ILLUSTRATIONS.

[A Scene in Egypt.]
[Coast of the Red Sea.]
[View in Jeddah, on the Red Sea.]
[Captain Burton in Native Dress.]
[Encampment of Pilgrims at Mount Arafat, near Mecca.]
[View of Medina (from a Drawing by a Native Artist).]
[Scene near Suez.]
[Travelling in the Sinai Desert.]
[A Shop in Suez.]
[The Northern End of the Gulf of Suez.]
["Ayoon Moosa"—the Wells of Moses.]
[Preaching in a Mosque.]
[A Landing-place on the Fresh-water Canal.]
[Oriental Ships of Ancient Times.]
[Ferdinand De Lesseps.]
[Suez Canal and Eastern Egypt.]
[Night Scene on Lake Menzaleh.]
[Camel and Young.]
[Desert Scene in Eastern Egypt.]
[The Modern Shadoof.]
[An Ancient Shadoof.]
[A Sakkieh, or Water-wheel.]
[A Ploughman at Work.]
[An Ancient Plough.]
[An Egyptian Thrashing-machine.]
[Ancient Process of Treading out the Corn.]
[Egyptian Lentils.]
[The Pyramids.]
[A Question of Backsheesh.]
[A Street in Cairo.]
[A Projecting Window.]
[A Caliph of Egypt on his Throne.]
[Part of Old Cairo.]
[A Peddler of Jewellery.]
[A Lady in Street Dress.]
[A Woman Carrying Water.]
[The Fountain of a Mosque.]
[A Beggar at the Way-side.]
[A Man Carrying his Keys.]
[An Oriental Band of Music.]
[The Nay (Flute) and Case.]
[Ancient Egyptian Playing the Nay.]
[The Tamboora.]
[A Darabookah.]
[Coffee-pot and Cups.]
[Oriental Shopkeeper Examining his Books.]
[Interior of a Caravansary.]
[Gate-way of a Caravansary.]
[A Street in a Bazaar at Cairo.]
[Shopping Scene in the Hamzowee.]
[Eastern Necklaces.]
[Weighing Gold in the Jewellers' Bazaar.]
[Kitchen Utensils.]
[Basin and Ewer.]
[Bottle for Rose-water.]
[Oriental Guns.]
[Bab-el-Nasr.]
[Street Scene near the Bab-el-Nasr.]
[The Mosque of Tooloon.]
[Mihrab, Pulpit, and Candlestick in a Mosque.]
[A Begging Dervish.]
[A Whirling Dervish.]
[Performance of the Whirling Dervishes.]
[A Whirler in full Action.]
[Arabic Writing, with Impression of a Seal.]
[Scene in a Primary School.]
[Instruction at Home.]
[Entrance to the El-Azhar.]
[Professors of the El-Azhar.]
[The Citadel, Cairo, with Mosque of Mohammed Ali.]
[View from the Citadel, Cairo.]
[The Tombs of the Caliphs.]
[The Tomb of Keit Bey.]
[The Ferry at Old Cairo.]
[The Dress of an Egyptian King. Form of Crown and Aprons.]
[Menes.]
[Rameses II., from an Inscription.]
[Meneptah, the supposed Pharaoh of the Exodus.]
[The Name of Egypt in Hieroglyphics.]
[Ptolemy in Hieroglyphics.]
[The Rosetta Stone, with Specimen Lines from the Inscription.]
[Specimens of the Three Forms of Writing Used by the Egyptians.]
[Dedication of the Pylon of a Temple.]
[Egyptian Sculptors at Work.]
[Wooden Statue Found at Sakkara.]
[Wooden Dolls.]
[Children's Toys.]
[Positions in Playing Ball.]
[Balls of Leather and Porcelain.]
[Playing Ball Mounted.]
[Playing Checkers.]
[Sand-bag Exercise.]
[A Bull-fight.]
[Goddesses of Truth and Justice.]
[The Name of Apis, an Egyptian God, in Hieroglyphics.]
[King and Queen Offering to the Gods.]
[Different Forms of Mummy Cases.]
