234–235].
• Son of Napoleon secretly shown to, [468].
• Joubert, defeat of Austrians in Italy, [167], [168].
• Jourdan, defeated by Archduke Charles, [224].
• Junot—
• Anecdotes of Napoleon, [79], [209], [292], [345], [346], [393–395].
• Portugal, French invasion, [418], [427].
• K
• Katzbach, battle of, [530].
• Keralio, de, impression of Napoleon, [30], [33].
• Kléber, General, assassination in Egypt, [207], [216], [291].
• Knights of St. John, capture of Malta by Napoleon, [201–202].
• Kremlin of Moscow, Napoleon at, [485–488].
• Kulm, battle of, [530], [531].
• Kubusoff, Russian general, French retreat from Moscow, [488], [492], [495], [497].
• L
• Labédoyère, Colonel—
• Execution of, [691].
• Napoleon’s return from Elba, [631].
• La Belle Alliance, British position in, 1815, [658], [666].
• Lafayette provisional government, abdication of Napoleon, 1815, [667], [669], [671].
• Lafayette, release of, [186].
• Lafon conspiracy, [503].
• Lainé, opposition to Napoleon, 1813, [559–560].
• Landshut, battle of, [440].
• Lannes, General—
• Death of, at Essling, [443–445].
• Hostilities of, 1805, [343–343].
• Italian campaign, [170].
• Montebello victory, [283].
• Laon, battle of, [574], [576].
• La Rothière, battle of, [569].
• La Vendée, pacification of, [265], [275].
• Leclerc, invasion of St. Domingo, [311].
• Lefebvre won over to Napoleon’s side against Directory, [246], [247].
• Leghorn, seizure of English goods, [158].
• Legislative body of France—
• Abolition, creation of House of Lords, 1814, [638–639].
• Deposition of Napoleon by Senate, 1814, [588].
• Opposition to Napoleon, 1813, [560].
• Sieyès’ plan of government, 1800, [266].
• Leipsic, battle of, [534–541].
• Lepelletier Section insurrection, [105], [107].
• Ligny, battle of, [651–653].
• Limited Monarchy under Louis XVIII, [599], [611].
• “Little Corporal”—nickname of Napoleon, [146], [191], [420].
• Lodi—victory of Napoleon, [144–146].
• Lombardy—
• Invasion of, [146], [150].
• Italian republic formed, Napoleon as president, [329].
• Republic formed, [194].
• Lonato, battle of, [190].
• Loretto, shrines, [171].
• Louis XVIII, king of France—
• Called from England to France, 1814, [596], [599].
• Consternation at return of Napoleon from Elba, [626–627].
• Government of, violations of the “Charter” and departure from France, [600], [601], [612–627].
• Limited monarchy, [599], [611].
• Louisa, queen of Prussia, activity in war of 1806, [360–366], [384–385].
• Louisiana, sale to United States, [316], [317].
• Lowe, Sir Hudson, treatment of Napoleon at St. Helena, [679–701].
• Lucca, republic of, gift from Napoleon to his sister, [338].
• Lunéville, Peace of, [290].
• Lützen, battle of, [510].
• Lyons, reception of Napoleon, 1799, [232], [286];
• 1814, [632].
• M
• Macdonald, Marshal, abdication of Napoleon, [589], [592].
• Mack, Austrian general, campaign against French republic, [222].
• Madrid, riot, [425]. [See also [Spain].]
• Mahometans, Napoleon’s policy in Egypt, [205–207].
• Maida, battle of, [349].
• Maitland, Captain, Napoleon on board the Bellerophon, [671–677].
• Malet conspiracy, [503].
• Malmaison—
• Anecdotes of Napoleon, [396–399].
• Death of Josephine—Napoleon’s visit in 1815, [643–644].
• Napoleon at, after Waterloo, [670], [671].
• Malta—
• British conquest, [292].
• Rupture of Peace of Amiens, [312].
• Capture by Napoleon, [201–202].
• Mamelukes, rulers of Egypt, defeated by Napoleon, [200–205], [216].
• Mantua, siege and capitulation, [160–169].
• Marbeuf, General, friendship during boyhood of Napoleon, [24], [30].
• Marbois, mismanagement of finances, [352–354].
• Marbot, General—
• Madrid riot, [425].
• Memoirs, [232], [233], [278], [347].
• Marengo, battle of, [278–287], [404].
