| KNOWN TO POSSESS | SUSPECTED OF POSSESSING |
|---|---|
| UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA |
| RUSSIA | NORTH KOREA |
| FRANCE | EGYPT |
| LIBYA | ISRAEL |
| IRAQ[*] | ETHIOPIA |
| IRAN | TAIWAN |
| SYRIA | BURMA |
| [*] FOLLOWING THE PERSIAN GULF WAR (1990-91), THE UNITED NATIONS (UN) BEGAN DESTROYING CW MUNITIONSDISCOVERED DURING INSPECTION VISITS TO IRAQ BY UN ARMS CONTROL INSPECTORS. INCLUDED AMONG THE CWMUNITIONS DISCOVERED WERE SOME 2,000 AERIAL BOMBS AND 6,200 ARTILLERY SHELLS FILLED WITH MUSTARD ANDSEVERAL THOUSAND 122 MILLIMETERS (mm) ROCKET WARHEADS FILLED WITH NERVE AGENT (GB). IRAQ ALSODECLARED SURFACE TO AIR MISSILE (SCUD) WARHEADS FILLED WITH NERVE AGENT (GB AND GF). TABLE 1-5PROVIDES A LIST OF KNOWN CW AGENTS. | |
Table 1-5. Chemical Warfare Agents
| NERVE | VESICANT | INCAPACITATING | CHOKING | BLOOD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TABUN (GA) | SULFUR MUSTARD (HD) | CNS DEPRESSANT (BZ) | PHOSGENE (CG) | HYDROGEN CYANIDE (AC) |
| GB | HL | CHLORINE (CL) | DIPHOSGENE (DP) | CYANOGEN CHLORIDE (CK) |
| GD | L | CHLOROPICRIN (PS) | ||
| GF | PHOSGENE OXIME (CX) | D-LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD) | ||
| VX |
d. Toxic Industrial Materials.
Toxic industrial materials can present a medical threat for deployed forces. Toxic industrial materials are comprised of toxic industrial biologicals (TIB), toxic industrial chemicals (TIC), and toxic industrial radiological (TIR) materials. These materials are found throughout the world and are used on a daily basis for commercial and private purposes. Large storage facilities, transportation tankers (over the road and railcars), as well as smaller containers of material, pose a danger to the health of personnel. Accidental spills or releases and terrorist actions can all lead to release of these materials into the environment causing potential casualty producing effects. Medical treatment facilities and nuclear power plants use radioactive materials that can pose a health hazard if accidentally released or used by hostile forces, terrorists, or others to contaminate an area. Biological materials used in medical research and pharmaceutical manufacturing may be used by hostile forces, terrorists, or others to produce casualties. Many TICs produce the same effects on personnel as CW agents. As a matter of fact, many TICs are of the same chemical structure as CW agents. However, there is quite a difference in their potency; in most TICs the potency is much lower. For example, chlorine used to treat water supplies has also been used as a CW agent; organophosphate pesticides can cause the same effects as some nerve agents. Hostile forces, terrorists, or others may use RDDs to produce casualties as well. For detailed information on toxic industrial materials see FM 8-500.
[CHAPTER 2]
COMMAND AND CONTROL
2-1. General
The US forces may be attacked by or exposed to NBC, TIM, lasers, advanced electronics, high explosives, fuel-air, thermobaric, and conventional weapons; or a combination of these weapons/materiel. Mass casualty situations will be the rule and not the exception. Mass casualty situations can occur anyplace on the battlefield. Combined NBC and conventional weapons injuries may predominate. Command and control (C2) will be essential to prevent casualties and to provide effective HSS. However, C2 (to include HSS C2) elements may be primary targets. Effective HSS in an NBC environment can be accomplished, but only if necessary preparations to survive and to be mission capable are taken. Increased HSS C2 actions are needed to maintain HSS proximity to the supported force; to clear the battlefield; to move and resupply the HSS units, while managing multiple simultaneous mass casualty incidents; and to rapidly evacuate patients. Health service support C2 units must push HSS augmentation to mass casualty sites, clear the site, evacuate the patients to Medical Treatment Facilities (MTFs) that can provide essential care or out of the AO; decontaminate and extract medical forces from NBC contaminated areas and redistribute or redeploy the HSS forces. Within medical units, C2 will be challenged by the use of protective clothing and equipment, the need to move (either to the patients or out of the contaminated area), and obtaining additional support. Health service support advisers and staff officers must provide guidance to commanders on continued duty for personnel who have been exposed to NBC weapons/agents and TIM effects. Leaders must greatly increase coordinating, preplanning, using tactical standing operating procedures (TSOPs), and establishing multiple C2 mechanisms. See [Appendix C] for guidelines on operational planning for health service support in an NBC or TIM environment. See [Appendix D] for medical planning guide on NBC casualties. See [Appendix E] for a sample format of a "medical NBC staff officer appendix to annex Q."