1829.—Webster’s great speech against Nullification. Treaty of Amity and Commerce with Brazil. Jackson inaugurated. “To the victor belongs the spoils.”
1830.—Treaty with Turkey, securing for the United States freedom of the Black Sea. Treaty between the United States and Ottoman Porte. Fifth official census: population 12,866,020.
1831.—Building railroads actively.
1832.—Treaty of Commerce with Russia. Treaty of Commerce and Boundary with Mexico. Bill for re-chartering United States Bank vetoed by President Jackson. His proclamation against Nullifiers. Resignation of John C. Calhoun. Black Hawk War commences. South Carolina declares the doctrine of nullification. Representatives 240.
1833.—Andrew Jackson commences his second administration. Gen. Santa Anna elected President of Mexico. Public deposits removed from the United States Bank by the President, and distributed among certain State banks. Secretary of Treasury, W. P. Duane, refusing to carry out the policy, is removed. Lucifer, or Locofoco matches introduced, and the Democrats called “Locofocos.”
1834.—President Jackson censured by Congress for removing Government deposits.—France and Portugal, slow in paying for injuries done United States commerce, are brought to terms by the President.
1835.—War with Seminoles.
1836.—Office of Commissioner of Patents created. Treaty of Friendship and Commerce with Venezuela. Charter for United States Bank expires. Not renewed. Financial trouble brewing. Martin VanBuren, Democrat, elected President.
1837.—The Independence of Texas acknowledged. Issue of $10,000,000 Treasury notes authorized. President refuses to remit the regulation regarding the “Specie Circular.” Financial panic follows, banks suspend Specie Payments in March, and resume in July. VanBuren inaugurated.
1838.—National debt paid—surplus revenue divided among the States. President enjoins neutrality during Canadian Rebellion.