• Marguerite, peasant at Brienne, visit to, [334].
• Maria Louisa, wife of Napoleon—
• Character of, [460–461], [468].
• Desertion of Napoleon, [606], [611], [642], [690], [696].
• Empress Regent in 1814, betrayal of Napoleon, [564], [575].
• King of Rome born, 1811, [465–467].
• Marriage, [457–460], [472].
• Marmont, General—
• Leipsic, battle of, [535].
• Operations in 1814, [573–578].
• Treachery of, [590–591].
• Marrac, château of, anecdotes of life at, 1808, [419–420].
• Masséna, General—
• Austrian campaign, 1809, Wagram, [410–448].
• Genoa, siege and evacuation, [279], [282], [283].
• Italian campaign, [162], [163], [168], [175], [176].
• Melas, defeated at Marengo, [280–286].
• Menou, General—
• English conquest of Egypt, [291].
• Revolt of the Sections, [106].
• Méry village, Napoleon at, 1814, [573].
• Metternich, Austrian diplomat—
• Austrian mediation—policy, and interview with Napoleon, [524], [554–562].
• Memoirs, [512–521], [545].
• Milan—
• Claim on Corsica, [4].
• French occupation of, [151–153].
• Josephine joins Napoleon, 1796, [192].
• Napoleon crowned King of Italy, [336].
• Milan Decree, [416].
• Military of France, see [Army].
• Miot de Melito—designs of Napoleon, [181], [182].
• Modena, union with papal legations and Cisalpine, [195].
• Modena, Duke of, peace terms offered to Napoleon, [151], [152], [182].
• Monarchy, French—
• [Empire], see that title.
• Limited monarchy under Louis XVIII, [599], [611].
• Montebello, Lannes’s victory, [283].
• Montenotte victory, [139–140].
• Montmirail, battle of, [570].
• Mont St. Jean, battle of, [657].
• Moore, Sir J., retreat and death at Corunna, [432], [433].
• Moreau, General—
• Conspiracy against Napoleon, [319–328].
• Coup d’état of 18th Brumaire, [243].
• Death of, [532].
• Defeated by Archduke Charles, [161], [162].
• Desertion of Napoleon, [525–532].
• Pichegru’s arrest by Augereau, captured despatches, [183].
• Soissons surrender, [563].
• War with Austria, Hohenlinden victory, [279], [290].
• Moscow—
• Fire, [486].
• Retreat of French army, [482–499], [504].
• Moulins, fall of Directory, 18th Brumaire, [239–247].
• Muiron, saves life of Napoleon, [164].
• Murad Bey, Mameluke chief, defeat of, [204].
• Murat, General—
• Bourbon restoration, 1814, [624].
• Cavalry leader, qualities as, [155], [640].
• Desertion and betrayal of Napoleon, [507], [541], [562], [563].
• Discontent of, desire to become king, [426], [437], [461].
• Dresden, battle of, 1813, [529].
• Execution of, [691].
• Eylau, battle of, [381].
• Grand Duchy of Berg created, 1806, [351].
• Italian colors conveyed to France, 1796, [144], [147].
• Italian independence proclaimed by, failure of, [639–640].
• Madrid riot, [425].
• Moscow, advance and retreat, [483–499].
• Naples, king of, [437].
• Russians, defeat of, 1805, [343–345].
• Spain, campaign in, 1808, [419], [421].
• Turkish commander Mustapha, defeat of, [219].
• Warsaw gayeties, [375–380].
• Mustapha defeated by Murat, [219].
• N
• Naples—
• Joseph Bonaparte as King of, [350].
• Murat succeeds Joseph as King, [437].
• Napoleon’s policy in 1796, [157].
• Parthenopean republic proclaimed, [223].
• Napoleon—
• Abdication, [589–594], [669–670].
• [Ajaccio], see that title.
• [Army of France], see that title.
• Arrest, overthrow of Robespierre, 1794, [89–91].
• Birth and parentage, [17–22].
• Birth of King of Rome, [465–467].
• Boyhood, anecdotes of, [22–42].
• [Brienne], see that title.
• Campaigns, see names of countries, [Italy], [Egypt], etc.
• [Coalitions], see that title.
• Comparison with rulers, etc., of same period, [289], [423], [430], [654].
• [Consulate], see that title.
• Coronation, [331–333];
• anniversary of, [346].
• [Corsica], see that title.
• Death, [696–697].
