Harper's Pictorial Library of the World War, Volume XII

by Unknown

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INDEX

• [A]
• Abbas Hilmi, Khedive of Egypt, pro-Turkish attitude, vi: 68.
• Abbatiale Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct, 4, '18, v: 239.
• Abbeville agreement,
  • on U. S. military participation in War, v: I28, 284;
  • text, v: 378.
• Abi Dinas, Sudanese leader, defeated at Eli Tasher, iii: 191.
• Abo, occupied by Germans, Mar. 16, '18, i: 395.
• Aboukir, British cruiser, sunk by U-9, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.
• Absinthe, sale forbidden in France, Jan. 7, '15, i: 378.
• Acceleration, in projectiles viii: 111.
• Achi Baba,
  • key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170;
  • see also Gallipoli Campaign.
• Acre taken by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.
• Activism, Swedish pro-German movement, vi: 394.
• Adana, British objective in Turkish Campaigns, ii: 90.
• Adler, Friedrich, kills Austrian Premier, Count Carl Sturgkh, Oct. 21, '16, vi: 312.
• Adkinson, Sgt. Joseph B., gets Congressional Medal ofHonor, x: 395.
• Admiral Charner, French cruiser torpedoed, Feb. 13, '16, i: 384.
• Ador, Gustave, becomes head of Swiss Foreign Office, vi: 380.
• Adramyti Gulf of, British bombard Turks, Mar. 3, '15, iv: 44.
• Adrian barracks, description, v: 8.
• Adriatic coast, disputed territory between Latin and Slav, vi: 359.
• Advisory Labor Council, U. S., activities, [xii: 71].
• A. E. G. bombing airplanes, viii: 221.
• Aerial photography,
  • in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 14;
  • gun cameras, description, viii: 216;
  • value, viii: 226, 331;
  • diffculties, viii: 228;
  • U. S. photographers in War, viii: 228-235;
  • future, viii: 234;
  • see also Photography.
• Aeronautics:
  • Airplanes,
    • conditions for effectiveness, ii: 123;
    • use of depth bombs by, iv: 332;
    • torpedo planes, iv: 335;
    • number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309;
    • as war weapon, viii: Intro., xi: 214;
    • detection by sounds rangers, viii: 20;
    • machine-gun mountings on, types, viii: 86, 189-192, 196, 208-216;
    • Allied and German equipment at start of War, viii: 189;
    • Farman plane, viii: 189;
    • utility in scouting, viii: 189;
    • albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192;
    • Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192;
    • Allied and German types compared, viii: 194;
    • Spad biplanes, viii: 194;
    • General utility planes, viii: 196;
    • Gotha biplanes, viii: 196;
    • Handley-Page bombers, viii: 196, 204, 223;
    • aero engines, development of, vii: 198-200;
    • Liberty motor, viii: 199;
    • construction, essentials in, viii: 200;
    • maneuvering, types of, viii: 200;
    • Allied strength at end of war, viii: 201;
    • French types, viii: 202, 206;
    • British types, viii: 203-206;
    • British planes, viii: 203;
    • D. H. 10 British bombers, viii: 204;
    • German equipment, viii: 206;
    • Pre-War record flights, viii: 206;
    • National supremacy, viii: 207;
    • Machine-gun fire synchronizer, viii: 208;
    • aerial marksmanship, viii: 210;
    • "C. C. Gear," for timing gunfire through propeller blades, viii: 214-216;
    • navigating instruments, viii: 217-221;
    • bombing planes, types, viii: 221-224;
    • A. E. G. bombing planes, viii: 221;
    • Gotha bombers, viii: 221;
    • Lizenz bombing planes, viii: 222;
    • Caproni triplanes, viii: 223;
    • Caudron bombers, viii: 223;
    • Letord bombers, viii: 223;
    • Voisin bombers, viii: 223;
    • Breguet bombers, viii: 224;
    • spruce in aircraft construction, viii: 308;
    • signals for landing in dark, viii: 335;
    • value in directing artillery fire, viii 337, xi: 277;
    • ambulance planes, viii: 379;
    • U. S., in War, xi: 218;
    • development, xi: 219;
    • Use against submarine, xi: 239;
    • commercial uses [xii: 103].
  • Aviators,
    • duties, iii: 392;
    • kinds of patrol, iii: 392;
    • fitness test by orientator, viii: 356-358;
    • qualifications, xi: 215.
  • Balloons,
    • development for war use, iv: 288;
    • in naval operations, iv: 289;
    • number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309;
    • functions and handling of captive balloons, viii: 257-264;
    • parachutes use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263;
    • hydrogen, use in inflation of, viii: 263.
  • Dirigibles, use in coast patrol, iv: 290;
    • compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245;
    • in long-distance transportation, Pg531 243-245;
    • British types, viii: 245;
    • R-34, description, viii: 245, 254;
    • R-34, crosses Atlantic, viii: 2445;
    • U. S. types, viii: 245, 255-257;
    • U. S. "Blimps," viii: 245, 255-257;
    • U. S. C-class, viii: 245, 255-257;
    • mooring masts, viii: 245;
    • development in different countries, iii: 254;
    • R-33, sister ship of R-34, viii: 254;
    • Zeppelins, see below under Aeronautics.
  • Navigation, rules for, Peace Treaty provisions, [xii: 246].
  • Observation,
    • in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 337, xi: 277;
    • uses of captive balloons, viii: 257-264;
    • utility in War, xi: 216.
  • Seaplanes,
    • in battle of Jutland, iv: 107;
    • for submarine spotting, iv: 285;
    • U. S. N-C-4 first to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240;
    • N-C flying boats, desription, viii: 236-240.
  • Zeppelins, progress in construction, '14—'18, viii: 241;
    • use during War, viii: 24-246-248;
    • description, viii: 248-254;
    • number in crew, viii: 254.
    • See also under each country.
• Airplane see Aeronautics, Airplane.
• Afghanistan,
  • put outside Russian sphere by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104;
  • friendly to England during War, vi: 78;
  • changed attitude toward British, '19, vi: 80;
  • border warfare with India, '19, vi: 81.
• Africa,
  • dark continent, i: 10;
  • European pennetration, i: 48;
  • "spheres of influence," i: 96.
• African campaigns, iii: 250-256;
  • tropical peculiarities, iii: 250;
  • German handicaps, iii: 252;
  • Operations in Cameroons (Kamerun), iii: 252;
  • in Togoland, iii: 252;
  • in German Southwest Africa, iii: 253;
  • in Gernan East Africa, iii: 255.
• Agirdir incident, Germany creates Moroccan crisis, July, '11, i: 104, 203.
• Agamemnon,
  • British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
  • hit by gun fire, iv: 43.
• Agram, suppression of Jugoslav National Congress at, Mar., '18, vi: 363.
• Ahmed Fevzi Trurkish commander at Erzerum, iii: 262.
• Aincreville, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.
• Air raids,
  • Ludendorff's plan to burn Allied capitals, ii: 333;
  • use of Zeppelins in vii: 246;
  • success of xi: 216;
  • on:
    • England,
      • Aug. 9, '15, i: 381;
      • Aug. 17, '15, i: 381;
      • Sept. 8, '15, i: 381;
      • Oct. 13, '15, i: 382;
      • Jan. 31, '16, i: 384;
      • Mar. 1, '16, i: 384;
      • Mar. 5, '16, i: 384;
      • Mar. 19, '16, i: 384;
      • Apr. 1—3, '16, i: 385;
      • Apr. 24, '16, i: 385;
      • Aug. 9, '16, i: 386;
      • Sept. 23, '16, i: 388;
      • Sept. 25, '16, i: 388;
      • Oct. 1, '16, i: 388;
      • attacks on undefended coast towns, ii: 266, vi: 4;
      • first attack on London, iii: 41.
    • Paris,
      • Jan. 30, '16, i: 384;
      • Mar. 11, '18, i: 395.
• Air Speed Indicator, for airplanes, viii: 220.
• Aircraft, see Aeronautics.
• Aire valley,
  • description, v: 73;
  • scene of action in Meuse-Argonne offensive, v: 225.
• Airships, see Aeronautics.
• Aisne, battles of:
  • Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36.
  • Apr.—Nov., '17, iii: 73-76;
    • French start offensive, iii: 73;
    • early French success, iii: 73;
    • battle for Chemin des Dames, iii: 73;
    • Germans driven from Chemin des Dames, iii: 76.
  • May 27—June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, v: 129-135;
    • situation before German offensive, iii: 92;
    • Soissons-Rheims salient, iii: 93;
    • Germans cross Vesle River, iii: 93;
    • Soissons captured by Germans, May 29, iii: 93;
    • Château-Thierry captured by Germans, June 1, iii: 93;
    • Germans reach Marne, iii: 93;
    • American troops check enemy, iii: 94.
• Aisne-Marne offensive, v: 130, 158-183;
  • artillery, important feature, v: 171;
  • A. E. F. casualties, v: 179, 181.
• Aisne-Meuse sector, Franco-American offensive, Nov, 1—11, '18, iii: 103.
• Aisne-Ourcq sector, struck by Foch, '18, ii: 84.
• Aix-les-Bains, A. E. F. leave area, "Y" work in, vii: 269.
• Akabah, occupied by British, Nov. 3, '14, i: 376.
• Ala, captured by Italians, May 29, '15, iii: 234.
• Aland Island, occupied by Germans, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392.
• Alaska, acquisition by U. S., i: 52.
• Albania,
  • primitiveness of people, i: 92;
  • William of Wied becomes ruler, i: 206;
  • Allied offensive in, July, '18, i: 397;
  • Serbians retreat into, iii: 160;
  • Italy takes possession, Dec. '14, vi: 120;
  • promised to Italy, '15, vi: 361.
• Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192.
• Albert,
  • captured by British, ii: 157, iii: 98;
  • captured by Germans in second Somme battle, iii: 89.
• Albert, Dr. Heinrich, German propagandist in U. S., i: 133, x: 327.
• Albert, King of Belgians, biography, ix: 385-391, xi: 128-131.
• Albert of Belgium,
  • poem by Dana Burnet, i: 228;
  • by Dorothy S. Phillips, ix: 391.
• Albion, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
• Albrecht, Grand Duke of Württemberg, army commands, ii: 184, iii: 10.
• Alcantara, British armed liner, sinks German Greif, iv: 200.
• Alcedo, American ship torpedoed, Nov. 6, '17, i: 392.
• Aldis Optical Sight, use in aerial marksmanship, viii: 211.
• Aleppo, captured by British, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200.
• Alexander, Crown Prince of Serbia,
  • re-enters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397;
  • foreign policy, vi: 355;
  • head of united Jugoslavs, vi: 366.
• Alexanderson alternator, for generation of radio waves, viii: 316-318.
• Alexandria, captured by Germans, Nov., '16, i: 389, iii: 222.
• Alexieff, Gen. Michael Vassilivitch,
  • commands Russian forces in Poland, iii: 140;
  • biography, ix: 238.
• Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86, 99, 203.
• Algeria, French occupation of, i: 37.
• Algonquin, American steamer sunk by U-boat, Mar. 2, '17, i: 349.
• All-American (82nd) Division, see U. S., Army.
• All-Russian Congress of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates, convention of, '17, vi: 164.
• All-Russian Government of Siberia,
  • formation, vi: 191;
  • collapse, vi: 193.
• Allen, Corp. Jake, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
• Allen, Maj.-Gen. Henry T.,
  • commands 90th Div., v: 196;
  • in St. Mihiel drive, v: 202.
• Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. H.,
  • British commander in Palestine, ii: 90, iii: 193;
  • defeats Turks, ii: 92, 218, v: 213;
  • captures Jerusalem, ii: 92, iii: 322, xi: 48;
  • strategy of Palestine campaign, ii: 93;
  • at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171;
  • commands British cavalry at Mons retreat, iii: 25;
  • biography, ix: 194-199.
• Allenstein,
  • Russians defeated at, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375;
  • occupied by Russians, iii: 111.
• Alliances,
  • Holy Alliance,
    • formation, i: 33;
    • conflict of European, i: 93-101;
  • Three Emperors' League, i: 95;
  • Triple Alliance, i: 95, 208, 255, ii: 4, 48, vi: 115;
  • Entente Cordiale, between France and Russia, i: 98;
  • Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106, 146, 218, 220, ii: 2;
  • Anglo-Japanese, '05, '11, i: 104, 107;
  • Balkan League, i: 204;
  • see also under name of alliance.
• Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 108.
• Allies,
  • superiority in inventiveness, i: Intro. ix;
  • agree not to make separate peace, i: 146;
  • defensive policy compared with German aggression, ii: 1;
  • lack unity of command, ii: 22, 40, 58, 230, iii: 55;
  • unsuccessful in all theaters of War during '15, ii: 36, 50;
  • unite command under Foch, ii: 40, 218, v: 120, 214;
  • man-power, ii: 82, 115, 154, iii: 403;
  • "Will to win" vs. German efficiency, ii: 100;
  • underestimate German strength, ii: 101;
  • propaganda among German troops, ii: 321;
  • plan of campaign against German invasion of France, iii: 8;
  • Balkan blunder, iii: 156;
  • fail to support Rumania, iii: 214;
  • casualties, iii: 404;
  • prisoners of war, iii: 404;
  • war aims, iv: 6;
  • military position, '17, iv: 10;
  • lack aggressive plan in Mediterranean, iv: 13;
  • gain superiority in air for first time, Sept., '18, v: 206;
  • make simultaneous attacks on all fronts, Sept., '18, v: 213;
  • appeal for U. S. troops, v: 373-375, 378;
  • secret treaty with Italy, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361;
  • send troops to Russia, vi: 187;
  • intervene in Siberia, vi: 192;
  • intervene in Austria, '19, vi: 320;
  • occupy Hungary, '19, vi: 325;
  • secret treaties, '16—'17, dispose of Asiatic Turkey, vi: 334;
  • overcome German superiority in artillery, viii: 36;
  • war cost, [xii: 27], [xii: 107];
  • plan of economic boycott against Germany, [xii: 102];
  • rise in national debts, [xii: 114];
  • list of "Allied and Associated Powers" against Germany, [xii: 179].
• Allworth, Capt. Edward S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
• Almereyda, traitorous editor of Bonnet Rouge, vi: 105.
• Alnwick Castle, British ship sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230.
• Alpini, description, ii: 242.
• Alsace-Lorraine,
  • early history, i: 210-212;
  • annexed by Germany, 1871, i: 212;
  • formed into Reichsland, i: 213;
  • German dictatorship in, i: 213;
  • fidelity to France during War, i: 215;
  • German immigration into, i: 215;
  • German constitution for, '11, i: 215;
  • French invasion of, during War, i: 375, 376, iii: 14-21;
  • Peace Treaty provisions for return to France, [xii: 194-197];
  • exempt from share in German national debt, [xii: 226].
• Altimeter, airplane altitude indicator, viii: 220.
• Altkirch, taken by French Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.
• Alvensleben, G. C. A. von, German financier and spy, sensational career, x: 363-368.
• Amalfi, Italian cruiser sunk by Austrian U-boat, July 7, '15, i: 380, iv: 369.
• Amara, taken by British, May, '15, iii: 181.
• Ambrine, use in treatment of burns, viii: 290.
• Ambulance,
  • first use, vii: 9;
  • Red Cross companies, location, vii: 30-31;
  • difficulties of transporting wounded, viii: 376;
  • improved types of stretchers, viii: 377;
  • drawn by dogs, viii: 379;
  • airplane ambulances, viii: 379;
  • hospital trains, viii: 380;
  • perils of driving, x: 92.
• American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92.
• American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92.
• American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany, vii: 88.
• American Escadrille, see Lafayette Escadrille.
• A. E. F., see U. S., Army.
• American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 89.
• American Jewish Committee,
  • relief for Belgium, vii: 350;
  • relief for Palestine, vii: 350;
  • organization, vii: 354.
• American Relief Administration,
  • for feeding newly liberated peoples, [xii: 141];
  • Herbert Hoover director-general, [xii: 141].
• American Students' Committee of École des Beaux Arts, vii: 108.
• American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 89, 91.
• Amerongen, residence of Kaiser after abdication, vi: 278.
• Ames, Winthrop, helps start Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.
• Amiens,
  • strategic importance, ii: 69;
  • German attacks on, unsuccessful, Apr., '18, ii: 152, 314, iii: 389;
  • British offensive, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281.
• Aminullah Khan, murders father and succeeds to throne of Afghanistan, vi: 81.
• Ammunition:
  • Bullets,
    • component parts, viii: 1;
    • steel-piercing, viii: 60-64;
    • Clay armor-piercing, description, viii: 60-63;
    • advantages of sharp-nosed, viii: 93;
    • types used in aerial fighting, viii: 211-214;
    • U. S. war output of rifle ammunition, [xii: 284].
  • Explosives,
    • function, viii: 1;
    • detonation compared with explosion, viii: 1;
    • explosive compound and explosive mixture compared, viii: 2;
    • black powder, viii: 2;
    • guncotton, viii: 2;
    • nitrogen necessary in, viii: 2;
    • driving power of gunpowder, viii: 2;
    • smokeless powder, viii: 4;
    • primers, viii: 6;
    • composition and properties of different kinds, viii: 6;
    • cordite, viii: 6;
    • trinitrotoluol (T.N.T.), viii: 6;
    • ballistic tests, viii: 7;
    • muzzle flash, viii: 7;
    • manufacture, xi: 282-284;
    • U. S. war production,
      • of smokeless powder, [xii: 285];
      • of high explosives, [xii: 285];
      • of T.N.T., [xii: 285].
  • Shells,
    • high explosive, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288;
    • non-ricochet, iv: 333;
    • star, iv: 334, viii: 77;
    • gas, U. S. production, v: 324;
    • kinds, viii: 8;
    • used by U. S. 3-in. field guns, viii: 23;
    • structure of "Big Bertha" shells, viii: 46;
    • illuminating shells and bombs, viii: 74;
    • rifle lights, viii: 75;
    • reason for rotating motion in flight, viii: 110;
    • forces determining path of flight, viii: 111-112;
    • computation of air resistance, viii: 113;
    • U. S. war production of artillery ammunition, [xii: 284];
    • shrapnel, see below.
  • Shrapnel, compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287;
    • invention, viii: 72;
    • description, viii: 72;
    • manufacture, viii: 72-74.
• Amputation, new method of, viii: 367.
• Anatolia,
  • area, [xii: 279];
  • population, [xii: 279].
• Anatolian Railway Co., gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292.
• Ancona,
  • Austria-Hungary promises reparation for sinking, i: 326, 384;
  • controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary over sinking, summary, i: 361;
  • torpedoed by Austrian U-boat, i: 382, iv: 223.
• Ancre sector, British offensive, ii: 212, iii: 64, 66.
• Anderson, Sgt. Johannes S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
• Andrassy, Count Julius,
  • member Hungarian Independence Party, vii: 311;
  • statement on Communist Government, vii: 328.
• Andrews, Brig.-Gen. Avery D., Chief of G-1, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.
• Anglo-French Loan, floated in U. S., [xii: 111].
• Annunzio, Gabriele D', see D'Annunzio.
• Anti-aircraft guns,
  • range, ii: 264;
  • effectiveness, v: 308.
• Anti-din compound, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
• Antilles,
  • U. S. transport torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, i: 392, iv: 337;
  • eye-witness account, iv: 337.
• Antioch, captured by British, Jan. 30, '18, i: 393.
• Antivari, surrender to Austrians, Jan. 20, '16, i: 384.
• Antwerp,
  • Belgian Government moves to, Aug. '17, '14, i: 375;
  • captured by Germans, Oct. 8, '14, i: 376, ii: 143, 168, iii: 15;
  • strategic value controlled by Dutch, vi: 375.
• Anzac Cove, landing place of British troops at Gallipoli, ii: 30, iii: 170.
• Anzacs, see Gallipoli Campaign.
• Apponyi, Count Albert,
  • advocates war, vi: 307;
  • leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.
• Aprémont,
  • location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199;
  • captured by 28th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.
• Arabia, revolt against Turkey, iii: 196, vi: 333.
• Arabia, British steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334.
• Arabic,
  • British steamer sunk by U-boat, Aug. 19, '15, i: 323, 381, iv: 223, xi: 20;
  • loss of life in sinking, i: 323;
  • controversy between U. S. and Germany on sinking, summary, i: 361.
• Arabs, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.
• Arbitration,
  • Tribunal established by First Hague Conference, i: 94;
  • international treaties of, i: 103.
• Archangel,
  • Allies land forces at, Apr. 21, '18, i: 395;
  • limited value as port, iii: 161;
  • A. E. F. sent to fight Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187.
• Archangel, Mt., French attack Bulgars, Nov. 9—19, '15, iii: 204.
• Ardahan, Turks defeated by Russians at, Jan. 3—4, '15, i: 378.
• Ardennes,
  • strategic importance, ii: 6;
  • topography, ii: 87, v: 73;
  • French retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20.
• Arditi, description, ii: 240.
