Overview:
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, although the poorest
republic in the former Yugoslav federation, can meet basic food and
energy needs through its own agricultural and coal resources. Its
economic decline will continue unless ties are reforged or enlarged
with its neighbors Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Greece, and
Bulgaria. The economy depends on outside sources for all of its oil
and gas and its modern machinery and parts. Continued political
turmoil, both internally and in the region as a whole, prevents any
swift readjustments of trade patterns and economic programs. The
country's industrial output and GDP are expected to decline further in
1994. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia's geographical
isolation, technological backwardness, and potential political
instability place it far down the list of countries of interest to
Western investors. Resolution of the dispute with Greece and an
internal commitment to economic reform would help to encourage foreign
investment over the long run. In the immediate future, the worst
scenario for the economy would be the spread of fighting across its
borders.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.2 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
-14.7% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$1,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
13% monthly average (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
27% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$NA
expenditures:
$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports:
$889 million (1993)
commodities:
manufactured goods 40%, machinery and transport equipment 14%,
miscellaneous manufactured articles 23%, raw materials 7.6%, food
(rice) and live animals 5.7%, beverages and tobacco 4.5%, chemicals
4.7% (1990)
partners:
principally Serbia and Montenegro and the other former Yugoslav
republics, Germany, Greece, Albania
Imports:
$963 million (1993)
commodities:
fuels and lubricants 19%, manufactured goods 18%, machinery and
transport equipment 15%, food and live animals 14%, chemicals 11.4%,
raw materials 10%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 8.0%, beverages
and tobacco 3.5% (1990)
partners:
other former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Albania, Germany, Bulgaria
External debt:
$840 million (1992)
Industrial production:
growth rate -14% (1993 est.)
Electricity:
capacity:
1,600,000 kW
production:
6.3 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
2,900 kWh (1992)
Industries:
low levels of technology predominate, such as, oil refining by
distillation only; produces basic liquid fuels, coal, metallic
chromium, lead, zinc, and ferronickel; light industry produces basic
textiles, wood products, and tobacco
Agriculture:
provides 12% of GDP and meets the basic needs for food; principal
crops are rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, and millet; also grown are
cotton, sesame, mulberry leaves, citrus fruit, and vegetables; The
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is one of the seven legal
cultivators of the opium poppy for the world pharmaceutical industry,
including some exports to the US; agricultural production is highly
labor intensive
Illicit drugs:
limited illicit opium cultivation; transshipment point for Asian
heroin
Economic aid:
recipient:
US $10 million (for humanitarian and technical assistance)
EC promised a 100 ECU million economic aid package (1993)
Currency:
the denar, which was adopted by the Macedonian legislature 26 April
1992, was initially issued in the form of a coupon pegged to the
German mark; subsequently repegged to a basket of seven currencies
Exchange rates:
denar per US$1 - 865 (October 1992)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Communications
Railroads:
NA
Highways:
total:
10,591 km
paved:
5,091 km
unpaved:
gravel 1,404 km; earth 4,096 km (1991)
Inland waterways:
NA km
Pipelines:
none
Ports:
none; landlocked
Airports:
total:
16
usable:
16
with permanent-surface runways:
10
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
2
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
2
Telecommunications:
125,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 2 FM, 5 (2 relays) TV;
370,000 radios, 325,000 TV; satellite communications ground stations -
none
@The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force, Police Force
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 604,257; fit for military service 489,746; reach
military age (19) annually 19,539 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
7 billion denars, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of the
military budget into US dollars using the prevailing exchange rate
could produce misleading results
@Togo, Geography
Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean beween Benin and
Ghana
Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
56,790 sq km
land area:
54,390 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
total 1,647 km, Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km
Coastline:
56 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
30 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Terrain:
gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low
coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
Natural resources:
phosphates, limestone, marble
Land use:
arable land:
25%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
4%
forest and woodland:
28%
other:
42%
Irrigated land:
70 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use
of wood for fuel; recent droughts affecting agriculture
natural hazards:
hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter
international agreements:
party to - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber; signed, but not
ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change
@Togo, People
Population:
4,255,090 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
3.59% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
47.3 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
11.39 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
88.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
56.93 years
male:
54.87 years
female:
59.06 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
6.9 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Togolese (singular and plural)
adjective:
Togolese
Ethnic divisions:
37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye,
European and Syrian-Lebanese under 1%
Religions:
indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%
Languages:
French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe (one of the two
major African languages in the south), Mina (one of the two major
African languages in the south), Dagomba (one of the two major African
languages in the north), Kabye (one of the two major African languages
in the north)
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
43%
male:
56%
female:
31%
Labor force:
NA
by occupation:
agriculture 78%, industry 22%
note:
about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private
sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)
@Togo, Government