• Deserted and betrayed, [587], [590–595].
• [Directory], see that title.
• Education, [22–38].
• [Elba], see that title.
• [Empire], see that title.
• [England], see that title.
• Europe, Napoleon’s relations with, conditions existing at commencement of career, [121], [122].
• European monarchs, antagonism of, [355–358].
• Exhaustion, [653–656], [666], [669–670], [675].
• Family affairs [41], [65], [70], [87].
• [French Revolution], see that title.
• Funeral at St. Helena, 1821, [697–698];
• Paris ceremonies, 1840, [700–703].
• [Germany], see that title.
• Habits and characteristics, [196–199], [294–295], [389–411], [683–694].
• High-water mark of power, [412].
• Honors, distribution, [350].
• Hundred days, [635], [675], [684].
• Hunting, [507].
• Illness, [530], [531], [694–696].
• Immortality, [18], [690–704].
• [Italy], see that title.
• Jacobin denunciation of Napoleon, [86].
• [Josephine], see that title.
• [Maria Louisa], see that title.
• Marriage with Josephine, [130–132], [198];
• divorce, [455–457].
• Marriage with Maria Louisa, [457–460], [472].
• [Paoli], see that title.
• [Paris], see that title.
• Personal appearance, 1785, [39], [40];
• 1795, [100];
• 1807, [386–388];
• 1814, [644–646].
• Plots against life of Napoleon, [197], [288–289], [317–328], [451].
• Poverty and economy, [53], [54], [61].
• [Prussia], see that title.
• Religious views at St. Helena, [687–690].
• [Republic], see that title.
• Results of victories of Napoleon, [413].
• [Russia], see that title.
• [St. Helena], see that title.
• [Spain], see that title.
• Studies and writings, [34–45], [53], [54], [65], [67], [72].
• Succession, speculations as to, [451].
• [Turkey], see that title.
• [Valence], see that title.
• Will, [696–697].
• [See also names of countries, and political events.]
• Napoleon, son of Hortense and Louis Bonaparte, death of, [452], [463].
• Napoleon II, see [Rome, king of].
• Narbonne, Count, French invasion of Russia, 1812, [478].
• Neipperg and Maria Louisa, [606], [643], [690].
• Nelson, Lord—
• Death at Trafalgar, [342].
• Hatred of the French, [84].
• Italy, murder of Carraccioli, [226].
• Napoleon’s Egyptian expedition, battle of the Nile, etc., [201], [208].
• Neuhoff, T. de, King of Corsica, [11–13].
• Ney, General—
• Abdication of Napoleon, [589–590].
• Dresden, battle of, [529].
• Campaign of 1814–15, battle of Waterloo, etc., [649], [651–669].
• Elchingen, battle of, [343].
• Execution of, [691].
• Germany, rising in, 1813, [510].
• Marshal, [332].
• Moscow retreat, [495], [496].
• Return of Napoleon from Elba, [627], [632], [633].
• Russian campaign, 1807, [381], [383].
• Niemen—
• Interview with Czar of Russia, 1807, [383].
• Passage across, 1812, [479], [481].
• Nile, battle of, [208].
• Norway, transference to Swedish rule, [623].
• O
• Oldenburg taken by Napoleon, [472].
• Orezzo, Corsican general assembly, [51], [52].
• Oudinot, Marshal, Memoirs, Erfurth conference, [428].
• P
• Paoli, Corsican general—
• British protectorate plan for Corsica, [92].
• First meeting with Napoleon, [52].
• Independence struggle, [12–16].
• Quarrel and struggle with Napoleon, [60–68], [198].
• Return to Corsica, 1790, after exile, [51].
• “Parallel between Cæsar, Cromwell, Monk, and Bonaparte,” pamphlet, [289].
• Paris—
• Bourbon restoration, 1814, [583–586].
• Coronation of Napoleon, [333].
• Exile of Napoleon from Corsica, [61–63].
• Fall of, 1814, [576–581].
• Farewell of Napoleon to National Guard, 1814, [564].
• Funeral of Napoleon, 1840, [700–703].
• Military school, Napoleon at, [33–35].
• Reception of Napoleon, 1800, [287];
• return from Elba, [633].
• Return of Napoleon from Russia, 1812, [499–500], [504].
• Parma, Duke of, contribution to Napoleon, [146], [147].
• Parthenopean republic proclaimed, [223].
• Pasquier records, [560], [565].
