[290]. The judgment of the Court below, read by Bramwell, B., states the finding thus: “In this case I understand the jury to have found that all reasonable care had been taken by the defendant, that the banks were fit for all events to be anticipated, and the weirs broad enough; that the storm was of such violence as to be properly called the act of God, or vis major.”
[291]. See Salmond, Torts (4 ed.) § 65.
[292]. Arguments omitted.
[293]. See Carstairs v. Taylor, L. R. 6 Ex. 217; Wilson v. Newberry, L. R. 7 Q. B. 31; Rickards v. Lothian, [1913] A. C. 263.
[294]. Actiesselskabet Ingrid v. Central R. Co., (C. C. A.) 216 Fed. 72 (explosives); Judson v. Giant Powder Co., 107 Cal. 549 (explosives); Lake Shore R. Co. v. Chicago R. Co., 48 Ind. App. 584 (semble); Owensboro v. Knox, 116 Ky. 451 (electricity); Murphy v. Gillum, 73 Mo. App. 478 (semble); Losee v. Buchanan, 51 N. Y. 476 (boiler); Cosulich v. Standard Oil Co., 122 N. Y. 118 (petroleum); Huff v. Austin, 46 Ohio St. 386 (boiler); Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Sanderson, 113 Pa. St. 126 (semble); Sowers v. McManus, 214 Pa. St. 244 (explosives); Davis v. Charleston R. Co., 72 S. C. 112 (boiler) Accord.
Bursting of dam, see: Alabama Coal & Iron Co. v. Turner, 145 Ala. 639; Todd v. Cochell, 17 Cal. 97; Shrewsbury v. Smith, 12 Cush. 177; City Water Power Co. v. City, 113 Minn. 33; King v. Miles City Co., 16 Mont. 463; Livingston v. Adams, 8 Cow. 175; Lapham v. Curtis, 5 Vt. 371. Compare Pennock v. Central R. Co., 159 App. Div. 517.
As to constitutionality of legislation imposing liability without fault, see City v. Sturges, 222 U. S. 313, 322; Pittsburgh R. Co. v. Home Ins. Co., 183 Ind. 355; Daugherty v. Thomas, 174 Mich. 371; Ives v. South Buffalo R. Co., 201 N. Y. 271, 295–298.
[295]. See Cahill v. Eastman, 18 Minn. 324; Madras R. Co. v. Zemindar of Carvatenagarum, L. R. 1 Ind. App. 364.—Reporter’s Note.
[296]. Only so much of the case is given as relates to a single point.
[297]. Damage through escape of gas from pipes, see: Gould v. Winona Gas Co., 100 Minn. 258; Taylor v. St. Joseph Gas Co., 185 Mo. App. 537; Morgan v. United Gas Co., 214 Pa. St. 109; Windish v. Peoples Gas Co., 248 Pa. St. 236.