In this bust we see the psychological functions of the brain. To state its physiological influence on the bodily functions would require a separate bust or chart.
Organology of Buchanan, 1842-1887.
In presenting a psychological map of the brain it is almost impossible to separate psychology entirely from physiology in the nomenclature, as the basilar organs relate more to the body than the soul. Alimentiveness or appetite, Virility, Sensibility, Hearing, Vision, Turbulence, all imply physical operations. At the same time all the higher emotions, which we express in psychic terms, have their physical effects on the body, which are very important and enable us to understand Psychic Therapeutics, a science which has been blindly cultivated under the name of Mind Cure. A thorough understanding of the double functions of the brain and body enables us to solve all the great problems of mind and body, and apply our solution to the business and duties of life and organization of society.
It is not proposed to present here a complete view of the new Anthropology, as the functions and locations of organs will be presented fully hereafter, but merely to show by a brief catalogue how large an addition has been made to the old system to fill all the vacant spaces left on the surface of the cranium and on the basilar surfaces of the brain which are reached through the face and neck, the functions of which are therefore designated on the external locations on the face and neck through which they are reached.
In the intellectual region our more thorough analysis gives us for the higher understanding, not merely Comparative Sagacity and Causality, but Foresight, Sagacity, Judgment, Wit, Reason, Ingenuity and Scheming or planning. At present I merely state the facts that such organs are demonstrated by experiments. The philosophy, beauty and perfection of the new Anthropology will be made apparent as the subject is developed hereafter. Behind the region of understanding are found several semi-intellectual organs,—Ideality and Marvellousness, which have been recognized in the old system, and above them Imagination and Spirituality, which in connection with Marvellousness make a group to which I have given the name of Genius, as when largely developed they give great brilliance and expansion of mind. Immediately above Reason is a region producing Pliability and Versatility, which greatly assists the reasoning faculty in mastering unfamiliar truth. Admiration, adjacent to Imagination, gives great power of appreciation and recognition of merit. Sincerity and Candor or Expressiveness also add much to the capacity for attaining truth; and Liberality, between Foresight and Benevolence, adds much to the expansion of the understanding.
The middle intellectual region gives us Intuition and Clairvoyance at the inner face of the front lobe, then Consciousness and observation, running into recent and remote Memory, above the region of Phenomena which recognizes the changes in physical objects. Between Time and Invention we have System, lying between Order below and Planning above. Between Invention and Ideality we have Composition or Literary Capacity, and in Ideality a region of Meditation (not marked) running into Somnolence, the region of Dreaming and of Transcorporeal Perception or Impression. This runs into General Physical Sensibility, through Impressibility (not marked), and anteriorly into the sense of Hearing (adjacent to Language and Tune). The organ of Sensibility has many subdivisions unnecessary to mention at present. Below this lies the region of Interior Sensibility, which I have generally called Disease, because it gives so great a liability to morbid conditions, but of course no condition in the human constitution is morbid aside from injurious influences.
In the lower range of Intellectuality we find just below Order and Calculation the sense of Force, which might be called the muscular sense or sense of exertion, by means of which we perceive the action of our muscles and attain great dexterity. Immediately over the pupil of the eye we find the faculty of Vision or sense of Sight, marked Light, which runs into a sense of Shade at the inner angle of the eye, by which two perceptions everything in nature except colors is recognized. Light extends up into Color. The middle of the brow is therefore the seat of Vision, while Hearing is in the temples behind the eye. The eye gives us the external location of the organs just behind it, which I do not call Language, although certainly favorable to the study of languages, in which Gall was practically correct. The anterior surface of the middle lobe, represented by the eye and the face, is a region of natural language or Expression, a tendency to manifestation which is so conspicuous in children, but which becomes subdued in adult life by the higher powers, during which change the infantile fulness of face generally disappears. The prominence of the eye therefore indicates a more active manifestation of intellect and close attention to everything that interests, or thoughtful observation.
The face is marked as the region of Expression, which lies in the anterior surface of the middle lobe, and gives the ready excitability and disposition to manifest our feelings in response to all who approach us. The upper portion of the face corresponds to the expression of the upper surface of the brain, the lower to the occipital region and the posterior inferior portion to the basilar region. Hence the breadth and prominence of the lower part of the face is not a pleasing feature. Ardor or evolution of warmth is expressed by the prominence of the chin, which corresponds to the medulla oblongata. Excitability running into Insanity is expressed below the jaw, and its milder form as Childishness and tendency to Idiocy below the anterior part of the jaw, while Hysterical Nervousness appears below the chin, and Sexual Passion at the larynx.