• Peninsular war, [417–434].
• Permon family, early intimacy with Napoleon, [33–36], [64], [98–100], [113], [337], [406].
• Phélippeaux, aid to Turks against Napoleon, [212].
• Pichegru—
• Banishment of, [183], [258].
• Brienne college, [30].
• Conspiracy against Napoleon, [318–328].
• Suicide of, [328].
• Piedmont, invasion of, [87], [138–143], [146], [150].
• Pisa, war with Genoa over Corsica, [2].
• Pitt, W.—
• Administration and policy, [116], [117].
• Death of, [359].
• Plague among troops in Egypt, [217], [218].
• Pleiswitz, armistice of, [511], [545], [554].
• Poland—
• Aid to Napoleon in Spain, etc., [374–377], [431].
• Independence, Napoleon’s policy, [372–377], [473], [480–481].
• Napoleon at Warsaw, [372–381].
• Princess Potocka, memoirs, [375–380].
• Russian possession—Vienna Congress, 1814, [622], [623].
• [Walewski, Mme.], see that title.
• Pope—
• Concordat sanctioned, [302–309].
• Coronation of Napoleon, [333].
• Loosed from Fontainebleau, 1814, [613].
• Quarrel with Napoleon, [337], [453–455];
• reconciliation, [508–509].
• Temporal power abolished, [222], [453], [454], [558].
• Terms with Napoleon, 1796, violation, [157–173].
• Portugal—
• English invasion, 1808, defeat of the French, [427].
• French invasion, 1808, [417–418].
• Pouzet, General, death of, [444–445].
• Pozzo di Borgo—
• British occupation of Corsica, [92], [93].
• Enmity to Napoleon, [58–60].
• Prague, Congress of, [521–523], [545].
• Presburg, treaty of, [347].
• Press censorship, 1814, [614].
• Provera, Austrian general—Italian defeat, [167–169].
• Prussia—
• Ally of France in war of 1812, [476].
• Berlin entered by Napoleon, 1806, [366–369].
• Hanover ceded to, [357], [359], [363].
• Neutrality of, 1799, [277].
• Policy denounced, [363].
• Reorganization, [413].
• Tilsit, Treaty of, [384].
• Vienna Congress, 1814, dispute as to division of territory, [620–623].
• War threatened, 1804, [357].
• War with Napoleon, 1806, overthrow of Prussian monarchy, battle of Jena, [359–366], [403].
• War of 1814–15, battle of Waterloo, etc., [566], [648–671].
• Pultusk, battle of, [378], [383].
• Pyramids, battle of, [204–205].
• Q
• Quasdanovitch, Austrian general, defeat of, [160].
• Quatre-Bras, battle of, [650–654].
• R
• Rampon, Napoleon’s victory of Montenotte, [139–140].
• Rastadt, Congress of, [330].
• Ratisbonne, battle of, [440], [451].
• Red sea incident, [207].
• Reichenbach, treaty of, [516].
• Republic of France—
• [Consulate], [Directory], etc., see those titles.
• European leagues to restore Old Order in France, [115–121].
• First organized, 13th Vendémiaire, [107].
• Reorganization, [256–273], [295–302].
• Rheims, battle of, [574].
• Rhine, see [Confederation of the Rhine].
• Robespierre, Napoleon denounced as friend of, [71], [89], [90].
• Rocca, see [Della Rocca].
• Roman Catholic Church, see [Church].
• Rome—
• Neapolitan army in, [222–223].
• [Pope], see that title.
• Republic, [221–224].
• Rome, King of, Napoleon’s son—
• Abdication of Napoleon in favor of, [589–592].
• Austrian treatment of, palace of Schönbrunn, [611].
• Birth of, [465–467].
• Message to Napoleon at Elba, [643].
• Terms of treaty of Fontainebleau violated by Allies, [606–607].
• Rose, J. H., Napoleon’s seizures of British ships, [316].
• Ruffo, attack on republicans of Naples, treaty of peace, [225–226].
• Russia—
• [Alexander], see that title.
• Alliance to Prussia, [358], [429].
• Bourbon restoration in France, 1814, [583–586].
• Coalitions, 1799, [224];
• 1805, [339–348];
• 1813, [525–541];
• 1814–15, [566–648].
• Continental system opposed, [470–478].
• Erfurth conference, [428].
• French invasion, Moscow, etc., 1812, [470–504].