[Transporting a Mummy on a Sledge.]
[Goddess of Truth, with her Eyes Closed.]
[Lady's Head-dress on a Mummy Case.]
[Rings, Bracelets, and Scarabæi.]
[Stone Scarabæus with Wings.]
[Jeweller with Blow-pipe.]
[Egyptian Goldsmiths (from a Painting at Thebes).]
[Golden Baskets (from the Tomb of Rameses III.).]
[Dresses of Women of Ancient Egypt.]
[Camels and their Burdens.]
[Old Mode of Transport on the Nile.]
[Near View of the Pyramids.]
[The Battle of the Pyramids.—"Forty centuries look down on you".]
[Egyptian Captives Employed at Hard Labor.]
[Removing Stone from the Quarries.]
[Cutting and Squaring Blocks of Stone.]
[Section of the Great Pyramid.]
[The Sphinx.]
[The Sphinx by Moonlight.]
[Egyptian Captives Making Bricks.]
[Ploughing and Sowing.]
[Taking it Easy.]
[A Hunting Scene.]
[Bronze Figure of Apis.]
[Huntsman with Dogs and Game.]
[An Arched Tomb at Sakkara.]
[Central Room of the Bath.]
[The Man who didn't Like it.]
[The Barber.]
[The Bath among the Ancient Egyptians.]
[A Khatibeh, or Marriage-broker.]
[Preparing for the Wedding.]
[A Marriage Procession at Night.]
[Unveiling the Bride.]
[Blind Musicians among the Ancient Egyptians.]
[View on the Nile near Cairo.]
[Ancient Boat on the Nile.]
[A Village on the Bank of the River.]
[General View of an Eastern City.]
[A Plague of Flies.]
[A Kangia.]
[The Captain.]
[A Gourd Raft.]
[The Raft seen from Below.]
[View on a Sugar Plantation.]
[Interior of a Sugar-mill.]
[A Secure Point of View.]
[Interior of a Tomb at Beni-Hassan.]
[Section of a Tomb.]
[Spinning and Weaving.]
[Artists at Work.]
[Fishing Scene at Beni-Hassan.]
[An Ancient Donkey.]
[A Respectable Citizen.]
[An Old Inhabitant.]
[A Scene near Sioot.]
[A Scene in the Bazaars.]
[Room in an Oriental House.]
[An Oriental Gentleman.]
[An Egyptian Lamp.]
[Pigeon-houses.]
[The Oriental Pigeon.]
[A Watchman's Booth.]
[Inflated Skin Raft (from Assyrian Sculpture).]
[An Ancient Life-preserver.]
[Modern "Keleks," or Skin Rafts.]
[Girgeh.]
[Scene during the Inundation.]
[A Camel on his way to Pasture.]
[Heads of Captives of Rameses II.]
[A Lunch-party of Other Days.]
[Ancient Potters at Work.]
[Ancient Vases, Cups, and Water-jars.]
[Date-palms, near Keneh.]
[Ancient Dancers and Musicians.]
[A Modern Musician.]
[An Egyptian King on his Throne.]
[Front of the Temple at Denderah.]
[Egyptian Prince Carried in a Palanquin.]
[A Complete Egyptian Temple.]
[A "Baris," or Funeral-boat.]
[An Egyptian War-chariot of Ancient Times.]
[Luxor from the Water.]
[Entrance to the Temple of Luxor.]
[Approach to Karnak from Luxor.]
[The Great Hall of Karnak.]
[Grand Court-yard of the Temple.]
[A Body of Archers.]
[Making a List of Captives.]
[Obelisk and part of Grand Hall at Karnak.]
[Egyptian Soldiers.]
[Dry Footing.]
[Ruins in Old Thebes.]
[Grand Hall of the Memnonium.]
[View in the Memnonium, with Ruined Statue of Rameses the Great.]
[The Phalanx of the Sheta.]
[Medinet Aboo.]
[An Egyptian War-boat.]
[The Colossi during an Inundation.]