• Arethusa,
  • British cruiser sunk by mine, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384;
  • in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;
  • sinks German Blücher at Dogger Bank, iv: 247.
• Argentine,
  • German population of, i: 79;
  • ultimatum to Germany, Sept. 22, '17, i: 390;
  • neutrality, vi: 389;
  • soviet riots, '19, vi: 389.
• Arges River, Rumanian stand at, iii: 222.
• Argonne Forest,
  • military topography, v: 73, 217, 234;
  • battle of, see Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
• Ariadne,
  • German cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;
  • sunk, iv: 241.
• Arietal Farm, taken by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
• Ark Royal, mother-ship for British aircraft at Gallipoli, iv: 43.
• Armaments,
  • international movement for reduction, i: Intro. xi;
  • battleships, xi: 280-282.
• Armenia,
  • military operations in, iii: 260-263;
  • massacres in, by Turks, iii: 405, vi: 331;
  • early history, vi: 231;
  • fate under secret treaties of '16—'17, vi: 334;
  • independent government established. Aug., '18, [xii: 279];
  • area, [xii: 279];
  • population, [xii: 279].
• Armenian and Syrian Relief, American Committee for, vii: 92.
• Armentières,
  • occupied by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, ii: 75, iii: 359;
  • recaptured by British, Oct. 2, 18, i: 399, iii: 101.
• Armies, see under name of country.
• Armies of Occupation,
  • Allied, expense to be paid by Germany, [xii: 226];
  • conditions for withdrawal, [xii: 261].
• Armistice,
  • with Bulgaria, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, vi: 347;
  • with Germany, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399, iii: 402, iv: 142-144, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54;
  • false report in U. S., of signing, Nov. 7, i: 399, iii: 400;
  • terms extended, Dec. 11, '18, i: 399;
  • with Austria-Hungary, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400;
  • celebrations, iii: 402;
  • with Turkey, Oct. 31, '18, vi: 334.
• Armor, use in modern warfare, viii: 59, 69.
• Army Educational Commission, American Y. M. C. A., vii: 282.
• Army of Occupation, see U. S., Army.
• Army schools, U. S., see U. S., Army.
• Arnim, Gen. von,
  • commander 6th German Army Corps, iii: 14;
  • launches last attack on Ypres, iii: 360.
• Arras,
  • battle of, Apr., '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72;
  • Vimy Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 70;
  • British capture "Oppy Line," iii: 72;
  • German casualties, iii: 72;
  • results, iii: 72.
• Arras-Roye sector, British offensive, Mar., '17, iii: 68.
• Arsiero,
  • captured by Austrians, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238;
  • retaken by Italians, June 27, '16, i: 386.
• Artificial eyes, for war blind, viii: 391.
• Artificial limbs, for war cripples, viii: 384-390.
• Artillery:
  • Anti-aircraft, v: 308.
  • Bore,
    • explained, viii: 7, 111;
    • bore pressure in modern guns, viii: 7;
    • rifling, viii: 7, 111.
  • Durability, viii: 7, 26, xi: 280.
  • Field,
    • French 75-mm. gun, ii: 287;
    • German and Austrian, viii: 22;
    • structure and operation, viii: 22;
    • U. S. pre-War equipment, viii: 22-25;
    • U. S. 3-in. gun, viii: 23;
    • U. S. 2.95-in. mountain gun, viii: 24;
    • U. S. 4.7-in. gun, viii: 24;
    • development of light guns to accompany infantry, viii: 140;
    • French 37-mm. quick firers, viii: 140.
  • Heavy,
    • mobile German guns, ii: 287;
    • German superiority, ii: 288;
    • U. S. Naval Batteries on Western Front, iv: 323, viii: 42-45;
    • use in offensive, v: 304;
    • French 155-mm. G. P. F. gun, v: 308;
    • U. S. railway-mount guns, viii: 36-39;
    • U. S. caterpillar-mount guns, viii: 39;
    • long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274;
    • structure of shells hitting Paris, viii: 46;
    • super-range guns impractical, viii: 47;
    • U. S. 121-mile range super-gun, viii: 48-51;
    • British naval super-guns, viii: 53;
    • manufacture of big guns, viii: 54-58;
    • shell velocity of, viii: 314;
    • destructive power of 16-in. gun, viii: 336;
    • kinds used during War, xi: 274;
    • naval, xi: 280-282.
  • Howitzers,
    • Skoda, viii: 22, xi: 278;
    • U. S. pre-War types, viii: 24;
    • U. S. railway-mount types, viii, 38, 39;
    • French 520-mm. (21-in.) gun, viii: 51-53;
    • use against forts and trench systems, xi: 274.
  • Importance, Field Marshal Haig's report on, ii: 123-131.
  • Mortars,
    • limitations, viii: 30;
    • range of latest U. S. types, viii: 31;
    • German 11-in. siege mortars, viii: 34-36;
    • absence of rifling in bore, viii: 112;
    • device for rotating shell during flight, viii: 112;
    • functions, viii: 118;
    • Stokes mortar, viii: 141;
    • trench mortars captured by A. E. F., [xii: 288].
  • Range-finding,
    • muzzle velocity, viii: 7;
    • by sight, viii: 8-14;
    • telescopic range-finder, viii: 9;
    • problem of marksmanship, viii: 10-13;
    • use of aircraft in, viii: 13;
    • by sound, viii: 14-16;
    • use of photography in, viii: 14;
    • direct and indirect fire, viii: 28;
    • zones of fire, viii: 32;
    • altering range by change of projectile and powder charge, viii: 32;
    • air-resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113.
    • See also under each country.
• Artistic rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, [xii: 244-246].
• Artois,
  • Allied offensive in, '15, ii: 148, iii: 46;
  • battle of, May, '14, iii: 42.
• Asiago, Austrians reach, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238.
• Asir, Principate of, established, '18, [xii: 279].
• Askold, Russian cruiser at Gallipoli, iv: 41.
• Asquith, Herbert Henry,
  • responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200, 202, 204;
  • biography, ix: 30-35.
• Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, viii: 95.
• Astor, Mrs. Vincent, "Y" worker in Paris, vii: 267.
• Asturias, British hospital ship torpedoed, Mar. 20, '17, iv: 232.
• Athletics, for A. E. F., see Sports.
• Atkins, Tommy,
  • nickname for British soldier, origin of, vi: 230;
  • fighting qualities, xi: 181-189.
• Atrocities,
  • German, summary of crimes, i: 400;
  • Ludendorff's explanation, ii: 346;
  • burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277;
  • in Marne district, iii: 297-300;
  • at Senlis, iii: 334-337;
  • in Belgium, vi: 84;
  • destruction of Rheims Cathedral, vi: 97.
• Aubers Ridge, battle of, iii: 42.
• Audacious, British battleship sunk by U-boat, Oct. 27, '14, i: 376.
• Audenarde, taken by 91st Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 279.
• Auffenberg, Gen. von, commands Austrian army invading Poland, iii: 118.
• Augustovo, battle of, German defeat at, iii: 118.
• Australia,
  • war casualties, iii: 404, 405;
  • army strength, iii: 405;
  • naval strength, iv: 58;
  • history prior to '14, vi: 37;
  • area and population, vi: 37;
  • pro-War platform of Liberal Party, vi: 39;
  • recruiting opposed by Socialists, vi: 40;
  • conscription opposed by Labor Party, vii: 41, 42;
  • conscription defeated by referendum, Oct., '16, vi: 41;
  • labor unrest, '16, vi: 42;
  • Labor Party split on conscription, vi: 42;
  • coalition government formed, Feb., '17, vi: 42;
  • "Commonwealth War Government" takes office, Feb., '17, vi: 42;
  • Australian Workers' Union, similar to American Federation of Labor, vi: 45;
  • "One Big Union" movement, vi: 45;
  • labor vote defeats conscription referendum second time, '17, vi: 45;
  • war legislation by Nationalists, vi: 45;
  • soviet government favored by labor, vi: 46;
  • war cost, Aug., '14—Mar., '19, [xii: 107];
  • rise in public debt, [xii: 114];
  • Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 179].
• Austria,
  • Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318;
  • Germany acknowledges independence of, '19, [xii: 197];
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Austria-Hungary:
  • Army,
    • German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;
    • pre-War organization, iii: 7, 105;
    • requirements reduced, '15, vi: 311;
    • for military operations, see name of campaign.
  • Blockade of, vi: 253;
    • food shortage due to, vi: 312.
  • Casualties,
    • total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;
    • battle deaths, v: 363;
    • Aug., '14—Aug., '15, vi: 311;
    • money equivalent of manpower lost, [xii: 25].
  • Coal, production, '13—'17, [xii: 48].
  • Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, Intro. x.
  • Declarations of war,
    • ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4;
    • on Serbia, July 28, '14, 1: 115, 375;
    • reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243;
    • on Russia, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;
    • by Great Britain, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375;
    • on Belgium, Aug. 28, '14, 1: 375;
    • by Rumania, Aug. 27, '16, 1: 386;
    • diplomatic relations broken with U. S., Apr. 8, '17, i: 389;
    • by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390;
    • by U. S., Dec. 7, '17, i: 393.
  • Food shortage, vi: 312, 314, 317, 321;
    • forces demand for peace, vi: 314, 317;
    • cause of revolt, Apr., '19, vi: 321.
  • Foreign policy,
    • German foreknowledge of ultimatum to Serbia, i: 8, 133-136, 252;
    • not a colonizing nation, i: 37;
    • Austro-Prussian War, 1866, i: 41;
    • world position in 1871, i: 47;
    • gets control of Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 50;
    • subservience to Germany, i: 79, 133;
    • joins Triple Alliance, i: 95;
    • annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 109;
    • ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4;
    • during last days before War, i: 126;
    • unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208;
    • reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243;
    • antagonism to Russia, vi: 306;
    • antagonism to Italy, vi: 308;
    • ambition to incorporate Jugoslavs in Empire, vi: 355;
    • opposition to Serbian aspirations, vi: 356;
    • anti-Slav policy, vi: 360;
    • suppression of Czechoslovak nationalism, vi: 396.
  • Internal conditions,
    • race rivalries, i: 21, ii: 63, vi: 306;
    • loyalty of German elements, vi: 307;
    • revolution suppressed, '14, vi: 308;
    • effect of Italian declaration of war, vi: 309;
    • parliamentary disturbances, '15—'16, vi: 311;
    • labor troubles, vi: 311, 314;
    • revolution threatened, '16, vi: 313;
    • revolution breaks out, '18, vi: 317;
    • Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318;
    • Bolshevism, vi: 319.
  • National anthem, xi: 332.
  • Navy,
    • development, iv: 364;
    • surrender to Jugoslavs, vi: 364;
    • Monarch sunk, x: 290;
    • Wien sunk, x: 290;
    • Viribus Unitis sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, x: 297-303.
  • Peace negotiations,
    • proposal to U. S. through Swedish minister, Sept. 16, '18, i: 397;
    • appeal to U. S., Oct. 7, '18, i: 399;
    • asks U. S. for armistice, Oct. 27—29, '18, i: 399;
    • Emperor Charles' secret peace offer, '17, ii: 63, vi: 315;
    • asks Italy for armistice, ii: 252;
    • armistice signed, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400, vi: 271, xi: 52;
    • Peace Treaty terms, vi: 321;
    • armistice terms, vi: 364.
  • Population,
    • in 1860, i: 40;
    • German, i: 79, vi: 306;
    • Hungarian, i: 79;
    • Slav, i: 79.
  • Press,
    • Tageblatt demands war, '14, vi: 306;
    • attack on Italy, '15, vi: 310;
    • attitude on labor strikes, '18, vi: 314;
    • Arbeiter Zeitung preaches radicalism, vi: 315;
    • comment on peace terms, vi: 322.
  • Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
  • War cost,
    • money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
    • value of property loss, [xii: 26];
    • average daily war cost, [xii: 106];
    • total war cost, July, '14—Oct., '19, [xii: 107];
    • rise in national debt, [xii: 114].
• Authe, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
• Autocracy, destruction of, by War, i: Intro. x.
• Autrecourt, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.
• Averescu, Gen., Rumanian commander in Wallachia, iii: 222.
• Aviators, see Aeronautics.
• Avlona, occupied by Italy, Dec., '14, vi: 120.
• Avocourt Woods,
  • French retire from, Mar. 21, '16, i: 384;
  • scene of fierce battle at Verdun, iii: 51.
• Ayesha, S. S.,
  • Emden's landing party escapes from Keeling Island in, iv: 186, 191;
  • abandoned, iv: 192.
• Aylmer, Gen., commands British force sent to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 184.
• Ayres, Col. Leonard P., extracts from The War with Germany—a Statistical Summary, by, [xii: 280-289].

• [B]
• Babtie, Surg.-Gen. responsibility for lack of medical service in Mesopotamia, iii: 367.
• "Babushka," pet name of Catherine Breshkovsky, q.v., ix: 348.
• Baccarat sector,
  • assigned to A. E. F., v: 11;
  • training area for 42nd Div., v: 118.
• Bacteriology, in disease prevention, vii: 253.
• Badonviller, German attack at, v: 21, 28.
• Bagdad,
  • captured by British, Mar. 11, '17, i: 389, ii: 92, iii: 187, xi: 29, 48;
  • description, iii: 332.
• Bagdad Railway,
  • German plan for connecting Berlin with Bagdad, i: 80;
  • Anglo-German agreement for joint control, '14, i: 200, ii: 13, 295;
  • menaced by Serbia, ii: 33;
  • "largest single factor in bringing on the War," ii: 290;
  • beginnings, 1871, ii: 291;
  • Anatolian Railway Co. gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292;
  • Germans get concession to build road from Haidar Pasha to Angora, 1888, ii: 292;
  • British oppose German concessions, ii: 292;
  • German Emperor visits Sultan, 1898, ii: 292;
  • La Société Impériale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad, terms of concession to, ii: 292;
  • Germans get privilege to extend line to Bagdad, ii: 292;
  • clash of European interests, ii: 292;
  • compromise of clashing interests, ii: 294;
  • sections finished, Aug., '14, ii: 294;
  • Pan-German policy, ii: 296;
  • internationalization, ii: 297;
  • cut by fall of Nish, Oct., '18, iii: 213;
  • opened, '15, vi: 258;
  • route, xi: 4.
• Bagley, Lieut.-Com. David W., commander of U. S. destroyer Jacob Jones, sunk by U-boat, iv: 346.
• Bailey, Maj.-Gen. Charles J., commands 81st Div., v: 197.
• Bailleul, captured by Germans, iii: 360.
• Bainsizza Plateau, Italian offensive, Aug., '17, ii: 58, iii: 240.
• Baker, Newton D.,
  • biography, ix: 323-326;
  • conference with Marshal Foch at Trois Fontaines, [xii: 285].
• Bakeries, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400.
• Bakhireff, Vice-Adm., commands Russians in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.
• Balance of Power, early wars for, i: 28.
• Balfour, Rt. Hon. Arthur James,
  • biography, ix: 40-44;
  • visits America, ix: 44.
• Balkan League, i: 204.
• Balkan Wars,
  • '12—'13, i: 109, 204;
  • unsatisfactory peace settlement, i: 110;
  • Sir Edward Grey's efforts to prevent general European war, i: 198;
  • London Ambassadorial Conference, i: 204;
  • London Peace Conference, i: 204;
  • war between Bulgaria and rest of Balkan Allies, i: 206;
  • Rumanian intervention, i: 206;
  • peace terms, i: 206;
  • German incitement, i: 207, ii: 27.
• Balkans,
  • conflagration center of World War, i: 1, 89;
  • international position in '14, i: 62;
  • area, i: 90, 92;
  • independent states in, i: 92;
  • population in '14, i: 92;
  • racial mixtures, i: 92;
  • policy of Great Powers, i: 92, 114;
  • German dynasties in, i: 96;
  • German designs on, ii: 27;
  • civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405.
• Ball, Capt., air duel with Capt. Immelmann, x: 209-211, xi: 228.
• Ballin, Herr, head of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264.
• Ballistics, computation of air resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113.
• Balloons, see Aeronautics.
• Ballou, Maj.-Gen. Charles C., commander 92nd Div., v: 145.
• Baltic Provinces,
  • early history, vi: 226;
  • Russian duplicity in, vi: 226;
  • under domination of German landlords, vi: 226;
  • revolt, '05, vi: 227;
  • form Lettish Legion, vi: 227;
  • Bolshevik propaganda in, vi: 228;
  • overrun by Germans, vi: 230;
  • ask recognition by Peace Conference, vi: 238.
• Baltimore, U. S. cruiser used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.
• Bamberg, seat of Bavarian Government during Spartacide revolution, Mar.—May, '19, vi: 300.
• Bamford, Brig.-Gen.,
  • commander 1st Div., v: 250;
  • of 26th Div., v: 252.
• Banitza, occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 19, '16, iii: 208.
• Banking Indicator, on airplanes, viii: 221.
• Bantheville, captured by 90th Div., Oct. 22, '18, v: 252.
• Bapaume,
  • taken by British, Aug. 28,'18, i: 397, ii: 157;
  • British objective in Somme battle, iii: 55;
  • captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.
• Bar-sur-Aube, rest area for 26th Div., v: 118.
• Barbed wire,
  • French use in trench defense, v: 13;
  • impenetrable cloth as protection against, viii: 68;
  • value as defensive barrier, viii: 136, 152;
  • French devices for destruction of, viii: 152-155;
  • Breton-Prepot cutter, viii: 152;
  • Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo for destruction of, viii: 154.
• Barger, Pvt. Charles D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
• Barkeley, Pvt. David B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
• Barkley, Pvt. John L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390.
• Barracks,
  • Adrian type, v: 8;
  • constructed in France by A. E. F., v: 332, 400.
• Barrage, North Sea,
  • Allied mine, iv: Intro. xi, 324-330, viii: 274;
  • artillery, viii: 136-140, x: 162.
• Barrett, Sir Arthur, commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 180.
• Barricourt Wood,
  • taken by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262;
  • heights captured by Fifth Corps, v: 391.
• Barrow, Sir Edmund, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.
• Bart, Pvt. Frank J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.
• Barth, Brig.-Gen. Charles H., commander 81st Div., v: 197.
• Bartlett, Brig.-Gen., commander, Expeditionary Brigade, Coast Artillery Corps, v: 305.
• Barton, Clara, mother of American Red Cross, vii: 12.
• Baruch, Bernard M.,
  • Chairman, U. S. War Industries Board, [xii: 72];
  • member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116].
• Base hospitals, see
  • Hospitals;
  • Red Cross.
• Bases, German, in France, ii: 86.
• Basra,
  • occupied by British Nov. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 180;
  • British base for Mesopotamian expedition, ii: 91, iii: 330.
• Battalion of Death, Russian women's, x: 183-185, xi: 205.
• Battles:
  • Aisne,
    • Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36;
    • Apr.—Nov., '17, iii: 73-76;
    • May 27—June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, 129-135.
  • Allenstein, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375.
  • Amiens, ii: 152, 281, 314, iii: 389.
  • Ardahan, Jan. 3—4, '15, i: 378.
  • Argonne, see Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
  • Arras, Apr. 9, '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72.
  • Artois, May 9, '14, iii: 42.
  • Augustovo, iii: 118.
  • "Battle of France," Sept.—Nov., '18, iii: 100-103.
  • Belleau Wood, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 192, 382, xi: 43.
  • Cambrai,
    • Nov., '17, i: 392, 393, ii: 280, iii: 80-82, 337-340, viii: 142, 156;
    • Sept.—Oct., '18, ii: 281, iii: 101, v: 213, xi: 52.
  • Cantigny,
    • May 28, '18, i: 395;
    • '18, iii: 94, v: 31-34, 122, 124-128, 141, 380.
  • Champagne,
    • Sept., '15, i: 382, ii: 25, iii: 46;
    • July 15—17, '18, v: 47, 129, 148-158.
  • Château-Thierry,
    • May 31—June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43.
  • Chemin des Dames, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132.
  • Coronel, '14, i: 376, iv: 64-68, ix: 308.
  • Ctesiphon, iii: 182, 367, 384.
  • Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253.
  • Falkland Islands, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308.
  • Flanders,
    • June—July, '17, ii: 56, 343, iii: 38, 40, viii: 299;
    • see also Yser.
  • Heligoland Bight, i: 375, iv: 240-243, [xii: 205].
  • Isonzo, see Italian Front.
  • Jadar, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152.
  • Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99-136, 144-156, 256, 258, xi: 29.
  • Kars, '15, iii: 260.
  • Kut-el-Amara, i: 382, 385, 389, iii: 181-183, 318-320, 364, xi: 29.
  • Le Cateau, '14, ii: 162, 174, 176-182, iii: 23.
  • Liége, i: 143, 375, ii: 348, iii: 10, xi: 9.
  • Lys, iii: 91.
  • Marne,
    • Sept., '14, i: 375, ii: 9, 82, 103, 138, 140-142, 182-184, 220, 227, 258, iii: 30-34, xi: 12;
    • July—Aug., '18, ii: 77, 154, 322-324, 326, iii: 95, v: 47-61, 129, 148-183, 382, viii: 148, x: 381-387.