• Lukewarm support to Napoleon in war of 1809, [441], [472].
• Rising in Germany against France, 1813, [507–514].
• Tilsit, Treaty of, 1807, [383–385], [470–478].
• Vienna Congress, 1814, dispute as to division of territories, [620–623].
• War with Turkey on the Danube, [473], [475], [481].
• S
• St. Cloud, coup d’état of 18th Brumaire, [241–255].
• St. Cyr, Dresden defence and Leipsic defeat, 1813, [527], [535].
• Saint-Denis school, visit to, [561].
• St. Dizier, battle of, [568], [577].
• St. Domingo, negro revolt, failure of French expedition, [310].
• St. Helena, Napoleon’s exile—
• British deception, [672–676].
• Death and funeral of Napoleon, [696–698].
• Farewell of Napoleon at Malmaison, [671].
• Life at St. Helena, [679–699].
• Negotiations for removal of Napoleon from Elba, 1814, [607], [608].
• St. Jean, battle of, [657].
• St. Jean d’Acre, siege of, [215].
• Salamanca, battle of, [522].
• Salicetti, intimacy with Napoleon, [71], [77], [87], [89], [91], [93], [98], [99].
• Sambuccio, Corsican leader, organization of village confederation, [2].
• Sampiero, Corsican leader, [5–8], [692].
• San Marino, rights of, respected by Napoleon, [173].
• Sardinia, French invasion of, [66], [138–143].
• Saxony—
• Desertion to enemies of Napoleon, 1813, [537].
• Prussian possession, Vienna Congress, 1814, [622], [623].
• Saxony, Queen of, reproaches Metternich for deserting Napoleon, [546].
• Schérer, in command of army of Italy, succeeded by Napoleon, [135], [136].
• Schwarzenberg, Austrian Prince—
• Dresden hostilities, 1813, [527], [529], [534], [536].
• Invasion of France, 1814, [566–577].
• Paris fête in honor of Napoleon and Maria Louisa, [460].
• Scotchman’s story of Napoleon at Elba, [608–610].
• Sébastiani, General—
• Military situation, 1813, [524].
• Turkey refuses to join coalition against France, [415].
• Sections, revolt and disarmament, [105–109].
• Ségur—
• Memoirs of Napoleon, [341].
• Wounded in Spain, [431].
• Seine overflow, Napoleon’s embankment, [410].
• Sémonville, French commissioner,—
• Napoleon’s defence of France in Corsica, [68].
• Senate, French—
• Deposition of Napoleon, 1814, [588].
• Sieyès’ plan of government, 1800, [266].
• Sérurier, Italian campaign, [169], [170].
• Sheridan, R. B., speech in British House of Commons, [614].
• Sieyès’ new constitution after overthrow of Directory, [237–253], [265–270].
• Smolensk, advance on, [482].
• Smith, Sir S., aid to Arabs against Napoleon, [212], [215], [220].
• Social conditions in France—
• Reform of, [295].
• Thellusson ball, [132–134].
• Soissons surrender—treachery of Moreau, [573].
• Sommo Sierra mountain pass, blockade by Spanish bands, [431].
• Spain—
• Alliance with France violated, 1807, [417].
• [Bonaparte, Joseph], see that title.
• [Ferdinand], see that title.
• French invasion, 1807–8, [419–434].
• Crown surrendered to Napoleon, [419–424].
• Progress of the war, neglect of Napoleon, [452], [455].
• Unpopularity of the war in France, [437].
• Improvements by Napoleon, [410].
• Internal disputes, Godoy and Ferdinand, [418–421].
• Madrid, riot, [425].
• Reorganization of government by Napoleon, complaint of Joseph Bonaparte, 1809, [435].
• Staël, Mme. de, banishment of, [399], [408], [414]
• “Supper of Beaucaire,” pamphlet by Napoleon, [65], [72].
• Suwarow, Russian general, victories in Italy, [224].
• Sweden—
• [Bernadotte], see that title.
• Coalition of 1805 against France, [339].
• Switzerland, Helvetic republic proclaimed, [222].
• Syria, invasion of, [213].
• T
• Talleyrand, French diplomat—
• Betrayal of Napoleon and conspiracy against, [437–439], [552], [579].
• Bourbon restoration, abdication of Napoleon, 1814, [583–588].
• Death of, [688].
• Execution of Duke d’Enghien, [324–327].
• Germany, reorganization, [330].
