1808.—The Slave Trade abolished by act of Congress. Madison elected President as a Republican.
1809.—Proclamation forbidding all intercourse with Great Britain and France. Embargo repealed. Madison inaugurated.
1810.—Third official census.
1811.—Population of United States 7,239,903. Ratio of Representation fixed at 35,000. Continued troubles with England. War with Tecumseh.
1812.—Congress lays an embargo on American shipping. General Land Office established. More than 6,000 cases of impressment recorded. War declared on the 18th of June against Great Britain. Madison re-elected President, as a Republican.
1813.—Congress authorizes an issue of $5,000,000 and a loan of $16,000,000. Entire American coast blockaded by British ships. Several battles on land and sea.
1814.—Treaty of peace between the United States and England signed at Ghent. A loan of $25,000,000 authorized.
1815.—A loan of $18,400,000 and an issue of $25,000,000 authorized. Government ratifies Treaty of Ghent, and President proclaims peace 18th Feb. Government ceases to pay tribute to Algiers. Battle of New Orleans. Peace followed, though treaty of peace preceded the battle.
1816.—First high Protective Tariff enacted. Second United States Bank chartered for twenty years; Capital, $35,000,000. Monroe elected President as Republican or Democrat.
1817.—Internal Taxes abolished. DeWitt Clinton causes the Erie canal to be commenced. The Era of Peace. United States Bank opened at Philadelphia. Commencement of the Seminole war.