  • Mazurian Lakes, i: 378, iii: 113-116, 130.
  • Messines Ridge, i: 395, ii: 56, iii: 74, 76, 77, 360.
  • Mons-Charleroi, Aug. 21—23, '14, i: 375, ii: 162, iii: 277-281, xi: 10.
  • Neuve Chapelle, Mar., '15, iii: 41, 375.
  • Passchendaele Ridge, i: 392, 395, ii: 56, iii: 79, 360, v: 377.
  • Passenheim, Aug., '14, iii: 116.
  • Ravaruska, Sept. 4—10, '14, iii: 122.
  • Riga, Oct. 18, '17, i: 392.
  • St. Mihiel,
    • Sept. 20, '14, iii: 37;
    • Sept. 12, '18, ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, 309, 384-386, xi: 46.
  • San, May 15—17, '15, i: 380, iii: 136.
  • Sarre, Aug., '14, iii: 18.
  • Somme,
    • July, '16, i: 386, ii: 44-47, 126, 148, iii: 55-68, 314;
    • Mar., '18, iii: 86-90, xi: 24;
    • Aug., '18, ii: 331, xi: 46.
  • Tannenberg, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, ii: 24, 228, 353, iii: 112-116.
  • Vaux, i: 385, ii: 189, iii: 52, 54, 62, 306, 313, 327-329;
    • see also Verdun.
  • Verdun, i: 268, 376, 384, 388, 390, ii: 36-39, 47, 67, 186-189, iii: 46-55, 61, 62, 79, 302-315, 327-329, viii: 289-291, xi: 22.
  • Vimy Ridge, i: 46, 47, 70, iii: 343-349.
  • Ypres,
    • Nov., '14, i: 376, ii: 144, 170, iii: 41;
    • Apr., '15, ii: 170, 222, iii: 42, 320;
    • July—Sept., '17, ii: 128;
    • Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 359-363.
  • Yser,
    • Oct., 14, i: 376, ii: 220, iii: 40;
    • July, '17, iii: 77.
  • See also under name of engagement.
• Bauer, Herr Gustav, chosen head of German cabinet, June, '19, vi: 304.
• Bauer, Otto,
  • leader of Austrian Maximalists, vi: 314;
  • activities, '18, vi: 318;
  • becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs, '19, vi: 319.
• Baulny, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 227.
• Bavaria,
  • socialist republic proclaimed, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280;
  • revolt against Kurt Eisner, Feb., '19, vi: 298;
  • soviet republic proclaimed, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300;
  • Revolutionary Tribunals in control of Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300;
  • Peasants' Union declares food blockade against Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300.
• Bavarian Digging Song, xi: 339.
• Bayonet fighting, use in modern warfare, viii: 105-110.
• Bayonville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
• Beatty, Adm. Sir David,
  • at battle of Jutland, iv: 99;
  • British commander at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240;
  • at battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246;
  • arranges for surrender of German fleet, iv: 383;
  • biography, ix: 283-287.
• Beauclaire, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.
• Beaucourt,
  • captured by British, Nov. 14, '16, i: 388;
  • British gain control of valley, Jan., '17, iii: 64.
• Beaufort, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
• Beaulencourt-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar., '17, iii: 64.
• Beaumont,
  • taken by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48;
  • Germans driven from, by British, iii: 64;
  • captured by 2nd and 80th Divs., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266.
• Beaune, A. E. F. University at, v: 106, vii: 282.
• Beauquesne, training area for 27th Div., v: 290.
• Bebel, Herr, personal sketch, vi: Intro. ix.
• Bedouins, join Turks invading Egypt, iii: 190.
• Beersheba, captured by British, Oct. 31, '17, iii: 194.
• Beirut, taken by French, Oct. 10, '18, iii: 199.
• Beit Lekia, taken by British Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.
• Bela Kun, Hungarian Bolshevik leader, activities, vi: 324-326.
• Belfort,
  • defenses of, iii: 2, v: 215;
  • bombarded by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 48.
• Belgian Relief, see Belgium; War Relief.
• Belgian Prince, S. S., sunk by U-boat, July 31, '17, iv: 232.
• Belgium, 1918, poem by Sheril Schell, xi: 84.
• Belgium:
  • Army,
    • increase in, '09—'12, i: 144;
    • dependence on Germany for munition supply, i: 234;
    • German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;
    • escapes from Antwerp, Oct. 9, '14, ii: 143;
    • pre-War organization, iii: 4;
    • mobilized, June 28, '14, iii: 378;
    • strength of air service at end of War, viii: 202;
    • for military operations, see under name of campaign.
  • Casualties,
    • total in War, iii: 404;
    • money equivalent of manpower lost, [xii: 25];
    • battle deaths, [xii: 289].
  • Coal production '13—'15, [xii: 48].
  • Food, see Relief, below.
  • Neutrality,
    • guaranteed by European Powers, 1831, 1839, i: 141, 229;
    • British policy, history of, i: 141, 222, 224;
    • defense arrangement with British, '06, i: 143;
    • German violation, Aug. 4, '14, i: 144, 223, ii: 8, iii: 8-16, 380, xi: 4;
    • Bethmann-Hollweg's "Scrap of paper" statement, i: 146;
    • France pledges to respect, Aug., '14, i: 223, iii: 380;
    • King Albert appeals to England, i: 223;
    • violation menace to Great Britain, i: 224;
    • Sir Edward Grey urges British intervention, Aug. 3, '14, i: 224;
    • German ultimatum, Aug. 2, '14, i: 227, iii: 380;
    • German reasons for violation, i: 229, 231, xi: 9;
    • Bismarck's pledge of guarantee, i: 229;
    • German admission of injustice of violation, i: 230;
    • German ultimatum rejected, i: 230. iii: 378-381;
    • German charge of secret Anglo-Belgian agreement, i: 231;
    • British offer of help, i: 232;
    • appeal to England, Aug. 4, '14, i: 233;
    • German charge of unneutral conduct denied, i: 234;
    • evidences of trust in German good faith, i: 234;
    • Lloyd George denounces violation, i: 236;
    • German disregard of, in planning campaign against France, ii: 4;
    • military topography of German border, ii: 6;
    • French consider German invasion improbable, ii: 8;
    • effect of invasion on result of War, ii: 206;
    • Ludendorff's justification of violation, ii: 346;
    • composition of invading forces, iii: 10;
    • French defenders retire, Aug., '14, iii: 20;
    • invasion creates national unity, vi: 84;
    • Bryce Report on atrocities, vi: 84;
    • deportation of civilian population, vi: 84;
    • for invasion and military operations, see name of engagement.
  • Peace Conference, delegates, [xii: 180].
  • Peace Treaty,
    • claims against Holland, vi: 89;
    • acquires Moresnet, [xii: 188];
    • acquires Eupen, [xii: 188];
    • acquires Malmédy, [xii: 188];
    • reparation by Germany, [xii: 218].
  • Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
  • Relief, Commission for,
    • in Belgium, vii: 116-144;
    • famine conditions, vii: 117;
    • early relief organization, vii: 118;
    • Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 119, 124, 136;
    • Comité Nationale Belge, de Secours et d'Alimentation, vii: 120;
    • overcoming blockade difficulties, vii: 120-127;
    • care of children, vii: 134;
    • American contributions, vii: 139-144;
    • dependence on imports for existence, [xii: 136].
  • Royal family, ix: 388, xi: 143-145.
  • War cost,
    • debt to U.S., [xii: 18];
    • money equivalent of manpower lost, [xii: 25];
    • value of property loss, [xii: 26];
    • war cost, Aug., '14—Oct., '18, [xii: 107];
    • rise in national debt, [xii: 114].
• Belgrade,
  • captured by Austrians, Dec. 2, '14, i: 376, vi: 357;
  • recaptured by Serbians, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 155, 394, 397;
  • retaken by Austrians, Oct. 6—8, '15, i: 382, vi: 357.
• Belikamen, Serbs rout Austrians at, ii: 32.
• Bell, Maj.-Gen. George, Jr.,
  • commander 33rd Div., v: 144;
  • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.
• Belleau Wood, battle of,
  • June, '18, 2nd Div. at, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 382, xi: 43;
  • strategic importance, v: 138;
  • renamed "Bois de la Brigade Marine," v: 139;
  • Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192.
• Bellicourt, position on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.
• Below, Gen. Otto von, commands 17th German Army, ii: 149.
• Benedict XV, Pope,
  • makes peace plea, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390;
  • offer accepted by Germany, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390;
  • biography, ix: 405.
• Benes, Edward,
  • seeks Allied aid for Bohemia, vi: 397;
  • member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.
• Benet-Mercier machine gun, description, viii: 80.
• Benson, Admiral William S., biography, ix: 296-298.
• Bentinck, Count, Kaiser's host after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 278.
• Berat, occupied by Italians, July 11, '18, i: 397.
• Berbers, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.
• Berchtold, Count A. J. S. J. K., biography, ix: 143.
• Berehaven, Ireland, U. S. naval base, iv: 356.
• Bergson, Henri, French philosopher, on German doctrine of force, i: 152.
• Berlin,
  • revolution, Nov., '18, vi: 273-276, 284;
  • Spartacide uprising, Jan., '19, vi: 287;
  • Spartacides suppressed by Ebert, vi: 289;
  • second Spartacide revolution, Mar., '19, vi: 299.
• Berlin-Bagdad Railroad, see Bagdad Railway.
• Berlin Conference, '85, divides Africa into "spheres of influence," i: 96.
• Berlin, Congress of, 1878,
  • Russian ambitions in Near East checked, i: 48, 93;
  • terms of settlement at, i: 93;
  • defects of settlement, i: 93.
• Bernhardi, Gen. Friedrich von,
  • expounds German Kultur in Germany and the Next War, i: 67;
  • on desirability of a European war, i: 131;
  • striking quotations from, i: 179.
• Bernstein, Herr, German Socialist leader, opposes war, vi: Intro. xii.
• Bernstorff, Count Johann von,
  • activities as head of German spy system in U. S., i: 8, x: 326;
  • biography, ix: 133.
• Berny, taken by French, Sept. 17, '16, i: 388.
• Bersaglieri, description, ii: 240.
• Berthelot, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, '18, ii: 214.
• Berzy-le-Sec, captured by 1st Div., July 21, '18, v: 55, 179, 383.
• Bessarabia, Russian offensive in,
  • starts, Dec. 24, '15, i: 382;
  • invaded by Bolsheviki, vi: 350.
• Béthincourt, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, i: 384.
• Bethmann-Hollweg, Dr. Theobold von,
  • German Chancellor, justification of Germany, i: 117;
  • "scrap of paper" statement on Belgian neutrality, i: 146;
  • statement of reasons for unrestricted submarine warfare, i: 344;
  • proposes compromise peace, '17, vi: 262;
  • resigns as Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266;
  • biography, ix: 121-126;
  • admission of German guilt, ix: 121;
  • opposition to ruthless warfare, ix: 126.
• "Big Bertha," German long-range gun, bombards Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274.
• Birdwood, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William, personality, iii: 375.
• Births, decrease due to War, statistics, iii: 406.
• Bishop, Col. Wm. A., British ace, story of, x: 215-221, xi: 229.
• Bismarck, Prince Otto von,
  • builder of German Empire, i: 41;
  • Near East policy, i: 48;
  • forced to resign Chancellorship, 1890, i: 73, 97, ix: 359;
  • forms Triple Alliance, i: 95;
  • colonial policy, i: 97;
  • representative of Junker class, i: 258;
  • plan for universal empire, ii: 2;
  • publishes von Moltke's views on German strategy, ii: 14.
• Bismarck, Major von, German military attaché in Switzerland, vi: 380.
• Bissell, Lieut., commands detachment defending bridge at Château-Thierry, May 31, '18, v: 134.
• Bissolati, Signor,
  • Italian political leader, advocates Jugoslav conciliation, vi: 362;
  • against policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366.
• Bistritz, taken by Rumanians, Sept. 4, '16, iii: 218.
• Bitlis,
  • captured by Russians, Mar. 2, '16, iii: 263;
  • evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386;
  • recaptured by Russians, Aug. 26, '16, i: 386.
• Bitur, taken by British, Nov., '17, iii: 194.
• "Black Cobra Bill," nickname of "Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of India," vi: 78.
• Black Prince, British warship lost at battle of Jutland, iv: 121.
• Black Sea,
  • Russia gains freedom of action in, 1871, i: 47;
  • Turkish bombardment of ports, Oct. 28, '14, i: 376.
• Blackwell, Pvt. Robert L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
• Blanc Mont, captured by French and Americans, Oct. 5, '18, v: 241, 255, 257.
• Blankets, for U. S. Army, v: 358.
• Bligny, German repulse at, July 15, '18, v: 51.
• "Blimps," U. S., scout dirigibles, viii: 245, 255.
• Blind,
  • Committee for Men Blinded in Battle, activities, vii: 99;
  • Permanent Relief War Fund, activities, vii: 255-259;
  • Red Cross Institute for, vii: 259;
  • number blinded in War, vii: 260.
• Blinkers, use of, in action, v: 319.
• Bliss, Gen. Tasker H., U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84.
• Blockade,
  • of Allies by Germany, see Submarine Warfare;
  • of Germany by Allies, see Germany, Blockade of.
• Blücher, German cruiser sunk at Dogger Bank, eye-witness account, iv: 247.
• Blue and Gray (29th) Division, see U. S., Army.
• Blue Ridge (80th) Division, see U. S., Army.
• Bobo, Capt. Stephen N., story of his band of "rough-neck" weaklings, x: 49.
• Boehm-Ermolli, Gen., commands Austrians relieving Przemysl, iii: 132.
• Boers,
  • rebel against British, '14, vi: 49;
  • Gen. Hertzog leader of rebellion, vi: 49;
  • aid Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, vi: 50;
  • see also South Africa, Union of.
• Bohemia,
  • Diet suppressed by Austria-Hungary, '15, vi: 311;
  • early history, vi: 396;
  • oppression by Austria-Hungary, vi: 396;
  • press comment on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396;
  • formation of army, '17, vi: 398;
  • National Council, vi: 399;
  • see also Czechoslovakia.
• Boirault tank, viii, 153.
• Boiselles, taken by French, Jan. 17—18, '15, i: 378.
• Bolivia,
  • severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389;
  • Peace Conference, delegate to, [xii: 180].
• Bolo Pasha, French traitor, pro-German plots, vi: 105, x: 340-344.
• Bolshevism,
  • fallacy of, i: Intro. xi.;
  • doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33;
  • as product of high cost of living, Intro. xiii;
  • in:
    • Australia, revolutionary spirit among labor, vi: 45.
    • Austria, rise and overthrow, '19, vi: 319.
    • Bulgaria, outbreak in, vi: 346.
    • Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevik feeling, vi: 400.
    • Finland,
      • provisional government established, Nov., '17, vi: 198;
      • suppressed by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200.
    • Germany, see Spartacides.
    • Hungary,
      • riots, Jan.—Feb., '19, vi: 324;
      • success, Mar., '19, vi: 325.
    • India, propaganda stirs unrest, vi: 77.
    • Poland, spread in, vi: 223.
    • Russia,
      • peace of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, Mar. 3, '18, ii: 272, VI: 183;
      • propaganda among German troops, '18, ii: 322;
      • Russian troops incited to desert and revolt, iii: 269, vi: 155, 164;
      • doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33;
      • navy demoralized, vi: 155, 164;
      • Kornilov rebellion defeated, vi: 169;
      • movement against Kerensky spreads, Oct., '17, vi: 173;
      • arguments used to win populace, vi: 175;
      • Bolsheviki call on Soviets to seize government, Nov. 2, '17, vi: 175;
      • increasing power of movement, Oct., '17, vi: 177;
      • overthrow Kerensky and seize government, vi: 177-183;
      • Lenin announces platform, Nov. 8, '17, vi: 179;
      • dictatorship of proletariat, vi: 181;
      • Bolshevik land program, vi: 181;
      • opposition of middle class functionaries, vi: 181;
      • Russian secret treaties made public, vi: 183;
      • Constituent Assembly dissolved, Jan. 18, vi: 185;
      • Red Army raised, vi: 185;
      • reign of terror, vi: 187;
      • state of war declared with Entente, vi: 187;
      • Princes' Island Conference proposed by Peace Conference, vi: 188;
      • Finland used as base of operations. '15, vi: 198;
      • progress in Letvia, vi: 228;
      • financing German Spartacides, vi: 281;
      • connection with Maximalists, vi: 314;
      • Lenin's defense of tyrannical methods, ix: 115;
      • currency inflation, [xii: Intro. xiii].
    • Siberia, opposition in, vi: 189.
• Bombs:
  • Aerial, viii: 221-225.
  • Depth,
    • evolution of, iv: 307;
    • for combating U-boats, iv: 317;
    • development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330;
    • launching mechanism, iv: 331;
    • invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332;
    • description, viii: 281, xi: 239.
  • Illuminating, drop bombs, viii: 76.
• Bona, bombarded by Breslau, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14.
• Bone, Fl.-Com. R. J., battle with German planes invading England, x: 237.
• Bonnet Rouge, traitorous French newspaper, vi: 105.
• Books, demand for, in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282.
• Bordeaux,
  • French government moves to, Sept. 3, '14, i: 375;
  • embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.
• Borden, Sir Robert,
  • Premier of Canada, vi: 24;
  • urges increase of Foreign Service Army, Jan., '16, vi: 27.
• "Bore" of gun, defined, viii: 111.
• Boris, Czar of Bulgaria, succeeds to throne following abdication of Ferdinand, '18, vi: 347.
• Boselli, Signor, forms coalition Italian cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127.
• Bosnia-Herzegovina,
  • annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356;
  • devastated, '18, vi: 363.
• Bosphorus, bombarded by Russian warships, Mar. 28, '15, i: 378.
• Botchkareva (Butchkareff), Ensign Vera, commander of Battalion of Death, x: 183-185, xi: 205.
• Botha, Gen. Louis,
  • commander of British South African troops, iii: 253;
  • policy as Prime Minister of Union of South Africa, vi: 47;
  • biography, ix: 191-193.
• Bott, Capt. Alan, British ace, experiences as Turkish prisoner, x: 235-237.
• Bourassa, Henri,
  • Canadian Nationalist leader, vi: 30;
  • opposition to Canadian participation in War, vi: 30.
• Bouresches, objective in Belleau Wood action, v: 37, 133, 137.
• Bourgeois, Leon, advocate of League of Nations, [xii: 155].
• Bourmont, training area for 2nd Div., v: 6.
• Bouvet,
  • French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
  • sunk by mine, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 47, 375.
• Bovington, U. S. Tank School at, v: 314.
• Boy-Ed, Capt. Karl, German Naval Attaché in U. S.,
  • dismissed, i: 276;
  • share in passport frauds, i: 315;
  • German arch-spy in U. S., x: 329.
• Boy Scouts, war-time activities,
  • British, xi: 94;
  • Belgian, xi: 98;
  • French, xi: 98;
  • American, xi: 100-116.
• Boycott, anti-German, Allied proposals for, [xii: 102].
• Boyemia River, French withdraw to, in Salonika Campaign, iii: 204.
• Boyle, Lieut.-Com. E. C., commander of British submarine E-14, iv: 209.
• Boyon Wood, taken by 18th and 28th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
• Brabançonne, La, Belgian national hymn, xi: 327.
• Brabant, A. E. F. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.
• Bradley, Brig.-Gen. Alfred E., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 345.
• Brady, Father John J., heroic chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 100.
• Brandeville, occupied by 5th Div., Nov. 7, '18, v: 271.
• Brazil,
  • German population of, i: 79;
  • severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389;
  • declares war on Germany, Oct. 26, '17, i: 392, vi: 390;
  • Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 180].
• Bread, daily consumption by A. E. F., v: 330.
• Breguet bombing airplanes, viii: 224.
• Breheville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.
• Bremen, German cruiser sunk by British submarine, Dec. 18, '15, i: 382.
• Bremen, Spartacide uprising in, Feb., '19, vi: 294.
• Breshkovsky, Catherine,
  • leader of Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148;
  • prophecy on Russia, ix: 231;
  • biography, ix: 348.
• Breslau, German cruiser,
  • outwits Allied fleets and escapes to Bosphorus, Aug., '14, i: 375, iv: 13;
  • sunk, Jan. 20, '18, i: 393.
• Brest, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 396.
• Brest-Litovsk, captured by Germans, Aug. 25, '15, i: 381, iii: 138.
• Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, between Russia and Germany,
  • a dictated "German peace," ii: 63, vi: 183, vi: 268;
  • effect of Austro-Hungarian demands for peace on, vi: 314;
  • abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, '19, [xii: 205].
• Bretelle, definition of, v: 16.
• Breton, J. L., inventor of armored barbed-wire cutter, viii: 152.
