28 An Essay on Epidemic Diseases, p. 60, by Joseph Rogers, M.D., Dublin, 1734.
29 Loc. cit.
30 A Chronological History of the Weather and Seasons, and the Prevailing Diseases, in Dublin during the Space of Forty Years, by John Rutty, M.D., London, 1770.
If the physician is called to a case of typhus fever during the chill, before reaction has taken place, he will of course have recourse to diffusible stimulants and external warmth to aid in the establishment of this process. More frequently he is not sent for until after the chill has been succeeded by fever. His treatment will then, of course, vary with the condition of the patient. If his stomach is loaded with food, an emetic should be administered to him. If the bowels are constipated, a mild cathartic will often be of service, but after the bowels have been once well moved it is generally unnecessary to disturb them further. During the first day or two, while the fever is still moderate in degree, and during the uncertainty which then usually exists as to the diagnosis, it will be sufficient to prescribe the neutral mixture or the spirit of Mindererus in tablespoonful doses every two or three hours. Upon the third day more active remedies will generally be required to reduce the temperature. This is best done by the cold-water treatment in some form or other, or by the internal administration of antipyretic doses of quinia. The manner in which the cold water is to be used and the cases to which it is applicable must be left in a great measure to the judgment of the physician. In the form of the cold affusion it is now rarely resorted to, although Currie31 obtained most excellent results with it. It is calculated, however, to alarm a timid patient, and it is probably owing largely to this fact that it has fallen into disuse. The cold bath, packing in a cold wet sheet, and sponging with cold water are the more usual means of employing cold in the treatment of typhus fever at the present day. The cold bath is much used in Germany in the treatment of different forms of fever, and even of inflammation. It is also resorted to in this country, but it has never attained the same popularity here as abroad. The best way of using it is as follows: The patient as soon as his temperature rises above 103° F. should be placed in a bath having a temperature between 80° and 90°, and which, whenever practicable, should be brought to his bedside, as when he has to be carried to the bathroom he is sometimes not only alarmed and rendered very nervous by the operation, but may exhaust himself in his struggles to free himself from his attendants. After his immersion cold water should be gradually added until the temperature of the bath is between 60° and 70° F. The length of time he should be allowed to remain in the bath will of course depend upon circumstances. If shivering is produced by it, he should be at once removed from it and thoroughly dried and put back to bed. If no such symptoms are observed, he may be allowed to remain in it longer. As a general rule, a half hour is as long as will be necessary or safe for him to continue immersed at any one time. His temperature will usually continue to fall for some time after his removal from the bath, but in the course of a few hours it will be found to have risen again to 103° or over, when he should have another bath. In this way it may be necessary to repeat the baths from eight to twelve times a day. Some authors recommend that the patient should be placed at once in a bath having a temperature of 50° F., but this method of applying cold possesses no advantage over that above described, and is, like the cold affusion, very apt to excite alarm in the patient. The cold bath is not, however, well borne by all persons, and alarming symptoms, and even fatal collapse, have followed its use in the old and feeble. It is also contraindicated when the skin is covered with a profuse sweat or when the disease is complicated by an internal inflammation. When the means of giving a cold bath are not at hand, the cold pack will often be found a very efficient substitute for it. Sponging with cold water, although not so efficacious in reducing the temperature, has advantages over either of these methods of applying cold. In the first place, it is more agreeable to most patients and less calculated to excite alarm in those who are timid. Again, it may be more frequently repeated, and may be used in cases in which the cold bath is contraindicated. Occasionally alcohol or vinegar may be added with advantage to the water, with the view of increasing its refrigerant effects.
31 Medical Reports on the Effects of Water, Cold and Warm, as a Remedy in Fever and Febrile Diseases, by James Currie, M.D., F.R.S., London, 1805.
When quinia is given for the purpose of reducing the temperature in the treatment of typhus fever, it must be used in large doses, as much as ten or fifteen grains repeated once or twice in the course of twenty-four hours being required for this purpose. When given in these quantities it has the disadvantage of producing deafness and occasionally of increasing the headache. I have therefore contented myself in the cases which have fallen under my own care with giving it in more moderate quantities, in combination with one of the mineral acids, as, for instance, a couple of grains of quinia in solution with from eight to ten drops of dilute muriatic acid, repeated from four to six times a day. The mineral acids were originally recommended in the treatment of typhus fever in the belief that they neutralized the poison which caused the fever, and which was supposed to be ammonia or some of its compounds. Although this theory is now no longer entertained, there can be no doubt that the tendency in this disease to the accumulation of ammonia in the blood is prevented by their administration. Digitalis, aconite, or veratrum viride may also be given in appropriate doses if with a high temperature there coexists great frequency of the pulse. The first-named remedy is especially indicated if there is at the same time diminution of the secretion of urine.