[Egyptian Priests clad in Leopard-skins.]
[Rear View of the Colossi, with Luxor in the Distance.]
[Sacred Musicians, and a Priest Offering Incense.]
[Valley of the Tombs of the Kings.]
[View in Belzoni's Tomb.]
[An Egyptian Harper.]
[A Chair from Bruce's Tomb.]
[Section of Papyrus.]
[Coffin and Mummy of a Royal Princess.]
[Coffin of Queen Nofretari.]
[Coffin of Rameses II.]
[An Oriental Lady at Home.]
[Eastern Ladies Listening to Music.]
[An Oriental Dancing Girl.]
[An Eastern Story-teller.]
[A Reception in a Harem.]
[Sculptures Mutilated by the Persians.]
[A Thing of Beauty.]
[View in the Temple of Edfoo.]
[Hagar Silsilis.]
[The Foot of the First Cataract.]
[The Ship of the Desert.]
[Bedouin Arabs with their Camel Herds.]
[Camels (from an Assyrian Sculpture).]
[A Bactrian Camel in Good Condition.]
[Foot and Stomach of the Camel.]
[Head of a Camel.]
[The Dromedary Regiment of Napoleon I.]
[View of Philæ from the Head of the Cataract.]
[The Bank of the River below Philæ.]
[Pharaoh's Bed and the Ruins of the Temple.]
[View from Philæ, looking Up the River.]
[The Papyrus Jungles of the Nile.]
[An Ancient Poultry-shop.]
[An Arab and his Camel.]
[Colossal Heads in Front of the Temple of Abou Simbel.]
[Public Square at Khartoom.]
[Egyptian Soldiers on Camels.]
[The Barrage of the Nile.]
[General View of Alexandria.]
[Cleopatra's Needle at Alexandria.]
[Pompey's Pillar.]
[View of Alexandria from the Sea.]
[Front of an Eastern Summer-house.]
[One of the Dragomen.]
[Joppa.]
[A Second-class Horse.]
[The City Gate of Jaffa.]
[Women at a Well.]
[Public Fountain at Jerusalem.]
[One of the Wells of Beersheba, with its Watering-troughs.]
[Interior of a Cistern.]
[Cistern Under the Temple of Jerusalem.]
[A Syrian Horseman.]
[The Tower of Ramleh (from Thomson's "The Land and the Book").]
[Road in the Foot-hills.]
[View of Jerusalem from the East.]
[Plan of Jerusalem.]
[The Church of the Holy Sepulchre.]
[Ground-plan of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.]
[The Holy Sepulchre.]
[Ancient Arch in Jerusalem.]
[Arms of Jerusalem.]
[Knights of St Catherine.]
[The Via Dolorosa.]
[The Damascus Gate.]
[View of the Mosque of Omar and the Mount of Olives.]
[Wall at South-east Corner of the Temple Area.]
[Wailing-place of the Jews.]
[The Pool of Bethesda.]
[The Pool of Siloam.]
[Quarries Under Jerusalem.]
[View on the Mount of Olives.]
[Gethsemane.]
[A Sycamore-tree.]
[The Road from Jerusalem to Bethlehem.]
[The Tomb of Rachel.]
[Entrance to Bethlehem.]
[View in Bethlehem.]
[Interior of the Church of the Nativity.]
[The Place of the Nativity.]
[The Manger.]
[Adoration of the Wise Men.]
[The Flight into Egypt.]
[An Arab Encampment.]
[A Bedouin Sheik.]
[Modern Bedouins of Mount Sinai.]
[Scene in the Wilderness.]
[An Arab Guard in Palestine.]
[Mar Saba (from Thomson's "The Land and the Book").]
[Russian Pilgrims in the Holy Land.]
[Road to the Dead Sea.]
[The Dead Sea from the North.]
[Map of the Dead Sea.]