• Briand, Aristide, forms French Cabinet, Oct., '15, vi: 100.
• Bridges,
  • pontoons, viii: 299;
  • portable steel, viii: 301.
• Brieulles-sur-Bar, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
• Brieuvilles-sur-Meuse, action in Meuse-Argonne battle at, Sept. 27, '18, v: 226.
• Briey, iron area coveted by Germans, ii: 6.
• Brilliant, British cruiser in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.
• Briquenay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91.
• Bristol, British warship in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70.
• Bristol airplanes, viii: 203.
• Britannia, British battleship torpedoed, Nov. 9, '18, i: 399.
• Britannic, British hospital ship sunk by mine, Nov. 21, '16, i: 389.
• British American War Relief Fund, vii: 99.
• Brody, captured by Russians, July 28, '16, i: 386, iii: 120, 145.
• Broke, British destroyer, night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.
• Browning, Vice-Adm. Sir Montague E., head of British delegation to U. S., iv: 157.
• Browning machine-guns,
  • description, viii: 84-87;
  • U. S. production figures, [xii: 284].
• Brunehilde position, location, v: 84.
• Brusiloff, Gen. Alexei Alexeievitch,
  • commands Russian invasion of Galicia, '16, ii: 42, 235, iii: 119;
  • biography, ix: 232-235.
• Brussels,
  • occupied by Germans, Aug. 20, '14, iii: 14;
  • German entry described by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 271-273.
• Brussels, Capt. Fryatt's ship, x: 265.
• Bryan, William Jennings,
  • policy on German submarine warfare, i: 321;
  • resigns as Secretary of State, i: 321.
• Buchan, John, description of Mons retreat, iii: 277-281.
• Bucharest, captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222.
• Bucharest, Treaty of,
  • between Rumania and Central Powers, May 6, '18, i: 395, vi: 352;
  • Bulgarian attitude on, vi: 339.
• Buck, Maj.-Gen. Beaumont B.,
  • cited for gallantry at Berzy-le-Sec, v: 180;
  • promoted to major-general, v: 182;
  • commands 3rd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
• Buckeye (37th) Division, see U. S., Army.
• Budapest, Bolshevik riots in, '18—'19, vi:323.
• Buenz, Dr. Karl, German secret agent in U. S., x: 331.
• Buffaloes (92nd Division), see U. S., Army.
• Bukovina, occupied by Russians, iii: 122.
• Bulair Lines, Gallipoli defenses, iv: 24.
• Bulgaria,
  • German ruler of, i: 96;
  • defeat and surrender to Allies, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, ii: 94, 96, 216, iii: 213, vi: 347, xi: 48;
  • key to Balkan situation, ii: 28;
  • tool of Germany, ii: 28;
  • enmity for Serbia, ii: 32;
  • reasons for siding with Germany, ii: 32;
  • enters War, Oct. 14, '15, ii: 33, vi: 343;
  • Ludendorff's reasons for collapse of, ii: 329;
  • mobilizes against Serbia, iii: 156, vi: 342;
  • invades Rumania, Sept. 2, '16, iii: 218;
  • prisoners of war, iii: 404;
  • casualties, iii: 404, [xii: 289];
  • effect of surrender on German morale, vi: 270;
  • racial characteristics, vi: 338;
  • desire for Balkan supremacy, vi: 339;
  • geographical position, vi: 341;
  • attitude toward Allies, vi: 341;
  • proclaims neutrality, '14, vi: 341;
  • terms for entering War, vi: 341;
  • antagonism toward Russia, vi: 342;
  • Agrarian Party against War, vi: 343;
  • result of Teutonic alliance, vi: 344;
  • cession of Demotika to, by Turkey, vi: 344;
  • friction with Germany, vi: 344;
  • attitude toward Russian Revolution, vi: 344;
  • dispute with Turkey, '18, vi: 345;
  • Bolshevism in, vi: 346;
  • terms of armistice with Allies, vi: 347;
  • money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
  • war cost, Oct., '15—Oct., '19, [xii: 107];
  • rise in national debt, [xii: 114];
  • for military operations, see name of campaign.
• Bullard, Lieut.-Gen. Robert Lee,
  • in command of Third Army Corps, A. E. F., Aug., '18, v: 62,167, 189, 383;
  • of Second Army, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 390;
  • of Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115;
  • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219, 388;
  • biography, ix: 218-221.
• Bullets, see Ammunition.
• Bülow, Gen. von,
  • commands German army in first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 10;
  • on Italian Front, iii: 247.
• Bülow, Prince Bernhard von, biography, ix: 128-131.
• Bulson, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.
• Bulwark, British battleship blows up, Nov. 26, '14, i: 376.
• Bundesrat, German, composition and powers, i: 71, 156.
• Bundy, Maj.-Gen. Omar,
  • commander, 2nd Div., v: 109, 132;
  • biography, ix: 223-226.
• Burat, captured by Bulgars, Jan. 23, '16, i: 384.
• Burdick, "Ma," Salvation Army mother in France, vii: 384.
• Bures, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.
• Buresk, S. S., Emden's collier, iv: 188.
• Burney, Vice-Adm. Sir Cecil, commands British Channel Fleet, iv: 89.
• Burnham, Gen., commands 82nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
• Burns, use of ambrine in treatment of, viii: 390.
• Bushnell, David, Revolutionary War inventor of submarine, iv: 201.
• Buzancy, captured by 80th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 217, 264.
• Buzzer phone, use of, in action, v: 318.
• Byng, Gen. Sir Julian,
  • commander of British Third Army, ii: 214, iii: 371;
  • fights battle of Cambrai, Nov., '17, iii: 82, 337-340, viii: 142;
  • personal traits, iii: 376.
• Bzura, scene of fighting in German attack on Warsaw, iii: 129.

• [C]
• Cabinga, S. S., prize of German raider Emden, iv: 172.
• Cables, German submarine surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, [xii: 225].
• Cableways, Italian aerial, viii: 303-306.
• Cadets, Russian political party, aims of, vi: 148.
• Cadorna, Gen. Luigi,
  • member of Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84;
  • Italian commander in Isonzo campaign, iii: 241;
  • biography, ix: 225-229.
• Caillaux, Joseph,
  • arrested on charge of treason, Jan. 13, '18, i: 393;
  • accused of traitorous activities, vi: 106.
• Caillette Wood, taken by French Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.
• Calais,
  • German drive for, iii: 40;
  • Calais to Persia, Germany's goal in world control plan, '13, ii: 2.
• Call, 2nd Lieut. Donald M., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
• Callaghan, Adm. Sir George, commander of British Grand Fleet, relieved by Jellicoe, Aug. 5, '14, iv: 88.
• Cambrai,
  • German base in France, ii: 86;
  • first battle of, Nov., '17, Maj.-Gen. Swinton on work of British tanks at, ii: 280;
  • Byng's surprise attack, iii: 80, viii: 142, 156;
    • Philip Gibbs's description, iii: 337-340 ,
  • American engineers at, iii: 82;
  • German prisoners captured, iii: 82;
  • German counter-offensive, iii: 82;
  • "best-kept secret of War," iii: 337;
  • adventures of a tank pilot, iii: 338;
  • Order of the Day for Tank Corps, Nov. 20, '17, iii: 340;
  • second battle of, Sept. 27—Oct. 10, '18, ii: 281, v: 213;
  • captured by Allies, Oct. 9, '18, xi: 52.
• Cambrai-St. Quentin sector, Allies smash Hindenburg Line, '18, iii: 101.
• Cameron, Maj.-Gen. George H.,
  • commands 4th Div., May, '18, v: 128;
  • commands Fifth Corps, St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386;
  • commands Fifth Corps in Meuse-Argonne, Sept., '18, v: 219, 388.
• Cameroons (Kamerun),
  • conquered by Allies, Aug., '14—Feb., '16, iii: 252, [xii: 279];
  • area, [xii: 279];
  • population, '16, [xii: 279].
• Camilla, S. S., Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.
• Camouflage,
  • use in outwitting U-boats, iv: 311, viii: 343, xi: 241;
  • for masking machine-guns, v: 287;
  • development, viii: 136;
  • in nature, viii: 336;
  • war uses, viii: 336-344, xi: 277, 291-295.
• Camp des Romains fort, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.
• Campbells Are Coming, Scotch patriotic air, xi: 334.
• Canada,
  • becomes self-governing dominion, 1867, i: 43;
  • army in Europe, July, '16, iii: 343;
  • characteristics of fighting forces, iii: 343;
  • war casualties, iii: 404, 405;
  • prisoners of war, iii: 404;
  • strength of army, iii: 405;
  • political conditions, prior to '14, vi: 23;
  • enthusiastic response to declaration of war, vi: 24;
  • political situation, Aug., '14, vi: 25;
  • war donations by provinces, vi: 25;
  • Conservatives advocate close Imperial Federation, vi: 25;
  • Premier Borden's view of Canada as a "participating nation" of British Empire, vi: 25;
  • Liberal view of Imperial Federation, vi: 26;
  • voluntary enlistments, vi: 26;
  • increase in land under cultivation, '15, vi: 26;
  • increase in food exports, '15, vi: 26;
  • bilingual schools issue creates race antagonism, vi: 27-28;
  • Bourassa, Nationalist leader, opposes War, vi: 30;
  • failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 31-36;
  • conscription, problems of, vi: 31-36;
  • Anglo-Saxons indorse conscription, vi: 31;
  • labor against conscription, vi: 32;
  • Liberals support conscription, vi: 32;
  • Conscription Bill announced, June, '17, vi: 32;
  • Conscription Bill passed, Aug., '17, vi: 33;
  • War Franchise Bill, '17, vi: 34;
  • Catholic Church opposes conscription, vi: 34;
  • results of election, '17, vi: 35;
  • pro-conscriptionists form "Unionist" coalition, vi: 35;
  • secessionist talk, vi: 36;
  • Quebec draft riots, Mar., '18, vi: 36;
  • loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14—Jan., '17, [xii: 2];
  • coal production, '13—'17, [xii: 48];
  • nationalization plans for railroads, [xii: 90];
  • war cost, Aug., '14—Aug., '19, [xii: 107];
  • rise in public debt, [xii: 114];
  • Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 179];
  • see also Great Britain.
• Canadian sector on Western Front, '17, iii: 343.
• Canadians, poem by W. H. Ogilvie, x: 318.
• Canal du Nord, crossed by Allies, Sept. 25, '18, i: 397.
• Canal sector, Ypres to Voormezeele, v: 300.
• Canary birds, as gas detectors, xi: 324.
• Cannon, see Artillery.
• Canopus, British battleship,
  • at Gallipoli, iv: 33;
  • in Cradock's fleet off Coronel, iv: 64;
  • in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.
• Cantigny,
  • captured by 1st Div., May 28, '18, i: 395, iii: 94, v: 31, 124;
  • American casualties at, v: 33, 128, 141;
  • significance of capture, v: 34;
  • Pershing's report on capture, v: 380.
• Cantonments, U. S.,
  • description, xi: 155;
  • soldiers' life at, xi: 159;
  • construction of, [xii: 125].
• Cap Trafalgar, armed German liner, battle with British Carmania, Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.
• Cape Helles, Turkish fortification at, iv: 42.
• Cape Yeni Shehr, Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42.
• Caporetto,
  • Italian disaster at, Oct. 21—Nov. 1, '17,
  • effect on Western Front, ii: Intro. xx;
  • Italian rout before Austrian advance, ii: 246;
  • wholesale Italian surrenders, ii: 246;
  • army demoralized, iii: 247;
  • causes of rout, ii: 248, vi: 129;
  • retreat checked at the Piave, ii: 250;
  • effect on Italo-Slav unity, vi: 362.
• Caproni triplanes, viii: 223.
• Carabinieri, Italian military police, ii: 242.
• Carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties of, viii: 166;
• Carbon monoxide, poisonous properties of, viii: 166-168.
• Carbonyl chloride, see Phosgene.
• Carden, Vice-Adm.,
  • commands British naval forces in Mediterranean,'15, iv: 28;
  • at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
  • resigns, Mar. 16, '15, iv: 32.
• Carency, French attack at, May 11—12, '15, i: 380.
• Carignan-Sedan-Mézières railroad,
  • vital importance to Germans, v: 387;
  • threatened by Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 387.
• Carmania, armed British liner, battle with German Cap Trafalgar, Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.
• Carnarvon, British cruiser at Falklands, armament of, iv: 70.
• Carnetta, S. S., Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.
• Carniola, clash of Italians and Jugoslavs in, vi: 364.
• Carpathian Mts.,
  • Russian attempts to cross, '15, ii: 26;
  • Ludendorff's account of campaigns, ii: 360;
  • topography, iii: 108;
  • Russians occupy passes, Sept., '14, iii: 124;
  • Austrian attacks, Jan.—Mar., '15, iii: 132;
  • see also Russian Front.
• Carpenter, Capt.,
  • commander of Vindictive at Zeebrugge raid, iv: 263;
  • account of Zeebrugge raid, iv: 266.
• Carrel, Dr. Alexis,
  • invents Carrel-Dakin treatment for infected wounds, viii: 369, ix: 312, xi: 289;
  • wins Nobel prize, '12, ix: 310;
  • biography, ix: 310-313.
• Carrel-Dakin treatment, description, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 289.
• Carso Plateau,
  • description, ii: 244, iii: 239;
  • Italian advance across, June, '15—Oct., '17, ii: 245;
  • see also Italian Front.
• Carson, Sir Edward,
  • leader of Ulster opposition to Irish Home Rule, vi: 53, 60;
  • biography, ix: 50-53.
• Cary, Gen. Langle de, commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.
• Casement, Sir Roger,
  • hanged for treason, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386, vi: 60, ix: 53;
  • negotiations with Germany, vi: 57;
  • captured, vi: 58.
• Cassin, U. S. destroyer torpedoed, account of, iv: 343.
• Castelletto, mined by Italians, viii: 311.
• Castelnau, Gen.,
  • commands French forces in Lorraine, iii: 16;
  • stops Germans at Roye, Sept., '14, iii: 38;
  • appointed Chief of Staff, Dec., '14, iii: 46;
  • at Verdun, iii: 304.
• Casualties,
  • among troops attacking with tanks, ii: 284;
  • total in War, iii: 403;
  • classified by belligerents, iii: 404;
  • civilian deaths due to War, iii: 405;
  • per cent. of head wounds, viii: 64;
  • in World War compared with all other wars, 1800—1913, [xii: 25];
  • money equivalent of man-power lost, military and civilian, [xii: 25];
  • total battle deaths, by countries, [xii: 288];
  • see also under campaign, battle, and country.
• Cattaro, bombarded by French and British, Aug. 24, '14, i: 375.
• Caucasus,
  • military operations in, Oct., '14—Jan., '15, ii: 91-92; iii: 260-263, xi: 29;
  • early history, vi: 231;
  • conflict of racial interests, vi: 231;
  • Russian misrule in, vi: 231;
  • demand for self-government, '05, vi: 231;
  • effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 232;
  • rise of new nations under Russian Revolution, vi: 233.
• Caudron bombing airplanes, viii: 223.
• Causes, of War,
  • summarized by Dr. Chas. W. Eliot, i: Intro. vii;
  • complexity of, i: 2;
  • conflict of political systems, i: 4;
  • conflict of nationalistic aspirations, i: 5;
  • element of individual responsibility, i: 5;
  • German desire for war, i: 8;
  • colonial rivalry, i: 14;
  • Anglo-German economic rivalry, i: 78, 121;
  • German ambitions for world power, i: 83;
  • murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: iii;
  • Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of, i: 117;
  • Vice-Chancellor Helfferich's statement of, i: 119;
  • Dr. Dernburg's statement of, i: 120;
  • statement of German "Intellectuals" on, i: 120;
  • racial element in, i: 120;
  • German territorial ambitions, i: 122;
  • German excuse of Russian menace, i: 137, 139;
  • German statement of English responsibility, i: 193;
  • Prince Lichnowsky denies Anglo-German commercial jealousy, i: 193;
  • Ludendorff's analysis of, ii: 346;
  • see also Germany, Responsibility for War.
• Cavalry,
  • function in Palestine campaign, ii: 93;
  • Field-Marshal Haig on value of, ii: 120;
  • German military critic on importance of, ii: 260;
  • use in St. Mihiel drive, v: 206;
  • see also under armies of each country.
• Cavell, Edith,
  • executed Oct. 12, '15, i: 382;
  • story of, x: 172;
  • betrayed by Gaston Quien, x: 352.
• "C. C. Gear," for timing machine-gun fire through airplane propeller blades, viii: 214-216.
• Cecil, Lord Robert, advocate of League of Nations, [xii: 155].
• Cemeteries for A. E. F. dead in France, v: 331, 400.
• Central Committee for Relief of Jews Suffering Through the War, vii: 352;
  • see also Jews.
• Central Council of Delegates meets in Berlin, Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283.
• Central Powers,
  • unity of command established, ii: 330;
  • general strategic plan on Eastern Front, iii: 110;
  • mobilized strength, iii: 430;
  • war casualties, iii: 404;
  • prisoners of war, iii: 404;
  • peace proposals, Dec. 12, '16, vi: 313;
  • Anti-Slav policy, vi: 360;
  • war cost, [xii: 27], [xii: 107];
  • rise in national debts, [xii: 114];
  • see also,
    • Austria-Hungary;
    • Bulgaria;
    • Germany;
    • Turkey.
• Central Records Office, A. E. F., v: 402.
• Cereals, shipped to Europe by U. S., '16—'18, [xii: 37].
• Cerna River, Serb attack on Bulgars at, Sept. 15, '18, iii: 213.
• Cernavoda, captured by Teutons, Oct. 25, '16, i: 388, iii: 221.
• Cernavoda-Constanza Railway, Teutons gain control of, iii: 221.
• Cettinje, captured by Austrians, Jan. 13, '16, i: 384.
• Châlons,
  • abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;
  • taken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375;
  • system of trench defenses, v: 44.
• Chamberlain, Austen, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.
• Chamberlaine, Brig.-Gen. Wm., commands Railway Reserve, First Army, A. E. F., v: 305.
• Champagne,
  • French offensive in, Sept., '15, ii: 25, iii: 46;
  • as possible sector for German spring drive, '18, ii: 67;
  • German offensive checked, July 15—17, '18, v: 47, 129, 155, viii: 146-148;
  • A. E. F. participation in Allied defensive, July 15—17, '18, v: 148-158.
• Champigneulle, attacked by 77th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
• Champneuville, captured by Germans, Feb. 27, '16, i: 384.
• Chanak,
  • town on Dardanelles, iv: 24;
  • bombarded by Allies, Mar. 6, '15, iv: 45.
• Channel ports,
  • importance to Allies, ii: Intro. viii;
  • German drive for, '18, ii: 75, iii: 38, 359;
  • opposing views of Viscount French and Joffre on importance of, ii: 172;
  • Belgian coast evacuated by Germans, Oct., '18, ii: 214.
• Chant du Départ, Le, French patriotic song, xi: 333.
• Chapman, Victor, member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed at Verdun, iii: 391.
• Charcoal, use in gas masks, viii: 176.
• Charge of the Tank Brigade, poem by Vilda Sauvage Owens, xi: 267.
• Charlemagne, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
• Charleroi, captured by Germans, Aug. 21—23, '14, i: 375.
• Charles Francis, Emperor of Austria-Hungary,
  • ascends throne, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388;
  • secret letter to Prince Sixtus asking for peace, Mar., '17, ii: 63, 315;
  • conciliatory policy, vi: 313;
  • overthrown by Socialist revolution, '18, vi: 317;
  • letter of appeal to King Ferdinand of Rumania, vi: 317;
  • leaves Austria, Mar. 23, '19, vi: 319;
  • biography, ix: 371-373.
• Charpentry, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 27, '18, v: 227.
• Chartèves, captured by 3rd Div., v: 383.
• Chasseurs, description, xi: 189.
• Château-Thierry,
  • captured by Germans, June 1, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93;
  • Ludendorff on A. E. F. fighting at, ii: 320;
  • re-occupied by A. E. F. and French, July 21, '18, iii: 96, v: 184;
  • German attempts to cross Marne at, repulsed by A. E. F., May 31—June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43;
  • location and importance, v: 133;
  • see also Marne, battles of, July, '18.
• Châteauroux, U. S. gas-mask factory at, v: 324.
• Châtel-Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.
• Châtillon, Germans force bridgehead at, July 15, '18, v. 51.
• Châtillon Wood, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271.
• Chaulnes, captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.
• Chaumont, A. E. F. general headquarters, v: 100.
• Chaumont-en-Vixen, training area for 1st Div., v: 121.
• Chelsea War Refugees Fund, vii: 106.
• Chemery, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.
