Very few attacks of typhus fever run their course without the occurrence of some pulmonary complication. When this is slight it demands no special modification of the previous treatment, and it is sufficient to apply mustard poultices or stimulating liniments to the chest. But in cases of greater gravity, it matters not whether the complication is bronchitis, congestion of the lungs, or pneumonia, a more active treatment is required. Under these circumstances the ammonium carbonate in five-grain doses, given in mucilage of acacia, frequently repeated, or from thirty minims to a teaspoonful of the aromatic spirit of ammonia every two hours, sufficiently diluted, may be prescribed with great advantage. When gangrene supervenes the prognosis is almost hopeless, but an effort should be made to save the patient's life by the administration of potassium chlorate and of an increased amount of stimulus. Murchison also speaks well of the inhalation of tar vapor and of carbolic acid.
As the other complications of typhus are at least of as common occurrence in typhoid fever, it will avoid a good deal of useless repetition to refer the reader to the article on the latter disease for a description of the treatment which they render necessary.
The patient should be kept in bed for some time after the subsidence of fever. Although relapses are rare in this disease, recrudescences of fever not infrequently occur as a consequence of undue exertion in the early part of convalescence. Syncope is also not infrequently produced by the patient's sitting up too soon. The diet should be carefully regulated until the recovery is complete. It should at first consist wholly of liquid or semi-liquid articles of food, but later meat in some digestible form may be allowed. Stimulants are often as urgently demanded at this time as during the fever itself. They should be given as the strength returns in gradually diminishing quantities. The length of time during which it is necessary to continue them will depend in great measure upon the previous habits of the patient. As a general rule, their use should not be abandoned until he is able to leave his bed, and they may often be continued after this with benefit to him. As convalescence progresses it will be well to substitute ale or porter for the brandy or whiskey the patient had previously taken. A return to health will also be promoted by the judicious use of tonics, such as iron, quinia, Huxham's tincture, tincture of nux vomica, the mineral acids, and even cod-liver oil in some cases.
RELAPSING FEVER.
BY WILLIAM PEPPER, M.D., LL.D.
SYNONYMS.—Febris recidiva, vel recurrens; Fièvre a rechutes; Fièvre recurrente; Typhus icterodes, vel recurrens; Bilious Typhoid Fever; Rückfall's Typhus; Tifo recidivo; Famine Fever, Hunger-pest, Armentyphus, Hunger-typhus, Spirillum Fever.
DEFINITION.—Relapsing fever is an epidemic contagious disease, the specific cause of which is not certainly known, although a peculiar spirillum appears to be constantly present in the blood. It occurs chiefly among the over-crowded and destitute, but may spread widely when introduced among more favorably situated populations. Its invasion is abrupt, and is marked by a distinct chill or rigor, followed quickly by high fever (104° to 106°), with severe headache and pains in the back and limbs. Delirium is comparatively rare. The tongue is heavily coated, and there are epigastric tenderness, vomiting, constipation, and enlargement of the liver and spleen, with frequent jaundice. There is no characteristic eruption. These symptoms cease abruptly from the fifth to the seventh day, with copious sweating; but after an apyretic interval of about a week's duration a relapse occurs similar to the first attack, but of less duration (three to five days). Second, third, or even more numerous relapses may subsequently occur at less regular intervals. One attack does not protect against a second one to the same extent as with other contagious diseases. The mortality is usually small.