6. Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 58.

7. Ibid., p. 60.

8. Ibid., pp. 61-62.

9. Ibid., pp. 64-65.

10. Ibid., p. 76.

11. This is elaborated by Luk, Ch'an and Zen Teaching, Second Series, p. 166.

12. Ibid., p. 174.

13. Extended discussions of this concept are provided by Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, pp. 41-57; and by Wu, Golden Age of Zen, pp. 177-82.

14. Wu, Golden Age of Zen, p. 179.

15. See Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 49.