• Chemical warfare,
  • poison gas first used by Germans at battle of Ypres, Apr., '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, [xii: 285];
  • first use against Russians, iii: 288-292;
  • Pierre Loti's description of gassed, iii: 320-322;
  • German projector batteries, v: 28;
  • U. S. Chemical Warfare Service, activities, v: 321-327, 401;
  • gas warfare development, v: 321;
  • kinds of poison gases used, v: 321, viii: 166-172;
  • mustard gas, v: 321, viii: 171, xi: 321;
  • phosgene (carbonyl chloride), v: 321, viii: 168-170;
  • U. S. production of gas shells, v: 324, 325;
  • invention in U. S. of super-poisonous gas, viii: Intro. ix;
  • methods of gas attack, viii: 162-165;
  • gas clouds, viii: 162-164, xi: 316;
  • gas shells, description and use, viii: 164, xi: 320;
  • poisoning and asphyxiation, differences, viii: 166-167;
  • carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties, 166;
  • nitrogen, asphyxiating properties, viii: 166;
  • carbon monoxide, poisonous properties, viii: 166, 167, 168;
  • chlorine, use in gas attacks, viii: 168-170;
  • vaporous liquid poisons, use in gas attacks, viii: 170-172;
  • diphosgene, use in gas attacks, viii: 170;
  • xylyl bromide (tear gas), use in gas attacks, viii: 170;
  • chlorpicrin, use in gas attacks, viii: 171;
  • sneezing gas, use in gas attacks, viii: 171;
  • Lewisite, new American poison gas, deadliest of all, viii: 172;
  • methods of defense against gas attacks, viii: 173-179;
  • oxygen helmets, viii: 173;
  • gas masks, viii: 174-178;
  • use of charcoal in gas masks, viii: 176;
  • fans for blowing away poison gases, viii: 178;
  • use of neutralizing reagents, viii: 178;
  • wet blankets as air-locks, viii: 178;
  • U. S. poison-gas production at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 179-187, [xii: 285];
  • gas gangrene, xi: 287;
  • international law on, xi: 313;
  • general description, xi: 313-323.
• Chemin des Dames,
  • battle and capture of, by Germans, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132;
  • Germans driven from, '17, iii: 73-76;
  • training area for 26th Div., v: 117.
• Chemung, S. S., American steamer torpedoed, Nov. 26, '16, i: 389.
• Chennery, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
• Cheppy, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
• Chiapovano Valley, Italian objective in '17 drive, ii: 58.
• Children in the War, xi: Intro. ix-xiii, 56-84;
  • letters of, xi: 60, 74-84;
  • brave Belgian boys run off to war, xi: 67;
  • Prudent Marius, the boy dispatch rider, xi: 69;
  • "The Little Serbian Sergeant," xi: 69;
  • American relief for European, xi: 84-93.
• Chile,
  • neutral during War, vi: 390;
  • Tacna-Arica dispute with Peru, vi: 390.
• Chiles, Capt. Marcellus H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
• Chilly, taken by French, Sept. 4, '16, i: 386.
• China,
  • under foreigners' yoke, i: 18;
  • defeated by Japan in war of 1894, i: 20;
  • forced to accept "open door" policy, i: 38;
  • U. S. policy of "open door" in, i: 57;
  • special Japanese interests in, recognized by Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58;
  • international position of, '14, i: 63;
  • severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Mar. 14, '17, i: 389;
  • declares war on Teutonic Allies, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390;
  • coolie labor in France, ii: 377, [xii: 80], [xii: 85];
  • siege of Tsing Tau, iii: 257;
  • Tsing Tau seized by Germans, 1897, iii: 259;
  • origin of phrase "yellow peril," vi: 248;
  • Japanese demands on, '15, vi: 385;
  • coal production, '13—'15, [xii: 48];
  • refuses to sign Peace Treaty with Germany, [xii: 167];
  • delegates to Peace Conference, [xii: 180];
  • German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 206];
  • Kiao-Chau (Shantung) transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, [xii: 209];
    • see also Kiau-Chau; Shantung.
• "Chinese Citizen Boy," letter from, xi: 179.
• Chipilly Ridge, 33rd Div. breaks German line at, 'Aug. 1, '18, v: 260.
• Chloride of lime, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
• Chlorine,
  • first used by Germans in gas attack at Ypres, Apr., '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, [xii: 285];
  • poisonous properties of, viii: 166, 168;
  • use in chemical warfare, viii: 168-170;
  • manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 183.
• Chlorpicrin,
  • description of, v: 321;
  • use in chemical warfare, viii: 171;
  • manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 185.
• Choising, S. S., Emdens's survivors transfer from Ayesha to, iv: 192.
• Cholm, claimed by Poland and Ukraine, vi: 248.
• Chronoscope, for measuring reaction times, viii: 352.
• Chunuk Bair,
  • Turk stronghold at Gallipoli, iii: 172;
  • Anzac attack on, iii: 173, 356-358;
  • see also Gallipoli Campaign.
• Churchill, Winston Spencer,
  • advocates Dardanelles attack, ii: Intro. x, xiv., 29, 200;
  • responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200;
  • member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198;
  • defends Dardanelles campaign, ii: 205, iv: 56;
  • biography, ix: 44-47.
• Cierges, attacked by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.
• Ciezkowice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.
• Cimone, Mt., taken by Italians, July 25, '16, i: 386.
• Citizenship, Bureau of, educational work among A. E. F., vii: 282.
• Cividale, taken by Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247.
• Civil War, Gen. Maurice on strategy of, compared with World War, ii: Intro. xiii.
• Civilian deaths,
  • due to War, iii: 405;
  • money value of, [xii: 25].
• Clam-Martinitz, Premier of Austria-Hungary, appointment as, vi: 313.
• Clarkson, Grosvenor B.,
  • Director of U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 115];
  • on causes of high cost of living, [xii: 142-148].
• Clausewitz, Gen. Karl von, influence on development of German militarism, i: 166.
• Clay, Capt. W. L., inventor of armor-piercing bullet, viii: 60.
• Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, between U. S. and Great Britain on Panama Canal, i: 86.
• Clemenceau, Georges,
  • makes Bonnet Rouge disclosures, vi: 105;
  • forms new War Cabinet, Nov., '17, vi: 106;
  • disagrees with Pres. Wilson's peace aims, vi: 108;
  • publishes letter of Emperor Charles to Prince Sixtus offering to make peace, vi: 315;
  • biography, ix: 1-13, xi: 125;
  • record as Premier, ix: 12;
  • view of "Fourteen Points," ix: 13;
  • bibliography, ix: 13;
  • faith in Foch, ix: 151;
  • at the Peace Conference, [xii: 149-163];
  • excludes Germans from, [xii: 162].
• Clermont-Ferrand, U. S. Air-Service Training School at, v: 313.
• Cléry-le-Grand, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.
• Cléry-le-Petit, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18. v: 264.
• Clifford, Rev. J. H., "Doc of the Fifth," chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 32-35.
• Clocks, for airplanes, viii: 220.
• Cloth, anti-gas, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
• Coal,
  • abundance secret of German power, i: 267;
  • German production, 1880—1913, i: 267;
  • seizure of French mines by Germany, ii: 20;
  • consumption of, by A. E. F., v: 331;
  • Dutch supply from Germany, vi: 377;
  • U. S. production, '18—'19, [xii: 46];
  • production by chief countries, '13—'17, [xii: 47];
  • war-time price of, [xii: 48];
  • Peace Treaty requirements for German deliveries to France, Belgium, Italy, [xii: 224].
• Coast Guard, Boy Scouts in, xi: 104.
• "Coastals," type of U. S. dirigibles, viii: 245, 256.
• Coblenz,
  • bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392;
  • bridgehead at, occupied by A. E. F., Dec. 8, '18, i: 400, v: 394;
  • conditions for Allied withdrawal from, [xii: 261].
• Cochin, Lieut., French submarine commander, feat in clearing minefield, iv: 375.
• Codes, detection of, v: 319.
• Coetquidan, artillery training camp in Brittany, v: 6.
• Coffin, H. E.,
  • Chairman of Committee on Industrial Preparedness, [xii: 69];
  • views on industrial preparedness, [xii: 69];
  • member of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116].
• Cohalan, Justice, leads Irish-American movement for Irish Republic, vi: 65.
• Cold storage plants, use by A. E. F., v: 331.
• Colmar, French advance toward, Aug., '14, iii: 16.
• Cologne, bridgehead at,
  • occupied by British, Dec. 6, '18, i: 400;
  • conditions for Allied withdrawal from, [xii: 261].
• Colombia, pro-German attitude of, vi: 392.
• Colonies,
  • important share of British, in winning War, i: 13;
  • loss of German, i: 13;
  • German miscalculation of loyalty of British, i: 14;
  • share of French, in final victory, i: 14;
  • European rivalries for, a chief cause of war, i: 14;
  • era of colonization by European nations, i: 26;
  • influence on development of naval power, i: 28;
  • colonization during 19th century, i: 37;
  • in Far East, i: 38;
  • expansion important motive in German war policy, ii: 13.
• Columbia, S. S., American steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 7, '16, i: 388.
• Colyer, Sgt. Wilbur E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.
• Combles,
  • captured by Allies, Sept. 26, '16, i: 388, iii: 58, 59;
  • recaptured by Allies, Aug. 30, '18, ii: 158.
• Comité Nationale Belge de Secours et d'Alimentation, organization, vii: 120.
• Commerce,
  • national rivalries, i: 262;
  • English blockade threatens ruin of German, vi: 253;
  • see also Trade, under name of country.
• Commerce raiders,
  • German, exploits of Emden, iv: 166-194;
  • Königsberg, career in Indian Ocean, iv: 195;
  • Karlsruhe, activities in Atlantic, iv: 196;
  • Königin Luise, operations in English Channel, iv: 197;
  • Meteor, activities in Baltic, iv: 197;
  • Moewe, converted merchantman, iv: 197;
  • Seeadler, iv: 198;
  • Wolf, seaplane carrier, iv: 198.
• Commissaries, political, in Russia,
  • demoralize army, iii: 268;
  • Council of People's, dictatorship of, vi: 181;
  • see also Russia.
• Commission for Relief in Belgium, vii: 116-144.
• Committee, of Mercy, vii: 87;
  • for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105.
• Communication, lines of,
  • French railways available for A. E. F. use, '18, v: 110;
  • between France and Germany, v: 214.
• Compass,
  • for airplanes, viii: 220;
  • Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348.
• Comrades in Service, vii: 284.
• Conduct of War, The, by Marshal Foch, ix: 152.
• Confédération Générale du Travail, French labor union, political activities, vi: 110.
• Congo,
  • Belgian exploitation of, i: 50;
  • creation of Congo Free State, i: 50.
• Congo Conference, '84—'85, i: 16.
• Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 16.
• Congressional Medal of Honor, list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.
• Conner, Brig.-Gen. Fox, Chief of Operations, A. E. F. General Staff, v: 102.
• Connolly, James, Sinn Fein leader,
  • wounded during Dublin rioting, Apr., '16, vi: 60;
  • Commandant-General of "Irish Republic," ix: 53.
• Conscientious objectors, treatment of, in Great Britain, vi: 8.
• Conscription, see under name of country.
• Consevoie, U. S. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.
• Constantine, King of Greece,
  • abdicates throne, June 12, '17, i: 390;
  • opposed to Allied cause, iii: 202;
  • biography, ix: 380-382.
• Constantinesco, M., inventor of "C. C. Gear" for regulating airplane fire, viii: 215.
• Constantinople,
  • Russian ambitions for, i: 63;
  • captured by Turks, 1453, i: 90;
  • Gallipoli base of defense of, ii: 27;
  • key to early ending of War, ii: 29;
  • early history, iv: 18;
  • see also
    • Gallipoli Campaign;
    • Turkey.
• Constantinople Convention, 1888, Suez Canal neutralized, i: 15.
• Constanza,
  • captured by Teuton forces, Oct. 23, '16, i: 388, iii: 221;
  • bombarded by Russian fleet, Nov. 11, '16, i: 388.
• Constituent Assembly, Russian, dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185.
• Contraband, see Germany, Blockade.
• Contracts, between German and Allied nationals, Peace Treaty provisions on status and methods of discharge, [xii: 240-243].
• Convoy service, difficulties of, iv: 317.
• Cook, Lieut. S. W., co-inventor of depth-bomb launching device, iv: 331.
• Co-operative Societies, Siberia, organization of landowning peasants, vi: 191.
• Cordite, composition and explosive properties, viii: 6.
• Corfu,
  • seat of Serbian government transferred to, iii: 160;
  • meeting of Jugoslav representatives at, Aug., '17, vi: 359.
• Cormoran, S. S., converted into auxiliary cruiser by Emden's crew, vi: 169.
• Cornwall, British cruiser at Falklands, iv: 70.
• Cornwall, Jack, heroic British Boy Scout, xi: 98.
• Cornwallis, British battleship,
  • sunk, Jan. 9, '17, i: 389;
  • at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
• Coronel, battle of,
  • Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-68, ix: 308;
  • comparison of opposing fleets, iv: 64, 65;
  • Von Spee's account of, iv: 66;
  • British account of, iv: 67;
  • losses, iv: 68;
  • Sir Henry Newbolt on strategy of, iv: 68.
• Corps, compared with Division, v: 109.
• Cossacks,
  • origin, vi: 146;
  • fight against Bolsheviki, vi: 192.
• Cost of living,
  • see Prices;
  • also under each country.
• Cost of War,
  • capitalized value of lives lost, iii: 406, [xii: 25];
  • importance of money as war weapon, [xii: 1];
  • compared with previous wars, [xii: 24];
  • value of property destroyed, [xii: 24], [xii: 25];
  • economic loss in man-power, [xii: 25];
  • value of production loss, [xii: 26];
  • value of tonnage sunk, [xii: 26];
  • cost to Allies and Central Powers, [xii: 27], [xii: 107];
  • meaning of "cost of war," [xii: 105];
  • difficulties of computing money equivalent, [xii: 105];
  • range of expenditures, [xii: 105];
  • expenditures of different belligerents, [xii: 106-107];
  • methods used to raise war funds, [xii: 107-114];
  • taxation vs. borrowing, [xii: 107];
  • rise in national debts of belligerents, [xii: 114];
  • see also under each belligerent.
• Costin, Pvt. Henry G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 394.
• Côte de Châtillon, capture of, by 42nd Div., Oct. 16, '18, v: 84, 250, 252.
• Côtes-de-Meuse, taken in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12—13, '18, v: 69.
• Cotton, not on British contraband list, ii: 21.
• Coulommiers, Germans beaten back at, in first battle of the Marne, iii: 32.
• Council of National Defense, U. S.,
  • see United States, Council of National Defense.
• Courcelette, taken by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.
• Courland,
  • early history, vi: 226;
  • Republic of, established Apr., '18, [xii: 279];
  • area, [xii: 279];
  • population, Apr., '18, [xii: 279];
  • see also Baltic Provinces.
• Courtu, stormed by French in first battle of the Somme, '16, iii: 58.
• Covington, U. S. transport sunk, July 1, '18, i: 397, iv: 337.
• Cracow, Russian operations against, '14, iii: 127.
• Cradock, Adm. Sir Christopher, commander of defeated British fleet in battle of Coronel, iv: 63, ix: 308.
• Crandell, Miss Marion G., American "Y" worker with French, killed vii: 313.
• Cressy, British cruiser, sunk by U-9, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.
• Crile, Col. George W., first demonstrator of nitrous oxide as anæsthetic, vii: 68.
• Croats,
  • early history, vi: 354;
  • antagonism to Italy, vi: 362.
• Croix de Guerre, awards to American "Y" workers, vii: 275, 313.
• Cromarty, as British naval base, iv: 94.
• Cromer, Lord, chairman of commission to investigate Gallipoli disaster, ii: 197.
• Cronkhite, Gen. Adelbert,
  • commander 80th Div., v: 144;
  • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.
• Crothers, Rachel, starts Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 343.
• Crown Prince of Germany, see Frederick William.
• Crown Prince of Prussia, see Frederick William.
• Ctesiphon,
  • British defeated at, by Turks, Jan. 3, '16, i: 384, iii: 182;
  • description of Arch of, iii: 331;
  • collapse of British medical service at battle of, iii: 367.
• Cuba,
  • revolt against Spain, i: 56;
  • declares war on Germany, Apr. 7, '17, i: 389;
  • debt to U. S., [xii: 18];
  • Peace Conference delegate, [xii: 180].
• Cuisy Wood, captured by 79th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
• Cukela, 1st Lieut. Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.
• Cumières, captured and lost by Germans, May 23—27, '16, iii: 54, 312.
• Cunel, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.
• Curlu, captured by British, July 2, '16, i: 386.
• Cushing, American ship attacked by German airplane, Apr. 28, '15, iv: 218.
• Custace, Capt. Frank M., war services, x: 322.
• Custer (85th) Division, see U. S. Army.
• Customs duties, German, regulation of, by Peace Treaty, [xii: 229].
• Cuxhaven, bombarded by British airmen, Dec. 25, '14, i: 378.
• Cyclops, U. S. collier, mysterious disappearance, iv: 356.
• Cyprus, acquired by Great Britain, i: 93.
• Cyrenaica, base of Turkish forces invading western Egypt, iii: 190.
• Czar of Russia, see Nicholas II.
• Czechoslovakia,
  • anti-Bolshevist forces in Russia, vi: 187, 192;
  • capture of Vladivostok, June, '18, vi: 192;
  • attack on Hungary, April—May, '19, vi: 326;
  • antagonism to Italy, vi: 362;
  • independence recognized, vi: 399;
  • German elements rebel against new government, vi: 399;
  • Socialist movement in, '19, vi: 400;
  • against Bolshevism, vi: 400;
  • claims Teschen at Peace Conference, vi: 400;
  • debt to U. S., [xii: 18];
  • Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 180];
  • Peace Treaty provisions for independence of, [xii: 197];
  • use of German ports, Peace Treaty provisions for, [xii: 253];
  • Republic established, Oct., '18, [xii: 279];
  • area, [xii: 279];
  • population, Oct., '18, [xii: 279];
  • see also Bohemia.
• Czernin, Count, Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs,
  • appointment as, vi: 313;
  • peace statement, July, '17, vi: 314;
  • resigns as Foreign Minister, vi: 315.
• Czernowitz,
  • taken by Russians, Nov. 29, '14, i: 376, iii: 122;
  • abandoned by Russians, Jan. 5, '16, i: 384;
  • recaptured by Russians, June 17—18, '16, i: 385, iii: 144;
  • occupied by Teutons, Aug. 3, '17, i: 390.

• [D]
• Daffodil, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.
• Daghestan, Republic of, formed by Caucasian mountaineers, vi: 234.
• Dalmatia,
  • Italian claims for, vi: 361;
  • conflict between Italians and Jugoslavs for possession of, vi: 365.
• D'Amade, Gen., commander of French forces at Gallipoli, iii: 167.
• Damascus, captured by British and Arabs, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399, iii: 199.
• Damloup, scene of fighting at Verdun, iii: 55.
• Dammartin, 1st Div. headquarters, June, '18, v: 143.
• "Danger Zone," in rifle fire, viii: 93.
• Daniels, Josephus, biography, ix: 326-329.
• Dankl, Gen., commands Austrian army invading Russian Poland, '14, iii: 118.
• Dannevoux, scene of fighting in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
• D'Annunzio, Gabriele,
  • pro-Ally propaganda during Italian neutrality, ii: 239, vi: 119, 124, ix: 343;
  • manifesto on Italian claims for eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 368;
  • claims Fiume, vi: 369;
  • seizes Fiume, vi: 370;
  • biography, ix: 343-345;
  • author of Song of the Dardanelles, ix: 343;
  • message to America, ix: 344.
• Danton, French battleship torpedoed, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376.
• Danube River,
  • as barrier against invasion, iii: 151, 214;
  • bridge across, blown up by Rumanians, iii: 221;
  • internationalized by Peace Treaty, [xii: 248].
• Danzig,
  • demanded by Poland, vi: 225;
  • made free city under Peace Treaty, vi: 226, [xii: 203].
• Dardanelles,
  • Russian gateway to the sea, ii: 28, iii: 161;
  • closed by Turkey, Sept., '14, ii: 28;
  • strategic importance, ii: 29;
  • Narrows, critical point, ii: 29;
  • topography of shores, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23;
  • modern defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45;
  • early history, iv: 18-22;
  • early fortifications, iv: 19;
  • closed by Turkey to warships of other nations, iv: 20;
  • forced in 1807 by Adm. Duckworth, iv: 20;
  • fortified by Allies in Crimean War, iv: 20;
  • forced in 1878, by Adm. Hornby, iv: 21;
  • importance to Turkey, iv: 23;
  • importance of combining land and naval attacks in forcing, iv: 26;
  • description, xi: 14;
  • see also Gallipoli Campaign.
• Dardanelles Expedition, see Gallipoli Campaign.
• Dardanos Fort, bombarded by British, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 43.
• Dar-es-Salam, captured by British, iii: 255.
• Davis, Richard Harding,
  • description of German entry into Brussels, iii: 271-273;
  • description of burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277.
• Davison, Henry P.,
  • Chairman, War Council American Red Cross, vii: i;
  • biography, ix: 339.
