26. Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 99.

27. Dumoulin, Development of Chinese Zen, p. 22.

28. Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 99.

29. Dumoulin, Development of Chinese Zen, p. 23.

30. See Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings ofCh'an Buddhism, p. 95.

31. Sasaki, Recorded Sayings o/Lin-chi, pp. 27-28.

32. See Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 95.

33. Heinrich Dumoulin (Development of Chinese Zen, p. 22) notes that this is merely playing off the well-known "four propositions" of Ind ian Buddhist logic: existence, nonexistence, both existence and nonexistence, and neither existence nor nonexistence.

34. Wu, Golden Age of Zen, p. 202.

35. Ibid., p. 203.