• Turkish mission proposal, [200].
• Vienna Congress, 1814, [620–623].
• Warsaw gayeties, [377].
• Tallien, Mme., character of, [127], [128], [130], [134].
• Tariff, see [Continental system].
• Taxation reforms during Consulate, [261–262], [271].
• Thames embankment, Napoleon’s suggestion, [410].
• Thellusson ball, society conditions, [132–134].
• Theodore, King of Corsica, [11–13].
• Theosophy, sect, [260].
• Thiébault, Memoirs of, [108], [110], [434], [645].
• Tilsit, Treaty of, 1807, [383–385].
• Continental system supported by Russia, [385];
• violation, [470–478].
• Tolentino, treaty of, 1797, [173].
• Toulon, siege of, military genius of Napoleon, [72–83].
• Toussaint L’Ouverture—
• Revolt of St. Domingo against France, [311].
• Treatment of, by Napoleon, [408].
• Trafalgar, battle of, [342].
• Transpadane republic established, [194].
• Turkey—
• Coalition, refusal to join in, 1807, [415].
• Defeated by Napoleon in Egypt, [212–220].
• Invasion of Corsica, [6].
• Military system reorganized, [103], [104].
• War with Russia on the Danube, [473], [475], [481].
• Turreau, wife of, battle incident, [92].
• Tyrolese revolt, [450].
• U
• Ulm campaign, [341].
• Undaunted, British ship, conveyance of Napoleon to Elba, [601], [604–605].
• United States, sale of Louisiana to, [316], [317].
• Ushant, Napoleon’s last sight of France, [678], [679].
• V
• Valeggio, narrow escape of Napoleon from Austrians, [154].
• Valence—
• Napoleon joins regiment of La Fère, social life, etc., [35].
• National oath ceremonies, 1791, [55].
• Reception of Napoleon, 1799, [233].
• Valette, General, troops condemned by Napoleon, [189].
• Valladolid, Napoleon’s ride to Bayonne, 1809, [433], [434].
• Vandamme, defeated at Kulm, [530], [531].
• Vannina, wife of Sampiero, [6], [7].
• Vaubois, defeat of, [162], [166].
• Vendémiaire [13th] Napoleon acting chief in, [107].
• Venice, Napoleon’s policy, disturbances in Venetia, [155], [156], [178–180].
• Victor, General, captured by Prussians, [379].
• Vienna—
• Fall of, 1809, [441].
• Marriage of Napoleon and Maria Louisa by proxy, 1810, [458].
• Vienna Congress, [620–626].
• Consternation at return of Napoleon from Elba, [626], [639].
• Dispute between four powers, [620–623].
• Vienna, Treaty of, [357], [472].
• Villeneuve, Admiral, failure of expedition to England, [340].
• Vimeiro, battle of, [427].
• Vincentello, Corsican struggle, [3], [4].
• Vitebsk, delay at, war of 1812, [481], [482].
• Vittolo, Corsican struggle, [8].
• Vittoria, battle of, [430], [522].
• W
• Wagram, battle of, [447–448].
• Walewski, Mme., favorite of Napoleon, [378–383].
• Visit to Napoleon at Fontainebleau, 1814, [594].
• Warsaw—
• Grand Duchy of, [374], [472], [480].
• Napoleon at, 1806–7, [372–381].
• Waterloo, battle of, [660–667].
• Regrets at St. Helena, [634–685].
• Wellington, Duke of—
• Canova’s statue of Napoleon, anecdote, [368].
• Invasion of France, 1814, [566].
• Napoleon’s hatred of, [685].
• Vimeiro, battle of, [427].
• Waterloo, battle of, Blücher’s coöperation in war of 1814–15, [648–671].
• Westphalia, monarchy under Jerome Bonaparte, [351], [384].
• Napoleon’s policy and advice to Jerome, [412], [413].
• Old Order restored, 1814, [612], [613].
• Whitworth, Lord, British ambassador to Paris, 1804, [313].
• Wilna, delay at—French invasion of Russia, 1812, [481].
• Wolseley, Lord, opinion of Napoleon, [411].
• Wurmser, Austrian general, defeated by Napoleon, [159–169].

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed. (Exception: “Kleber” was changed to “Kléber”, even though the former occured more often than the latter, because the accented form is the correct one.)

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained; occurrences of inconsistent hyphenation have not been changed.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Page [127]: “Idealogists” was printed that way.