[Footnote 3: That is, of Zicum.]
[Footnote 4: Tammuz, called "Du-zi" ("the [only] son") in Accadian, was a form of the sun-god. His death through the darkness of winter caused Istar to descend into Hades in search of him.]
CHARM FOR AVERTING THE SEVEN EVIL SPIRITS
For the sake of completeness a charm for averting the attack of the seven evil spirits or storm-clouds may be added here, though the larger part of it has already been translated by Mr. Fox Talbot in "Records of the Past," Vol. Ill, p. 143. It forms part of the great collection of magical formulæ, and is lithographed in the "Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia," Vol. IV, pl. 2, col. v, lines 30-60.
1 Seven (are) they, seven (are) they! 2 In the channel of the deep seven (are) they! 3 (In) the radiance of heaven seven (are) they! 4 In the channel of the deep in a palace grew they up. 5 Male they (are) not, female they (are) not.[1] 6 (In) the midst of the deep (are) their paths. 7 Wife they have not, son they have not. 8 Order (and) kindness know they not. 9 Prayer (and) supplication hear they not. 10 The cavern in the mountain they enter. 11 Unto Hea (are) they hostile. 12 The throne-bearers of the gods (are) they. 13 Disturbing the lily in the torrents are they set. 14 Baleful (are) they, baleful (are) they. 15 Seven (are) they, seven (are) they, seven twice again (are) they. 16 May the spirits of heaven remember, may the spirits of earth remember.
[Footnote 1: The Accadian text, "Female they are not, male they are not." This order is in accordance with the position held by the woman in Accad; in the Accadian Table of Laws, for instance, translated in "Records of the Past," vol. iii. p. 23, the denial of the father by the son is punished very leniently in comparison with the denial of the mother.]
CHALDEAN HYMNS TO THE SUN
TRANSLATED BY FRANÇOIS LENORMANT
The sun-god, called in the Accadian Utu and Parra (the latter is of less frequent occurrence), and in the Semitic Assyrian Samas, held a less important rank in the divine hierarchy of the Chaldaic-Babylonian pantheon, afterward adopted by the Assyrians, than the moon-god (in the Accadian Aku, Enizuna, and Huru-kî; in the Assyrian Sin), who was even sometimes said to be his father. His principal and most common title was "Judge of Heaven and Earth," in the Accadian dikud ana kîa, in the Assyrian dainu sa same u irtsiti. The most important sanctuaries of the deity were at Larsam, in southern Chaldsea, and Sippara, in the north of Babylonia.
Some few fragments of liturgical or magical hymns addressed to Shamas have come down to us. These are five in number, and I give a translation of them here. They have all been studied previously by other Assyriologists, but I think the present interpretation of them is superior to any which has as yet been furnished.