As the disease progresses other symptoms present themselves for treatment. One of the most urgent of these is the prostration. This not only appears early, but is often extreme, and if not met by appropriate remedies will often of itself be sufficient to cause the death of the patient. As soon as it makes itself manifest stimulants must be prescribed. These are, however, not to be resorted to simply because the patient has typhus fever. Many cases do perfectly well without them. In the young and robust it is often unnecessary to have recourse to them. On the other hand, in the old, the feeble, and the intemperate they should be employed early. The rule laid down by Stokes, that they should be administered as soon as the first sound of the heart becomes indistinct and inaudible, may be adopted for our guidance in this respect. At first they should be given tentatively. If the delirium, headache, and other nervous symptoms are increased after their administration, it is best to withhold them. They should be continued, on the other hand, when under their use the delirium ceases or grows milder, the other nervous symptoms subside, and the patient falls into a refreshing sleep. The amount required to prevent fatal prostration will of course vary in each case. I have rarely myself found it necessary to prescribe more than half an ounce of whiskey or brandy every two hours, and frequently a very much smaller quantity has been found sufficient. Cases are, however, reported in which from twenty to twenty-four ounces daily have been given with asserted advantage.
Another symptom which often demands prompt relief is the headache. When not severe, it may be relieved by the application of cold to the head, either in the form of the ice-cap or by means of cloths frequently wrung out of cold water, and by the administration of moderate doses of potassium bromide; but when intense it requires more active treatment for its removal, such as the application of cups to the back of the neck or of leeches to the temples. General bleeding will accomplish the same result, but the good which is done by it is often more than counterbalanced by the prostration it induces. Sleeplessness is also sometimes the cause of a good deal of distress to the patient. When it occurs early in the disease and is caused by the headache, it will generally subside under the use of the remedies which are employed for the relief of the latter symptom; but when it comes on at a later period, it will often require special treatment. There is some doubt as to the propriety of giving opium under these circumstances, but Murchison, Gerhard, and others assert that it may be given not only without injury, but with positive advantage to the patient. Graves was in the habit of combining it with a small quantity of tartar emetic in the condition in which the sleeplessness is associated with active delirium. If, on the other hand, the delirium is of a low muttering character, it should be given with a diffusible stimulant.
In this condition I have often found a pill containing a small quantity each of opium and camphor, frequently repeated, to answer an admirable purpose, not only in procuring for the patient the needed repose, but also in diminishing the restlessness, jactitation, and subsultus tendinum. Opium should, however, not be used at all or used very carefully in cases in which there is congestion of the lungs or disease of the kidneys. The existence of the pin-hole pupil is also a contraindication to its employment. In young and robust patients, if the insomnia is attended by active delirium, chloral in twenty-grain doses, repeated if necessary, may often be given with advantage, but it should never be prescribed in cases in which the action of the heart is feeble. Other remedies which have been recommended in the treatment of this condition are belladonna, hyoscyamus, musk, chloroform, and cannabis indica. Potassium bromide appears to have no power to relieve it. No special modification of the above treatment is needed when delirium occurs independently of sleeplessness and headache. When the stupor is profound, efforts should be made to rouse the patient by the use of counter-irritants to the shaven scalp or to the nape of the neck. Murchison speaks well of the administration of strong coffee under these circumstances. If there is at the same time suppression or diminution of urine, diuretics should be administered in the hope of stimulating the kidneys to increased secretion. Retention of the urine is not an infrequent occurrence in this condition, and the physician ought never, therefore, to accept the assertions of the nurse or friends of the patient that the latter has passed water, but should satisfy himself by an examination in regard to the condition of the bladder at every visit. He will often find that the apparent passage of urine is nothing more than the dribbling due to an over-distension of this organ. Neglect of this precaution has occasionally been the cause of much subsequent distress to the patient, as cystitis is sometimes set up as a consequence of it. In one case which came under my observation, and in which this precaution had been neglected, the patient suffered from incontinence of urine for some time after his recovery from the fever. Thirst is a symptom which is always present and complained of at the beginning of the fever, and usually bears some proportion to the severity of this process. Weak tea, an infusion of cascarilla-bark, and camphor-water have all been recommended by different authors for its relief, but it is probable that no one of them possesses any superiority over water. If the stomach is irritable and water is not retained, small pieces of ice should be allowed to dissolve in the patient's mouth. Later, when the stage of stupor supervenes, it is very important to see that the patient obtains a full supply of water. In this condition he will not call for it, although it is even more urgently required than before.
Vomiting may occur at any time in the course of typhus fever. If it is observed at the very beginning of an attack, an emetic will often arrest it, but when it supervenes at a later period, it is generally of cerebral origin, and will usually subside under the use of the remedies already referred to which are prescribed for the relief of the nervous symptoms. In addition to these, sinapisms may be applied to the epigastrium, and champagne, when the circumstances of the patient will permit it, should be given in the place of whiskey or brandy. When everything is rejected by the stomach, recourse must be had to nutritious enemata. Constipation is to be overcome by gentle purgatives, as the use of powerful cathartics is very apt to be followed by troublesome diarrhoea. If this should come on, it is best treated by small doses of opium in combination with a mineral or vegetable astringent. When these fail, it may sometimes be relieved by a prescription containing sulphuric acid and morphia, and at others by enemata of from twenty to thirty drops of laudanum in warm water. When glandular swelling occurs in the parotid region or in other parts of the body, an effort should be made to promote resolution by painting them with tincture of iodine. Blisters have also been recommended for the same purpose, but they should be used carefully, as in low conditions of the system they are sometimes followed by sloughing of the integuments. If these remedies fail, poultices should be applied. As soon as pus has formed it should be evacuated by one or more free incisions.