[Lynch's Expedition to the Dead Sea.]
[Lynch's Levelling Party.]
[The Cavern of Usdum.]
[Reeds and Rushes on the Jordan.]
[An Arab Skirmish in the Land of Moab.]
[Bathing-place of the Pilgrims (from Thomson's "The Land and the Book").]
[Source of the Jordan.]
[Passage of the Israelites.]
[Map of the Jordan.]
[Recent Aspect of the Plain of Jericho.]
[Ain-es-Sultan, or Fountain of Elisha (from Thomson's "The Land and the Book").]
[The Village of Bethany.]
[The Hotel-keeper.]
[Scene on the Overland Route from Jerusalem.]
[By Babel's Stream.]
[The Grapes of Eshcol.]
[Hebron.]
[Street Scene in Bireh.]
[A Native Group at a Fountain.]
[Beasts of Burden.]
[Roof of a House in Nabulus.]
[The Woman of Samaria.]
[View of Nabulus.]
[An Ancient Olive-press.]
[Women Working an Olive-press.]
[Ancient Lamps (Matt. xxv. 1).]
[Modern Lamps.]
[Samaritans Bearing Tribute—an Assyrian Sculpture (2 Kings xvii. 3).]
[Sebustieh, the Ancient Samaria.]
[View of Jenin, the Ancient Engannim.]
[Map of the Valley of Esdraelon.]
[The Plan of Nazareth.]
[View of Nazareth.]
[The Annunciation.]
[The Country near Nazareth, with the Town in the Distance.]
[Home of a Cave-hermit in Palestine.]
[Mount Tabor.]
[Distant View of Kefr Kenna.]
[The City and Lake of Tiberias.]
[Map of the Sea of Galilee.]
[Magdala and Plain of Gennesaret.]
[Herod's Plan of Attack.]
[Battle with the Robbers.]
[A Galilee Fishing-boat.]
[Ruins at Tell Hum.]
[View of the Lake from the Western Shore.]
[The Rock Partridge.]
[The Plain of Huleh.]
[Huts near Lake Huleh.]
[An Army of Kedesh.]
[Head-spring of the Jordan near Hasbeiyah.]
[Map of the Sources of the Jordan.]
[Terebinth-tree at Banias.]
[Substructions of the Castle of Banias.]
[View from the Castle of Banias.]
[A Street in Damascus.]
[General View of Damascus.]
[Interior of a House in Damascus.]
[Bedouin Camp near Damascus.]
[A Scene in Damascus.]
[Portrait of Abd-el-Kader.]
[Sword-blades of Damascus.]
[Damask Goods.]
[Attack on the Citadel of Damascus before the Invention of Gunpowder.]
[Paul Led into Damascus.]
[A Caravan near Damascus.]
[The River among the Rocks.]
[The Fijeh Source of the Abana.]
[The Ruins of Baalbec.]
[Modern Wine-press.]
[Bridge Over the Litany.]
[The Cedars of Lebanon.]
[View of Beyroot, looking toward the Harbor.]
[Mission School in Syria.]
[Fountain at Beyroot.]
[Lebanon.]

[Chapter I.]

FROM BOMBAY TO SUEZ.—THE RED SEA, MECCA, AND MOUNT SINAI.

"Here we are in port again!" said Fred Bronson, as the anchor fell from the bow of the steamer and the chain rattled through the hawse-hole.

"Three cheers for ourselves!" said Frank Bassett in reply. "We have had a splendid voyage, and here is a new country for us to visit."

"And one of the most interesting in the world," remarked the Doctor, who came on deck just in time to catch the words of the youth.

"Egypt is the oldest country of which we have a definite history, and there is no other land that contains so many monuments of its former greatness."