• De Ram automatic camera for aerial photography, viii: 228, 333.
• De Valera, Prof. Eamonn,
  • elected to Parliament, vi: 62;
  • arrest and escape from jail, vi: 65;
  • elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55;
  • address to America, ix: 55.
• Dead Man's Hill, at Verdun, battle of, May, '16, iii: 51, 53, 306, 308, 310, xi: 22.
• Debeney, Gen., commander of French First Army, ii: 212.
• Debts, national,
  • of belligerents, [xii: 111-114];
  • between German and Allied nationals, Peace Treaty provisions for settlement of, [xii: 232-236].
• Decorations, Congressional Medal of Honor, list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.
• Deductions from the World War, by Gen. Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, summary of, ii: 254.
• Defender, British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
• Defense, British ship sunk at Jutland, iv: 121.
• Defense,
  • elements in, iv: 4;
  • French trench system of, v: 12;
  • Gouraud's method of, against infiltration, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;
  • see also Tactics.
• Defense of the Realm Act, British,
  • as weapon against war-time labor strikes, vi: 14;
  • used to prevent electricians' strike, Feb., '19, vi: 20.
• Definitions, of popular war terms, xi: 359-362.
• Delcassé, Théophile,
  • dismissed as French Minister through German pressure, i: 99;
  • resignation from Viviani government, Oct., '15, vi: 100.
• Delousing, by Salvage Service of A. E. F., v: 331.
• Demir-hissar, occupied by Bulgars, iii: 207.
• Demir-Kapu, taken by French, Oct. 20, '15, iii: 204.
• Democracy, in Europe,
  • as result of the War, i: Intro. x;
  • rise of, during 19th century, i: 29;
  • among American colonists, i: 29;
  • development in France, i: 30;
  • European reaction, 1814—40, i: 32;
  • failure of movement of 1848 in Germany, i: 32;
  • growth of national sentiment for, in U. S., '04—'14, i: 293.
• Demotika,
  • ceded to Bulgaria by Turkey, vi: 344;
  • Turkey demands return of, vi: 345.
• Denikin, Gen.,
  • report on collapse of Russian armies, iii: 267-270;
  • leads fight on Bolsheviki, vi: 192, 248.
• Denmark,
  • war with Prussia, 1864, i: Intro. vii;
  • neutral during War, vi: 393;
  • popular sentiment pro-Ally, vi: 393;
  • war-time increase in shipping, [xii: 101].
• Depth bomb,
  • evolution of, iv: 307;
  • use in fighting submarines, iv: 317;
  • development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330;
  • launching mechanism, iv: 331;
  • invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332;
  • for discharge from airplanes, iv: 332;
  • description, viii: 281, xi: 239.
• Der Kampf, Maximalist publication, vi: 314.
• Der Tag, the German "millennium," xi: 195.
• Derflinger, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
• Dernburg, Dr. Bernhard,
  • justifies German war policy, i: 120;
  • heads German propaganda in U. S., i: 274, 316;
  • character sketch of, ix: 353.
• Derrière Chez Mon Père, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.
• D'Esperey, Gen. Franchet,
  • commands French troops at first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 31;
  • commands Allied troops on Balkan front, ii: 218, iii: 212, vi: 347;
  • signs armistice with Hungary, vi: 323.
• Destroyers, effectiveness against submarines, viii: Intro. viii.
• Detonation, of explosives compared with explosion, viii: 1.
• Deutschland, German merchant submarine,
  • arrives at Baltimore, July 9, '16, i: 334, iv: 214;
  • Capt. Koenig's account of trip, iv: 215;
  • feat in crossing Atlantic, x: 271-274.
• Devastation of France,
  • by Germans in retreat to Hindenburg Line, iii: 67;
  • French protest to neutrals, iii: 68;
  • German excuses for, iii: 68.
• Devoir, Le, Canadian Nationalist newspaper, vi: 30.
• D'Eyncourt, Sir E., share in development of tank, viii: 155.
• D. H. 10, British bombing planes, viii: 204.
• Dhair Hissar, Turkish torpedo-boat in Ægean, iv: 49.
• Diaz, Gen., succeeds Cadorna as Italian Commander-in-Chief, iii: 248.
• Dickebusch sector, A. E. F. in, v: 286, 289.
• Dickinson, Prof. G. Lowes, defense of British conscientious objectors, vi: 8.
• Dickman, Maj.-Gen. Joseph T.,
  • commands 3rd Div. at Mezy-Moulins, v: 51;
  • commands Fourth Corps at St. Mihiel, v: 65, 202, 386;
  • commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne, v: 83, 132;
  • commands 3rd Div. at Château-Thierry, v: 132;
  • commands Army of Occupation, v: 395.
• Dilboy, Pvt. George, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
• Dimethyl-trithiocarbonate (skunk gas), use in chemical warfare, v: 322.
• Dinant, Germans checked at, in march through Belgium, Aug., '14, iii: 12.
• Diphenylchlorarsine, use in chemical warfare, v: 322.
• Diphosgene, use in chemical warfare, viii: 170.
• Dirigibles, see Aeronautics.
• Disarmament,
  • Anglo-German negotiations, '12, i: 106, 194;
  • German answer to British proposals, i: 195.
• Disease,
  • statistics for U. S. Army, v: 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209;
  • early handicaps in prevention, vii: 177;
  • preventive methods in U. S. Army, vii: 193, 245-248;
  • results of preventive methods, statistics for U. S. Army, vii: 195;
  • sanitation, vii: 253;
  • inoculation against, vii: 253;
  • prevention of infections among troops, viii: 392-397;
  • anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393;
  • see also
    • Infection;
    • Medical Science;
    • Sanitation.
• Distinguished Service Cross, awards of, to "Y" workers, vii: 272.
• "Divine right of kings," Kaiser's conception of, i: 68.
• Dixmude,
  • occupied by Germans, Nov. 10, '14, i: 376;
  • evacuated by Germans, Dec. 20, '14, i: 376;
  • occupied by Belgians, Sept. 29—30, '18, i: 397;
  • German repulse at, in march through Belgium, '14, iii: 40.
• Dixmude-Ypres sector, Allied offensive, Sept. 28—Oct. 3, '18, iii: 100.
• Djemal Pasha, commander of Turkish forces operating against Suez, iii: 190.
• Dmitrieff, Gen., biography, iii: 119.
• Dmowski, Roman, leader of Polish reactionary parties, vi: 220.
• Dniester River, Germans defeated at, in Galician campaign, '15, iii: 136.
• Dobrudja,
  • German conquest of, Sept.—Oct., '16, ii: 60, iii: 218-221;
  • description of, iii: 215;
  • disastrous Rumanian counter-offensive, Oct., '16, iii: 220;
  • dispute between Germany and Bulgaria over, vi: 344;
  • overrun by Bulgarians, vi: 344.
• Docks, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 332, 400.
• Dogger Bank, battle of,
  • British defeat fleet of German raiders, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253;
  • eye-witness accounts, iv: 247-250;
  • Adm. Beatty's official report, iv: 250.
• Dogs in War,
  • as ambulance drawers, viii: 379;
  • varied activities, xi: 340-347;
  • story of "Cap," the Red Cross dog, xi: 362-367;
  • story of "Pat," Liberty Bonds salesman, xi: 396-402;
  • effect of food shortage on, [xii: 40].
• Dommartin-la-Montagne, captured by 26th Div., Sept. 12—13, '18, v: 69, 212.
• Don Republic,
  • established Jan., '18, [xii: 279];
  • area, [xii: 279];
  • population, [xii: 279].
• Dormans,
  • 28th Div. holds German line at, July 15, '18, v: 53;
  • location, v: 133.
• Douai, German base in France, ii: 86.
• Douaumont Fort, at Verdun,
  • captured by Germans, Feb. 25—26, '16, i: 384, ii: 189, iii: 48, 305;
  • French recapture and lose, May 22—25, '16, i: 385, iii: 310;
  • retaken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.
• Doughboys,
  • spirit of self-assurance of, i: 370;
  • see also U. S., Army.
• Doughnuts, Salvation Army specialty, vii: 399.
• Doulcon, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264.
• Dozier, 1st Lieut. James C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
• Draft, see Conscription under name of country.
• Drake, British cruiser torpedoed, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
• Dresden, German cruiser,
  • in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65;
  • in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70;
  • sunk by British near Juan Fernandez, Mar. 14, '15, iv: 70.
• Drina River, crossed by Austrians invading Serbia, iii: 151.
• Drop bombs, viii: 76.
• Drummond, Sir James Eric, first Secretary-General of League of Nations, [xii: 186].
• Dubilier, Wm., inventor of anti-submarine listening device, iv: 308.
• Dublin, bloody fighting at, during Irish Rebellion, vi: 60.
• Dubno, captured by Russians, June 11, '16, i: 385, iii: 144.
• Duck-boards, use in mud fields of Flanders, viii: 300.
• Duds, deloading of, v: 326.
• Dueidar, Turks defeated at, Apr., '16, iii: 191.
• Duff, Sir Beauchamp, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.
• Dugouts, subterranean system of, in Hindenburg Line, v: 301.
• Dukla Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127.
• Duma, Russian,
  • reconvened, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140;
  • struggle against reactionary government, vi: 140, 142, 144;
  • forces dismissal of Stürmer as Premier, vi: 142;
  • Czar issues undated decree ordering dismissal, vi: 144;
  • refuses to be dismissed, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146;
  • activities during Revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 150-155;
  • establishes Provisional Government under Prince Lvov, vi: 155;
  • see also Russia.
• Dumba, Dr. Constantin,
  • Austro-Hungarian Ambassador at Washington, i: 275;
  • dismissed from U. S. for instigating labor strikes, i: 275.
• Dun-sur-Meuse,
  • captured by 61st Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391;
  • bombed by U. S. airmen, v: 311.
• Dunant, Henri, influence in organization of International Red Cross, vii: 12.
• Duncan, Maj.-Gen. George B.,
  • brigade commander in Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115;
  • commands 77th Div., May, '18, v: 141.
• Dunkirk,
  • bombarded by Germans, Apr. 30,'15, i: 380;
  • bombarded by Germans, June, 22, '15, i: 380;
  • German drive for, '14, iii: 40.
• Dunn, Rear-Adm. Herbert O., biography, ix: 295.
• Dunne, Edw. F., member of Irish-American delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 66.
• Durazzo,
  • occupied by Austrians, Feb. 26, '16, i: 384;
  • naval base at, destroyed by Allied warships, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399;
  • occupied by Italians, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399;
  • retreating Serbs embark for Corfu from, '16, iii: 286.
• Dushkin, Alexander, visits Europe for Jewish relief, vii: 360.
• Dutov, Gen., commands anti-Bolshevik troops in Siberia, vi: 192.
• Duval,
  • traitorous owner of Bonnet Rouge, vi: 105;
  • found guilty and shot, vi: 106.
• Dwyer, Lance Corp. Edward, wins Victoria Cross, x: 128.
• Dyestuffs, German deliveries to Allies, Peace Treaty demands, [xii: 224].

• [E]
• E-7, British submarine, exploit in Sea of Marmora, iv: 211.
• E-9, British submarine, in German waters, iv: 207.
• E-11, British submarine, daring in Sea of Marmora, iv: 210.
• E-14, British submarine, activities in Dardanelles, iv: 209.
• E-50, British submarine, rams U-boat, iv: 214.
• E-54, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 212.
• Eagle Hut, American "Y" center in London, vii: 288, 300.
• East, Maj.-Gen. Maurice on strategic value of campaigns in, ii: Intro. vii-xxiv.
• East Africa, German,
  • conquered by Allies, iii: 255;
  • acquired by Great Britain, '18, [xii: 271];
  • area and population, [xii: 271].
• East Prussia,
  • Russian invasion of, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 227, iii: 110-116;
  • battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116;
  • effect of Russian invasion on first battle of the Marne, ii: 227;
  • German campaigns against Russia, '14, Ludendorff's account, ii: 353-357;
  • plan of Russian invasion, iii: 110;
  • importance, iii: 112;
  • Hindenburg's strategy, iii: 113;
  • strength of Hindenburg's forces, iii: 113;
  • decisive German victory at Mazurian Lakes, iii: 113;
  • Russian withdrawal, iii: 116;
  • plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty, [xii: 200].
• Eastern Front,
  • fortifications of, iii: 109;
  • strategic aspects, iii: 110;
  • Austrian strategic plans, iii: 118;
  • see also
    • East Prussia;
    • Galicia;
    • Mazurian Lakes;
    • Poland.
• Eastern Karelia,
  • military government established, May, '19, [xii: 279];
  • area, [xii: 279];
  • population, [xii: 279].
• Ebert, Friedrich,
  • elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: Intro. xiii, 292;
  • appointed Chancellor, Nov., '18, vi: 273;
  • establishes new democratic government, Nov., '18, vi: 277;
  • states government's determination to put down Spartacides, Jan. 8, '19, vi: 287;
  • outlines policies of Provisional Government, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
  • German press comment on personality, vi: 293;
  • biography, ix: 135-138.
• Economic strategy, in war,
  • theory and example of, ii: 16;
  • Allied proposals for anti-German boycott, [xii: 102].
• Ecuador,
  • proletarian unrest, vi: 392;
  • delegates to Peace Conference, [xii: 180].
• Ecurey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.
• Edgewood Arsenal, great U. S. poison-gas plant, viii: 179-187.
• Education,
  • bilingual schools discontinued in Canada, vi: 29;
  • A. E. F. becomes "College in Khaki," vii: 280;
  • A. P. Stokes makes survey for A. E. F., vii: 281;
  • Y. M. C. A. hut classes, vii: 281;
  • demand for text-books in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282;
  • A. E. F. post schools, vii: 282;
  • work of Bureau of Citizenship among A. E. F., vii: 282;
  • U. S. soldier students at French and British universities, vii: 282, 290;
  • Army Educational Committee, vii: 282;
  • A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 282;
  • Y. M. C. A. work for prisoners of war, vii: 306.
• Edward VII promotes Anglo-French good will, i: 98.
• Edwards, Maj.-Gen.,
  • commands 26th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202;
  • relieved of command, Oct. 24, '18, v: 252.
• Effects Depot, S. O. S., for care of effects of deceased men, v: 331.
• Eggers, Sgt. Alan Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 392.
• Eggs, imports of, by Germany, ii: 18.
• Egli, Col., head of Swiss Intelligence Service, tried for unneutral communication with Germans, vi: 380.
• Egypt,
  • British establish themselves in, 1882, i: 48;
  • British control recognized by France, '04, i: 99;
  • anti-British German propaganda, iii: 188;
  • political unrest, iii: 188;
  • operations against Suez Canal, iii: 189;
  • Turks start offensive in western Egypt, iii: 190;
  • Turks driven out, '16, iii: 191;
  • tribesmen suppressed, '16—'17, iii: 191;
  • resentment against British domination, vi: 67;
  • popular pro-Turkish sympathy, vi: 68, 330;
  • Nationalist cry against "British oppression," vi: 69;
  • Great Britain declares protectorate over, Dec. 19, '14, vi: 69, [xii: 279];
  • Nationalist movement for independence, '18, vi: 70;
  • insurrection, '19, vi: 71;
  • German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 208];
  • area, [xii: 279];
  • population, '14, [xii: 279].
• Eichhorn, chief of Berlin police, deposed, Jan. 5, '19, vi: 287.
• Eichorn, Marshal von, assassinated by Ukrainian, vi: 187, 248.
• Eisner, Kurt,
  • becomes head of Bavarian Socialist Republic, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280;
  • appeals to German national government on behalf of Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288;
  • assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298.
• El Arish,
  • occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189;
  • taken by British, Dec. 22, '16, iii: 192.
• El Kubri, Turks engage British in vicinity of, iii: 190.
• El Tasher, British defeat Sudanese at, May, '16, iii: 191.
• Elbe, internationalized by Peace Treaty, rules of navigation, [xii: 248].
• Electric drive,
  • description and advantages of, iv: 322;
  • successfully applied in U. S. S. New Mexico, iv: 322.
• Electric welding,
  • use in repairing interned German liners, iv: 319;
  • use in U. S. in construction of ships, iv: 322.
• Elles, Gen., commander of British Tank Corps, iii: 377.
• Elliott, Col., leader of British Marines, killed in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.
• Ellis, Sgt. Michael B., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.
• Ely, Maj.-Gen., Hanson E.,
  • as colonel, commands 28th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 124;
  • assigned to command of 5th Div., Oct. 21, '18, v: 252.
• Emden, German commerce raider,
  • exploits of, iv: 166-194;
  • method of sinking captured ships, iv: 173;
  • bombards Madras, Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174;
  • attacks Penang Harbor, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 178;
  • lands force on Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184;
  • attacked by Sydney off Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185;
  • destruction of, report of captain of Sydney, iv: 187;
  • summary of raiding activities, iv: 189;
  • landing force at Keeling escapes on Ayesha, iv: 190-194.
• Emmich, Gen. von, commands German attack on Liége, iii: 10.
• Emont Wood,
  • cleared by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;
  • 37th Div. retreats from, Sept. 29, '18, v: 230.
• Emplacements, duplicate, permitting rotation of artillery in trenches, v: 14.
• Empress Maria, Russian dreadnought, blown up in Black Sea, iv: 366.
• Enfield rifle,
  • facilities for manufacture in U. S., v: 347;
  • standard British service rifle, viii: 95;
  • U. S. production figures, [xii: 284].
• Engineering,
  • development in U. S. Navy, iv: 319;
  • relation of, to war, viii: 298-302.
• Engines, shipment of American locomotives to France, [xii: 286].
• England, see Great Britain.
• Entente Cordiale, established between France and Russia, 1891, i: 98.
• Entertainment,
  • 27th Div. theatrical troupe, v: 299;
  • Over-There Theater League, activities, vii: 277, 339-343;
  • for A. E. F., by Y. M. C. A., vii: 277;
  • at Winchester camp, vii: 287;
  • for Army of Occupation, vii: 292;
  • for A. E. F. in Siberia, vii: 295;
  • "Y" program for Navy, vii: 299;
  • by Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 346, 348.
• Enver Pasha,
  • leader of Young Turks, i: 109, ix: 270;
  • commander of Turkish army, iii: 164;
  • in Caucasus campaign, iii: 260;
  • biography, ix: 270-274.
• Eperlecques, training area for 30th Div., v: 300.
• Epieds, German stand at,
  • in retreat from Marne, July 21, '18, v: 184;
  • General Degouette commends Americans for service at, v: 192.
• Epionville, taken by 91st Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
• Ersatz, German, i: 72.
• Erskine, Prof. John,
  • member of Army Educational Commission, vii: 282;
  • educational director of A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 283.
• Erwin, Brig.-Gen. James B., commands 6th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.
• Erzberger,
  • leader of German Center Party, vi: Intro. xiii;
  • becomes Minister of Finance, July, '19, vi: Intro. xiii.
• Erzerum, captured by Russians, Feb. 15, '16, i: 384, ii: 91, iii: 262.
• Erzingan, captured by Russians, July 25, '16, i: 386, iii: 263.
• Eseka, captured by French, Oct. 30, '15, i: 382.
• Esnes,
  • location of, v: 217;
  • 4th Engineers build road from, to Malancourt, Sept., '18, v: 226.
• Essen, bombarded by Belgian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.
• Essen trench, captured and reversed by French, Oct. 1—3, '18, v: 254.
• Essey, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.
• Essomes-sur-Marne, location of, v: 133.
• Estaires, occupied by Germans, Apr. 10—11, '18, i: 395.
• Esternay, destruction by Germans, iii: 297.
• Esthonia,
  • early history, vi: 226;
  • independent Republic established, Apr., '18, vi: 230, [xii: 279];
  • area, [xii: 279];
  • population, '18, [xii: 279];
  • see also Baltic Provinces.
• Estrayes Wood, captured by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 252.
• Etraye,
  • threatened by 33rd Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 82;
  • ridge taken by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 86;
  • captured by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.
• Eupen, ceded to Belgium, under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, [xii: 188].
• Europe,
  • area of greatest nationalistic development, i: 9;
  • race rivalries in, i: 21;
  • alignment of nations at outbreak of War, ii: 2;
  • general conditions, winter '17—'18, v: 1, 113;
  • military situation in, Nov. 1, '18, v: 253.
• Evan-Thomas, Rear-Adm. Hugh, commands British 5th Battle Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 110.
• Everts, Gen., commander of Russian Army of the Bug, iii: 119.
• Exermont Valley,
  • slopes taken by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;
  • heavy A. E. F. casualties at, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
• Explosion, compared with detonation, viii: 1.
• Explosive shell, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288.
• Explosives, see Ammunition.
• Extraterritoriality,
  • explained, i: 17;
  • Japan withdraws rights of, i: 18;
  • Turkey withdraws rights of, i: 18.

• [F]
• Falaba, S. S., British steamer, sunk by German submarine, Mar., '15, i: 319, 378, iv: 218.
• Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich G. A. S. von,
  • sent to regain Bagdad, ii: Intro. xx, iii: 196;
  • invades Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 218;
  • replaced as Chief of German General Staff by von Hindenburg, iii: 61;
  • biography, ix: 262.
• Falkland Islands, battle of,
  • British defeat German fleet, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308;
  • strength of opposing fleets, iv: 70;
  • von Spee's strategy, criticism of, iv: 70;
  • Sturdee's tactics, iv: 71;
  • German cruiser Dresden escapes, iv: 74;
  • British casualties, iv: 74;
  • German loss in men and ships, iv: 74;
  • importance of victory, iv: 74;
  • Admiral Sturdee's official report, iv: 75-79;
  • eye-witness accounts, iv: 80-85.
• Fallon, Capt. David, brave tank commander, x: 165.
• Falmouth, British cruiser,
  • sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386;
  • at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
• Falzarego Pass, limit of Italian advance in Cadore, iii: 234.
• Fanning, U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.
• Fanning Island, Germans destroy wireless station at, Sept. 7, '14, iv: 62.
• Fao, British land at, Nov. 7, '14, iii: 180.
• Farewell, poem by Lieut. Robert Nichols, R. F. A., vii: 389.
• Farman airplane, viii: 189.
• Farnsworth, Maj.-Gen. Charles S.,
  • commands 37th Div., June, '18, v: 145;
  • in Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 219.
• Fay, Robert, German agent, plots to blow up ships, x: 369-377.
• Fay-en-Haye, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.
• Fayolle, Gen.,
  • commands Allied forces opposing German drive on Paris, '18, ii: 152;
  • decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.
• Fearless, British cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
• Federalism, development in America and Europe, i: 30.
• Ferdinand, Archduke Francis,
  • see Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria.
• Ferdinand, Czar of Bulgaria,
  • abdicates, Oct. 5, '18, i: 399, vi: 347;
  • proclamation to army, vi: 340;
  • appeals to Germany, vi: 347;
  • character, ix: 378;
  • biography, ix: 378-380.
• Ferdinand of Bulgaria, poem by D. S. P., ix: 376.
• Ferdinand, King of Rumania, biography, ix: 399-401.
• Fère Forest captured by 42nd Div., July 26, '18, v: 58.
• Ferrero, Guglielmo, Italian historian,
  • comparison of German militarism with Roman imperialism, ii: 365-372;
  • sympathy with Allies, '14, vi: 119.
• Fertilizers, shortage in Germany during blockade, ii: 18.
• Field glasses for A. E. F., viii: 326.
• Finland,
  • signs peace with Germany, Mar. 7, '18, i: 393;
  • political history, 1809—1914, vi: 196;
  • granted autonomy, 1809, vi: 196;
  • autonomy revoked, 1899, vi: 196;
  • threatened with class revolution, '05, vi: 196;
  • socialist tendency in Diet, '05, vi: 196;
  • nationalism assailed by Russian bureaucracy, '14, vi: 196;
  • German aid against Russification, vi: 196;
  • declares independence, Mar., '17, vi: 198;
  • base for Russian revolutionary activities, '17, vi: 198;
  • Bolshevik revolution, Nov., '17, vi: 198;
  • Russia recognizes Bolshevik government, '17, vi: 198;
  • Socialists demand union with Russian Soviet, Nov. '17, vi: 198;
  • White Guards recalled from Germany to quell civil war, vi: 198;
  • General von der Goltz sent to aid Whites, vi: 199;
  • Republic established by moderate Socialists, '18, vi: 200;
  • new government recognized by Great Britain and U. S., '18, vi:200;
  • Bolshevism stamped out by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200;
  • origin of inhabitants, vi: 200;
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Finland, U. S. transport,
  • sunk by U-boat, Nov. 2, '17, i: 392;
  • torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337.
• Firedrake, British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
• First aid, importance in treatment of wounded, vii: 178.
• Fisher, Adm. Lord John,
  • responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200;
  • views on advisability of Dardanelles expedition, ii: 203;
  • biography, ix: 288-290.
• Fisher, Prof. Irving, analysis of high cost of living, Intro.
• Fiske, Rear-Adm. Bradley T., invents torpedo plane, iv: 335.
• Fiske, Brig.-Gen. H. B., Chief of Training, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.
• Fismes,
  • captured by 32nd Div., Aug. 6, '18, v: 61;
  • taken and retaken by U. S. divisions, July—Aug., '18, v: 189;
  • General Degoutte commends Americans for services at, Sept. 9, '18, v: 192.
• Fismette, captured by 28th Div., Aug., '18, v: 62.
• Fiume,
  • conflict of Italians and Jugoslavs for, vi: 365;
  • arrival of U. S. troops at, vi: 366;
  • Italian delegates withdraw from Peace Conference in controversy over, vi: 368-370, [xii: 159];
  • occupied by D'Annunzio, vi: 370;
  • awarded to Italy conditionally, vi: 370.
• Five Souls, poem by W. N. Ewer, xi: 93.
• Flabas, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 271.
• Flanders, battles of:
  • Oct., '14,
    • nature of terrain, iii: 38, viii: 299;
    • extent of battle line, iii: 38;
    • Foch cuts dikes of Yser, iii: 40;
    • Germans repulsed, iii: 40.
  • Aug., '17,
    • failure of British offensive, ii: 56;
    • Ludendorff's criticism of, ii: 343;
    • description of, iii: 78-80;
    • duration, iii: 78;
    • objects, iii: 78;
    • Allied offensive checked by rains, iii: 79;
    • Passchendaele Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 79;
    • Allied gains, Sept.—Oct., '17, iii: 79;
    • results, iii: 79.
  • Sept., '18,
    • Belgians and British renew offensive, v: 213.
• Flemings, failure of German propaganda among, vi: 86.
• Flers, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.
• Fleury, at Verdun,
  • captured by French, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386;
  • captured by Germans, '16, iii: 313.
• Fleville, captured by 16th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
• Florence H., cargo-carrier, heroism of crew, iv: 354.
• Florina,
  • occupied by Allies, Sept. 18, '16, i: 388, iii: 208;
  • occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 17, '16, iii: 207, 208.
• "Flying Dutchman," name applied to Emden, iv: 187.
• Foch, Marshal Ferdinand,
  • strategy of, in Allied offensive, '18, ii: 76-98, 212, v: 213;
  • at second Marne battle, ii: 77, 154;
  • theories on strategy, ii: 80, 81, 103, 137;
  • takes initiative of attack from Germans, ii: 84, v: 130;
  • as Lieut.-Col., Professor of General Tactics at École de Guerre, ii: 103, 137, 220;
  • share in victory at first Marne battle, ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 184, 220;
  • author of Principles of War, summary, ii: 104;
  • conception of mind as determining factor in victory, ii: 138;
  • on functions of a general, ii: 138;
  • theories on battle tactics, ii: 138;
  • commands 20th Corps at Nancy, '14, ii: 138;
  • organizes new French army, '14, ii: 138;
  • famous despatch during first Marne battle, ii: 141, iii: 33;
  • given command of French Army of the North, Oct., '14, ii: 143, iii: 38;
  • floods Belgium as defense against Germans, '14, ii: 145;
  • stops British retreat at Ypres, '14, ii: 145, 220;
  • commands French at Somme battle, July, '16, ii: 148;
  • appointed co-ordinator of Allied operations, Dec., '16, ii: 148;
  • appointed Chief of Staff, French Army, Mar., '17, ii: 148;
  • sends reinforcements to check Italian rout, ii: 149;
  • French representative on Allied War Council, ii: 149;
  • appointed Allied Commander-in-Chief on Western Front, Mar. 28, '18, ii: 151, iii: 89, v: 120, 380, xi: 41;
  • analysis of weakness of German drive, '18, ii: 154;
  • made Marshal of France, ii: 156, iii: 97;
  • Viscount French's eulogy of, ii: 170;
  • General Malleterre's eulogy of, ii: 220;
  • commands 20th Corps at battle of the Selle, '14, iii: 18;
  • repulses Germans at Mondement, '14, iii: 33;
  • member Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84;
  • text of appointment as Allied Commander-in-Chief, v: 380;
  • biography, ix: 148-153;
  • Clemenceau's estimate of, ix: 151;
  • pronunciation of name, ix: 151;
  • bibliography, ix: 153;
  • members of family killed in War, ix: 153;
  • military commandments, xi: 55;
  • conference with Secretary Baker, at Trois Fontaines, Oct. 4, '18, [xii: 277].
• Focsani, captured by Germans, Jan. 8, '17, i: 389.
• Fogaras, captured by Rumanians, iii: 218.
• Fokker airplane, machine-gun mounting on, viii: 192, 208-210.
• Foltz, Brig.-Gen. F. S., commands 91st Div., July, '18, v: 196.
• Food,
  • sent to Europe from U. S., '16—'18, [xii: 36];
  • importance in winning War, [xii: 40], [xii: 135];
  • War's effect on neutrals, [xii: 42];
  • European relief by U. S., Hoover's report, [xii: 42];
  • situation in Europe after armistice, [xii: 43];
  • world's requirements and supply, '19, [xii: 44];
  • use of potatoes as, [xii: 47];
  • U. S. exports to Europe, before and during War, [xii: 135];
  • problem of national self-sufficiency, [xii: 135];
  • war-time sugar shortage, [xii: 138];
  • national tastes in, [xii: 138];
  • scientific rations vs. personal taste, [xii: 139];
  • scientific rations as conservation measure, [xii: 139];
  • Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, [xii: 139];
  • war-time government control, [xii: 140];
  • U. S. wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17—July 1, '18, [xii: 141];
  • see also under each country.
• Foreign Legion,
  • American enlistments in, '14—'17, iii: 391;
  • in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July 18, '18, v: 168;
  • heroic story of, x: 27-32;
  • history, xi: 193.
• Forestry, A. E. F. operations, v: 334, 400.
• Forests, French, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307.
• Forêt Wood, captured by 4th Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.
• Forges,
  • captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, iii: 51, 306;
  • captured by 33rd Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
• Formidable, British battleship sunk by U-boat, Jan. 1, '15, i: 378.
• Formosa, acquired by Japan, 1895, i: 20.
• Forrest, Sgt. Arthur J., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
• Forstner, Lieut. von, share in Zabern incident, i: 73.
• Fortescue, Granville, description of scenes behind Turkish lines at Gallipoli, iii: 340.
• Foster, Sgt. Gary Evans, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
• "Fourteen Points," President Wilson's basis for peace, [xii: 163-165].
• "Foyers du Marin," "Y" huts for French sailors, vii: 313.
• "Foyers du Soldats,"
  • comfort huts for French soldiers, vii: 310;
  • number, vii: 311;
  • locations, vii: 313.
• Fractures, treatment of, viii: 367.
• France:
  • Air Service,
    • strength at end of War, viii: 201;
    • personnel and equipment, viii: 202, 206.
  • Army,
    • increase in, for '14, i: 132;
    • German estimate of military effectiveness, '14, ii: 4;
    • military resources, Aug. 1, '14, ii: 12;
    • German military critic on, ii: 256;
    • uniform, ii: 286;
    • pre-War organization, iii: 3;
    • morale, '17, iv: 10;
    • relations with A. E. F., v: 22;
    • type of service rifle, viii: 95;
    • medical service, viii: 362-365;
    • Chasseurs, xi: 189;
    • Spahi, xi: 189;
    • Zouaves, xi: 189;
    • Tirailleurs, xi: 191;
    • Foreign Legion, xi: 193;
    • see also Foreign Legion;
    • for military operations, see name of campaign.
  • Artillery,
    • famous "75's," efficiency of, ii: 287;
    • plan of rotating in trenches, v: 14;
    • 520-mm. (21-inch) howitzers, viii: 51-53.
  • Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;
    • money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
    • total battle deaths, [xii: 288].
  • Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, Intro. x.
  • Declarations of war,
    • by Germany on, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140;
    • on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375;
    • on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376;
    • on Bulgaria, Oct. 16, '15, i: 382;
    • popular reception of, '14, vi: 95.
  • Food,
    • potato crop, [xii: 47];
    • war-time sugar shortage, [xii: 138].
  • Foreign policy, occupation of Algeria, i: 37;
    • world position, 1871, i: 47;
    • world position, '14, i: 59;
    • Triple Entente among France, Russia, Great Britain, i: 98, 103, 106, 107, 218, 220, ii: 2;
    • Entente Cordiale with Russia, 1891, i: 98;
    • Anglo-French Treaty of, '04, i: 99;
    • Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107;
    • Anglo-French agreement for united action against "third Power," '12, i: 107, 220;
    • Russian alliance cause of entry into War, i: 220;
    • pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, i: 223;
    • French complaints of British shirking of war duty, iii: 382;
    • Austro-Hungarian attempts to make peace with, '17, vi: 315;
    • claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334;
    • Turkish policy announced, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334.
  • Forests, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307.
  • Frontiers,
    • topography of German border, ii: 6;
    • defenses, iii: 2;
    • natural gateways on, v: 214.
  • Industries,
    • war-time disorganization, [xii: 79];
    • economic value of A. E. F. to, [xii: 86];
    • German destruction in invaded territory, [xii: 87].
  • Internal politics,
    • development of democracy, i: 30;
    • organization of War Cabinet by Viviani, vi: 97;
    • fall of Viviani government, Oct. 28, '15, vi: 100;
    • nation united in War aims, vi: 101;
    • mixed reception of Wilson's peace proposals, vi: 102;
    • Socialists advocate peace by negotiation, vi: 102, 103;
    • fall of Briand ministry, '17, vi: 103;
    • effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 103;
    • Stockholm Conference causes crisis, vi: 103;
    • Bonnet Rouge disclosures wreck Ribot Cabinet, '17, vi: 104;
    • Painlevé forms new Cabinet, vi: 105;
    • Painlevé ministry falls, Nov., '17, vi: 106;
    • Clemenceau succeeds as Premier, vi: 106;
    • Clemenceau overcomes pacifist opposition, vi: 106;
    • growth of labor movement in politics, vi: 109;
    • class war, '19, vi: 110;
    • Jaurès parade, '19, vi: 110;
    • significance of attempt to kill Clemenceau, vi: 110;
    • French peace aims, vi: 111;
    • May Day riots, '19, vi: 111;
    • class war intensified, vi: 113.
  • Labor,
    • war achievements, ii: 373-382;
    • shortage due to mobilization, ii: 373;
    • skilled workers recalled from army, ii: 374;
    • women as munition workers, ii: 376;
    • foreigners recruited for war work, ii: 377;
    • importation of Chinese laborers, ii: 377;
    • use of colonials, ii: 377;
    • use of prisoners of war, ii: 377;
    • size of labor army, ii: 377;
    • housing of war workers, ii: 377;
    • co-operative societies for provisioning of war workers, ii: 378;
    • protection for women workers, ii: 379;
    • war-time abandonment of strike and sabotage, ii: 379;
    • state intervention in industrial disputes, ii: 380;
    • growth of syndicalism, ii: 381;
    • demand for share in management, ii: 381;
    • selective assignment to industries, [xii: 79].
  • Minerals,
    • German plans for seizure of iron mines, i: 122, 267, ii: 15, 20;
    • coal production, '13—'17, [xii: 48].
  • Morale,
    • of people during War, i: Intro. xiii, ii: 383-392;
    • war-time unity, ii: 385;
    • factors in war-time unity, ii: 392;
    • depression, '17—'18, v: 2.
  • Munitions,
    • statistics on ordnance production, ii: 373;
    • immensity of need unforeseen, ii: 373.
  • Navy,
    • strength in '06, i: 101;
    • increase in, for '14, i: 132;
    • entrusted control of Mediterranean by Allies, iv: 12;
    • strength at outbreak of War, iv: 13, 373;
    • war record in Mediterranean, iv: 373;
    • work in Dardanelles, iv: 375;
    • Fusiliers marins, French naval gunners, on Western Front, iv: 376;
    • protection of French coast, iv: 377;
    • anti-submarine activities, iv: 378.
  • Peace Conference,
    • delegates to, [xii: 179];
    • see also Peace Conference.
  • Peace Treaty,
    • ratified, Oct. 13, '19, [xii: 264];
    • see also Peace Treaty.
  • Population,
    • in 1860, i: 40;
    • in 1874, compared with that of Germany, i: 61;
    • in '14, compared with that of Germany, i: 61;
    • growth since 1870 compared with that of Germa
  • Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
  • Railroads,
    • unprecedented war-time demands on, [xii: 91];
    • equipment shipped to France by U. S., [xii: 95], [xii: 286].
  • Reconstruction, material needs, [xii: 87].
  • Shipping, war losses, [xii: 87].
  • War cost,
    • loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14—Jan., '17, [xii: 2];
    • income-tax rates compared with British and U. S., [xii: 4];
    • debt to U. S., [xii: 18], [xii: 31];
    • money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
    • value of property loss, [xii: 26];
    • André Tardieu's estimate, [xii: 86];
    • average daily war cost, [xii: 106];
    • total war cost, Aug., '14—Mar., '19, [xii: 107];
    • taxation, [xii: 109];
    • loans, [xii: 111];
    • rise in national debt, [xii: 111-113], [xii: 114].
  • War relief, see War relief.
• Francis Ferdinand, Archduke,
  • heir to Austrian throne, i: 111;
  • murdered with consort at Sarajevo, June 28, '14, i: 111, 375, vi: 306, xi: 4;
  • responsibility of Serbian government for murder, i: 112;
  • responsibility disclaimed, i: 246;
  • causes and results of murder, vi: 135;
  • national policy, vi: 356.
• Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria-Hungary,
  • dies, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388, vi: 313;
  • tragedies of reign, vi: 305;
  • proclamation against Italy, vi: 310;
  • biography, ix: 370-373.
• Franco-American Committee for Protection of Children of Frontier, vii: 101.
• Francois, Gen. von, German commander in East Prussia, iii: 111.
• Frankenau, Russians defeat Germans near, Aug. 22, '14, iii: 111.
• Frankfurt, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
• Frantz, Gen. von, protest against Allies' peace terms, May, '19, vi: 302.
• Frauenlob, German cruiser, torpedoed in Baltic by British, Nov. 7, '15, i: 382.
• Frederick William, German Crown Prince,
  • moving spirit for campaign in West, '14, ii: 13;
  • commands an Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184;
  • renounces succession, Nov. 9, '18, ii: 340;
  • commands one of armies of invasion, '14, iii: 10;
  • commands German armies at Verdun, '16, iii: 303;
  • detained at Wieringen by Dutch, Nov., '18, vi: 278;
  • biography, ix: 367-369.
• Free Milk for France,
  • fund started, vii: 376;
  • object, vii: 376;
  • French testimonials, vii: 379.
• Freedom of the seas,
  • U. S. note to Germany on, i: 324;
  • Maurice Revai, Austro-Hungarian deputy, on Teutonic conception of, ii: 27;
  • definition, xi: 18.
• French Heroes' Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116.
• French, Field-Marshal Sir John, Viscount of Ypres,
  • report on events leading to first Marne battle, ii: 9;
  • first British commander-in-chief in France, ii: 159, iii: 22, ix: 180;
  • publishes 1914, account of military operations of year, ii: 159;
  • summary of 1914, ii: 160-174;
  • arrival in France, ii: 161;
  • dispute with Kitchener on British military policy in France, ii: 164, 169;
  • exposé of British shell shortage, ii: 173;
  • overruled by Joffre on plan for offensive against Channel ports, ii: 174;
  • commands British at first Marne battle, ii: 184;
  • official despatch on Mons retreat, iii: 24;
  • relieved as commander-in-chief, iii: 46, ix: 52;
  • biography, ix: 177-181;
  • Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, '18, ix: 181.
• French-Swiss, characteristics of, vi: 380.
• French Wounded Emergency Fund, vii: 91.
• Fresne, captured by Germans, Mar. 7, '16, i: 384.
• Fresnes-en-Woevre, taken by 4th Div. in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 13, '18, v: 69.
• Freyberg, Colonel, New Zealander, wins Victoria Cross, x: 131.
• Freytag-Loringhoven, Gen. Baron von,
  • German military critic, view on German tactics at start of War, ii: 10;
  • summary of his Deductions from the World War, ii: 254;
  • exposition of German war philosophy, ii: 260.
• Fricourt, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58.
• Friedrichshaven, bombarded by British airmen, Nov. 21, '14, i: 376.
• Frise, captured by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 47.
• Fryatt, Capt. Chas.,
  • executed by Germans, July 27, '16, i: 386, x: 265-269;
  • attempts to ram U-33, Mar. 20, '15, x: 265;
  • Ambassador Gerard's intervention for, fails, x: 265.
• Fuchs, Lieut.-Gen., German commander in St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 201.
• Funk, Pvt. Jesse N., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
• Furlong, 1st Lieut. Richard A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
• Fyfe, Hamilton, defense of General Gough in defeat of British Fifth Army, ii: 190.

• [G]
• G-13, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 213.
• G. C.'s, explanation of, v: 12.
• Gaba Tepe. see Gallipoli Campaign.
• Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo, for destroying barbed wire, viii: 154.
• Gädke, Col., German military writer, views on the War, ii: 270.
• Gaffney, Pvt. Frank, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
• Galicia,
  • German offensive in, '15, ii: 233, iii: 135-138;
    • Ludendorff's account, ii: 360;
  • Russian invasion of, '14, iii: 118-124;
  • General Russky crosses border, Sept., '14, iii: 120;
  • Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, iii: 121;
  • rout of Auffenberg's army, iii: 121;
  • last Russian offensive, '17, iii: 146, 147;
  • Russian attempts at Russification of, vi: 243.
• Galliéni, Gen. Joseph-Simon,
  • prepares Paris for siege by Germans, iii: 28;
  • biography, ix: 161-164;
  • Military Governor of Paris, ix: 163.
• Gallipoli Campaign,
  • Winston Churchill advocates forcing Dardanelles, ii: Intro. x, xii, 29, 200;
  • reasons for, ii: Intro. xii, 27-31, 198, iii: 161-164, iv: 51-57;
  • failure of initial naval attack, ii: Intro. xv;
  • reasons for land attack after naval failure, ii: Intro. xv;
  • weakness, ii: Intro. xvi;
  • strategy, ii: 27-31;
  • Feb.—Dec., '15, ii: 27-31;
  • Viscount French's condemnation, ii: 173;
  • Commission of Inquiry into responsibility for failure, appointment and personnel, ii: 197;
  • persons named as responsible, ii: 198;
  • summary of Commission's report on responsibility, ii: 200;
  • British War Council, responsibility of, for disaster, ii: 200;
  • campaign sanctioned without expert study, ii: 200;
  • Lord Fisher disapproves expedition, ii: 203;
  • Premier Asquith's defense, ii: 204, iv: 53;
  • Winston Churchill's defense, ii: 205, iv: 56;
  • military operations, Apr. 25, '15—Jan. 9, '16, iii: 161-177;
  • Allies assemble troops in Egypt for expedition, Apr., '15, iii: 162;
  • composition of Allied forces, iii: 162;
  • Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton commander of Allied troops, iii: 162, iv: 32;
  • Enver Bey commands Turkish defenders, iii: 164;
  • composition of Turkish forces, iii: 164;
  • topography of peninsula, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23;
  • defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45;
  • British plans for landing attack, iii: 167;
  • Allied landing, Apr. 25, '15, iii: 167-170, 352, x: 35-40;
    • Adm. de Robeck's official report, iv: 36-42 ;
  • Anzacs scale cliffs near Gaba Tepe, Apr. 25, iii: 167;
    • Masefield's description, iii: 352;
    • official report, iv: 36;
  • Achi Baba, key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170, 355;
  • Pasha Dagh, Australian objective, iii: 170;
  • Krithia, objective of Allied attack, May—June, '15, iii: 170;
  • "war of attrition" on Anzac sector, iii: 171;
  • Allies' revised strategy, July, '15, iii: 171-173;
  • Turkish positions, July, '15, iii: 171;
  • Anzac reinforcements land for final attack, Aug., '15, iii: 173;
  • last Allied offensives fail, Aug., '15, iii: 173;
    • Masefield's description, iii: 355-358;
  • last attack on Chunuk Bair, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355;
  • last attack on Koja Chemen Tepe, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355, 357;
  • last attack on Krithia, Aug., '15, iii: 173;
  • obstacles to success of last Allied offensive, iii: 173;
  • Gen. Monro succeeds Hamilton, iii: 174;
  • evacuation, Nov., '15—Jan., '16, iii: 174-177, 358;
  • casualties, Allied and Turkish, iii: 177, 355, 357, iv: 51;
  • reasons for failure, iii: 177;
  • bibliography, iii: 177;
  • Fortescue's description, iii: 340-343;
  • Turkish camp scenes behind the lines, iii: 341;
  • Masefield's description of British embarkation for, iii: 350;
  • soldier's life on Gallipoli, described by Masefield, iii: 353;
  • Gen. Hamilton's report on Lone Pine fighting, iii: 356;
  • Adm. Carden favors naval attack, iv: 28;
  • initial Allied bombardment, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 28;
  • British plan of operations, iv: 30;
  • preliminaries to attack, Jan. 15—Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30;
  • bombardment by Allied fleet, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30, 42;
  • Allied fleet enters Straits, Mar. 1, '15, iv: 32;
  • Vice-Adm. de Roebeck succeeds to command of Allied fleet, Mar., '15, iv: 32;
  • Allies decide to combine naval and land operations, iv: 32, 35, 49;
  • number and description of Allied warships participating, iv: 33;
  • Allied bombardment, Mar. 18, '15, 47;
    • official report, iv: 34;
  • Hamilton's delay fatal mistake of campaign, iv: 34;
  • French land troops at Kum Kale, Apr. 25, '15, iv: 41;
  • heroic minesweeping, iv: 43;
  • Narrows forts bombarded, Mar. 5, 7, '15, iv: 45;
  • analogy to opening of Mississippi by Farragut during Civil War, iv: 51;
  • cost of expedition, iv: 51;
  • lessons of, iv: 52;
  • mistakes in plan and execution, iv: 56;
  • Turkish joy over Allied failure, vi: 330;
  • Y. M. C. A. with British at, vii: 321;
  • see also Dardanelles.
• Gallowitz, Gen. von, military career, v: 203.
• Gangrene, treatment for gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287.
• Garda, Lake, naval operations on, iii: 232.
• Gardens,
  • cultivated in France by British soldiers, ii: 131;
  • by A. E. F., v: 330.
• Gardiner, J. B. W., on strategy of the War, ii: 1.
• Garibaldi, descendants of Liberator, in War, x: 62-65.
• Garibaldi, Italian cruiser sunk by U-boat, iv: 369.
• Garibaldi Hymn, Italian national anthem, xi: 328.
• Garrisons, use of small groupes de combat by French, v: 13.
• Garua, taken by Allies, June 11, '15, i: 380.
• Gas, see Chemical warfare.
• Gas gangrene, see Gangrene.
• Gas masks, v: 324, viii: 174-178, xi: 317.
• Gasoline, consumption by A. E. F., v: 331.
• Gaulois,
  • French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
  • damaged in attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35.
• Gaza,
  • Turks defeated by British at, Mar. 26—27, '17, iii: 192;
  • captured by British, Nov. 6, '17, iii: 194.
• Geddes, Sir Eric, biography, ix: 313-316.
• Generalship, British, in the War,
  • analyzed by Philip Gibbs, iii: 370-378;
  • physical characteristics of British leaders, iii: 371;
  • mostly of cavalry training, iii: 371;
  • personal gallantry, iii: 371;
  • as great "English gentlemen," iii: 371;
  • mental characteristics, iii: 371;
  • mostly conservative men, iii: 372;
  • no leader of magnetism, iii: 372, 374;
  • personal traits of Sir Douglas Haig, iii: 373;
  • ill feeling against Staff by men in ranks, iii: 373;
  • faulty tactics in battles of the Somme, iii: 374;
  • desire to gain worthless ground, iii: 374;
  • efficiency of administrative organization, iii: 374;
  • Sir Herbert Plumer, great military chief, iii: 375;
  • faults at battles of Neuve Chapelle and Loos, iii: 375;
  • Gen. Birdwood's popularity, iii: 375;
  • tragedy of Second Army, iii: 375;
  • final victory not due to generalship, iii: 378;
  • success of unprofessional soldier as leader, iii: 378;
  • inefficiency of Staff College, iii: 378;
  • chief shortcoming, iii: 378.
• Geneva, designated capital of League of Nations, vi: 382, [xii: 183].
• Geologists, war services, v: 327, viii: 311.
• Geophone, description and use for sound locating, viii: 312-314.
• George V, King of England,
  • receives General Pershing, June, '17, v: 97;
  • biography, ix: 392-395.
• Georgia,
  • early history of people, vi: 231;
  • Republic established, Jan., '18, [xii: 279];
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Gerache Wood, taken by 80th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
• Gerard, James W., leaves Germany as U. S. Ambassador, i: 346.
• German-Americans,
  • distribution and characteristics, i: 278;
  • Bernhardi's views on political importance, i: 279.
• German-Swiss, characteristics, vi: 380.
• Germania, To, Bulgarian ode, vi: 342.
• Germany:
  • Air Service,
    • passing of supremacy, vii: 201;
    • strength at end of War, viii: 202;
    • pre-War record flights, viii: 206;
    • equipment and strength, viii: 206;
    • supremacy over Allies, viii: 207;
    • bombing planes, viii: 221-222;
    • A. E. G. bombers, viii: 221;
    • Gotha bombers, viii: 221;
    • Lizenz bombers, viii: 222;
    • Zeppelins during War, viii: 246-248;
    • Zeppelins described, viii: 248-254;
    • military service abolished under Peace Treaty, [xii: 214];
    • surrendered to Allies, [xii: 215].
  • Area, of Republic, [xii: 279].
  • Army,
    • aristocratic character, i: 69;
    • system of organization, i: 71, iii: 4-6;
    • tradition of efficiency, i: 72;
    • conception of duties, i: 72;
    • increase in peace strength, '14, i: 131;
    • dependence on imports for munitions, ii: 21;
    • loss of morale in Somme battle, '16, ii: 47;
    • manpower on Western Front, Mar., '18, ii: 65;
    • loss of morale under Allied offensive, '18, ii: 86, v: 87, vi: 270;
    • German critic's opinion of, ii: 257;
    • machine-gun equipment, ii: 275;
    • heroism of machine-gunners, ii: 282;
    • invisibility of uniform, ii: 286;
    • recruiting situation, '18, ii: 308-310, 318;
    • desertions, ii: 309;
    • punishments not severe enough, Ludendorff's view, ii: 318;
    • Ludendorff on causes of demoralization, ii: 320, 333;
    • agitators undermine morale, ii: 320;
    • reorganized after Somme battle, '16, iii: 61;
    • best equipped, iii: 272;
    • infiltration method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17;
    • construction of machine-gun nests, v: 37;
    • sympathy with Revolution, '18, vi: 274;
    • return to Berlin, Dec. 10, '18, vi: 282;
    • Machine Gun Corps, viii: 79;
    • trench systems, viii: 124-129;
    • adopt trench defense after Marne defeat, '14, viii: 134;
    • machine-gun equipment compared with Allied, Aug., '14, viii: 134;
    • method of attack, viii: 137;
    • "holding" troops, viii: 144;
    • "shock" troops, viii: 144;
    • training, xi: 195-204;
    • cavalry, xi: 196;
    • discipline, xi: 202;
    • reduction in strength under Peace Treaty, [xii: 209], [xii: 211];
    • reduction in equipment under Peace Treaty, [xii: 210], [xii: 212];
    • table of organization imposed by Peace Treaty, [xii: 212];
    • for military operations, see Western Front;
    • also name of campaign or engagement.
  • Artillery,
    • superiority over Allies, ii: 128, 288, viii: 36;
    • guns captured by Allies, July—Nov., '18, iii: 103;
    • development of heavy field howitzers, viii: 22;
    • 11-in. siege mortars described, viii: 34-36;
    • long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47;
    • structure of long-range shells hitting Paris, viii: 46.
  • Bagdad Railway, interest in, see Bagdad Railway.
  • Belgian neutrality, violation of, see Belgium, Neutrality.
  • Blockade of,
    • effectiveness, i: 280, vi: 253;
      • German view, [xii: 97];
    • Allied regulation of neutral commerce, i: 280, vi: 377;
    • controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;
    • British Order in Council, Mar. 15, '15, i: 318;
    • Allied trade blacklist, i: 335;
    • controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335;
    • measures to starve Germany, i: 358;
    • objects of British Orders in Council, ii: 16;
    • food shortage, ii: 17, vi: 253-255, 260, 261, 266, 285, 294;
    • report of German scientists on, ii: 17;
    • estimate of minimum food requirements, ii: 17;
    • meat production self-sufficient, ii: 18;
    • statistics on pre-War food imports, ii: 18;
    • shortage of fertilizers, ii: 18;
    • increased production as offset against blockade, ii: 18;
    • reduction of waste, ii: 18, vi: 254;
    • increase in tilled land, ii: 19;
    • international law on, ii: 21;
    • difficulties of enforcement, ii: 21, iv: 86;
    • German isolation, ii: 21;
    • value of, ii: 22;
    • effect on civilian population, ii: 99;
    • use of dog flesh as food, [xii: 41];
    • after-War food conditions, [xii: 45];
    • U. S. export license system, [xii: 99];
    • German trade with neutrals, [xii: 100];
    • smuggling, [xii: 100];
    • Allied plan of after-War economic boycott, [xii: 102];
    • pre-War food production, [xii: 136-138];
    • war-time food problems, [xii: 136].
  • Boundaries, under Peace Treaty, [xii: 186].
  • Casualties,
    • total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404;
    • princes killed in battle, ix: 237;
    • money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
    • total battle deaths, [xii: 288].
  • China, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 206].
  • Coal,
    • production, 1880—1913, i: 267;
    • secret of power, i: 267;
    • production, '13—'15, [xii: 48].
  • Colonies,
    • loss of, i: 13;
    • acquisition of African, i: 50, 95;
    • acquisition of Pacific islands, i: 81;
    • acquisition of Kiau-Chau, i: 82;
    • South American settlements, i: 84;
    • area and population of African, i: 96, [xii: 279];
    • understanding with British on African expansion, i: 200;
    • necessity as outlet for population, i: 262;
    • important motive in war policy, ii: 13;
    • conquest of African, by Allies, iii: 252-256;
    • New Guinea conquered by Australians, vi: 38;
    • Samoa conquered by New Zealanders, vi: 38;
    • surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, [xii: 206];
    • Kiau-Chau transferred to Japan, [xii: 209], [xii: 279];
    • distribution among Allies, [xii: 279];
    • area and population, [xii: 279];
    • see also name of colony.
  • Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, Intro. x.
  • Declarations of war,
    • on Russia, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375;
    • on France, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140, 375;
    • by Great Britain, Aug. 4, '14, i: 145, 375;
    • on Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375;
    • by Italy, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;
    • on Rumania, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386;
    • by U. S., Apr. 6, '17, i: 389, ii: 53, xi: 35;
    • diplomatic relations with Brazil severed, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389;
    • diplomatic relations with Bolivia severed, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389;
    • Greece breaks off diplomatic relations, June, 29, '17, i: 390;
    • by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390.
  • Defeat, causes of,
    • underestimate of Allied inventive capacity, i: Intro. ix;
    • underestimate of British, ii: Intro, viii;
    • strategic, ii: 15;
    • faulty psychology, ii: 53, 78, 221;
    • collapse of Germanic allies, ii: 89, 98, 329;
    • analysis of, ii: 99;
    • German efficiency vs. Allies' "will to win," ii: 100;
    • Field-Marshal Haig on, ii: 120;
    • failure to take Channel ports in '14, ii: 221;
    • Russian campaigns, ii: 221;
    • adoption of trench warfare, ii: 222;
    • forcing U. S. into War, ii: 222;
    • miscalculation of German endurance, ii: 224;
    • launching of '18 offensive, ii: 225;
    • failure to learn from American Civil War, ii: 255;
    • not in position for war of exhaustion, ii: 304;
    • Ludendorff ascribes to incompetent civil government, ii: 301-304, 310;
    • Allied superiority too great, Ludendorff's view, ii: 227;
    • see also under Germany, Strategy;
    • for military operations, see Western Front,
    • also campaign or engagement.
  • Egypt, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 208].
  • Food, see Blockade.
  • Foreign policy, world position, 1871, i: 44;
    • influence of industrialism on, i: 77;
    • domination over Austria-Hungary, i: 79, 133;
    • Near East policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89;
    • ambition for world power, i: 83, 170, ii: 2, 13;
    • expansion in South America, i: 84;
    • Venezuelan controversy with U. S., i: 86;
    • jealousy of U. S. strength, i: 87;
    • plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88;
    • ambition for "place in the sun," i: 95, ii: 27;
    • enters Triple Alliance, i: 95;
    • dynastic relations in Balkans, i: 96;
    • sympathy with Boers, i: 96, 192;
    • Turkish policy, i: 98, 207, ii: 28, vi: 330;
    • Kaiser's statement of Moroccan policy, Mar., '05, i: 99, 202;
    • hatred of Great Britain, i: 101, 167, 190-194, ii: 14, vi: 251-252, 264;
    • Moroccan crisis forced by sending gunboat Panther to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203;
    • negotiations with British for curbing naval program, '12, i: 106, 194-197;
    • dream of Central European Federation under herself, 171, vi: 258;
    • von Bülow's statement of policy, i: 173;
    • Bernhardi's view of British as declining nation, i: 190;
    • ill feeling against Kaiser's English mother, i: 192;
    • Hymn of Hate, i: 194;
    • negotiations with British for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197;
    • Prince Lichnowsky on Moroccan policy, i: 204;
    • Kaiser visits Turkey, 1889, 1898, i: 207;
    • unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208;
    • Austria as buffer against Slavs, i: 209;
    • hatred of France, i: 215;
    • Sir Edward Grey's statement of events, July 23—Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227;
    • refusal to pledge respect of Belgian neutrality, '14, i: 223;
    • Bismarck's pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, 1870, i: 229;
    • Russian policy, i: 239;
    • statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, '16, ii: 14;
    • plans for annexation of Russian territories, ii: 15;
    • anti-British plans in East, ii: 27;
    • "Gott strafe England," vi: 251;
    • Russo-British alliance rouses hatred, '14, vi: 251;
    • desire to include Austria in Republic, vi: 322;
    • friction with Bulgaria, vi: 344;
    • attitude on Dutch neutrality, vi: 376;
    • relations with Japan, vi: 382;
    • see also under Germany, Militarism, Pan-Germanism.
  • Fortifications, demolition under Peace Treaty terms, [xii: 189], [xii: 205], [xii: 211], [xii: 214].
  • Health, effect of War on, iii: 406.
  • Industries,
    • rise as industrial power, i: 75-78;
    • state aid, i: 76;
    • influence on foreign policy, i: 77;
    • industrial mobilization, [xii: 80];
    • effects of war-time shortage of raw materials, [xii: 97];
    • use of potash boycott against U. S., [xii: 98].
  • Internal politics,
    • political organization, 1648 to French Revolution, i: 26;
    • failure of democratic movement, 1848, i: 32;
    • unification under Bismarck, i: 40-44, ii: 1;
    • political organization of Empire, i: 70, 156;
    • strength of Social-Democrats, i: 71, vi: Intro. xi, xv;
    • powers of Imperial Chancellor, i: 71, 156;
    • William II becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97;
    • Professor Lamprecht's defense of German system, i: 155;
    • composition and powers of Bundesrat, i: 156;
    • composition and powers of Reichstag, i: 156;
    • powers of Emperor, i: 156;
    • dominance of Prussia, i: 156, 258;
    • social classes, i: 258;
    • Bismarck representative of Junker class, i: 258;
    • change from agricultural into industrial state, i: 259-260;
    • struggle between old aristocracy and new capitalists, i: 260;
    • basis of national strength, i: 260;
    • social legislation, i: 264;
    • Sir Thomas Barclay on German political parties, vi: Intro. ix-xvi;
    • party principles compared, vi: Intro. ix, xii;
    • Social-Democratic leaders, vi: Intro. ix;
    • Sir Thomas Barclay on Revolution of '18, vi: Intro. x;
    • leaders of the Revolution, vi: Intro. x;
    • strength of Center Party, vi: Intro. xi, xv;
    • strength of Conservatives, vi: Intro. xi, xiv, xv;
    • Conservative principles, vi: Intro. xii;
    • principles of Social-Democrats, vi: Intro. xii;
    • principles of National-Liberals, vi: Intro. xii;
    • policies of Center Party, vi: Intro. xiii;
    • National-Liberal strength, vi: Intro. xv;
    • strength of Democratic Party, vi: Intro. xv;
    • Germany politically undeveloped, vi: Intro. xv;
    • city governments non-partisan, vi: Intro. xvi;
    • public sentiment on War, '14, vi: 250;
    • anti-War protest by Social Revolutionists, '14, vi: 250;
    • Socialist peace agitation, '15, vi: 258, 262;
    • Socialist split on war policy, '15, vi: 260;
    • beginnings of Spartacide group, vi: 260;
    • "preventive arrests" for suppressing pacifists, '16, vi: 262;
    • Socialists demand peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266;
    • Socialists demand liberal terms for Russians at Brest-Litovsk, vi: 268;
    • labor strikes during Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,'17, vi: 268;
    • strikes suppressed by armed force, vi: 260;
    • reduction in munition output, '18, vi: 270;
    • Germany faces defeat, vi: 270;
    • Prince Maximilian of Baden succeeds Count von Hertling as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270;
    • Prince Max proposes Liberal-Socialist coalition government, vi: 270;
    • Kaiser's last appeals fail, vi: 270, 271;
    • Ludendorff's régime ends, Oct., '18, vi: 271;
    • revolutionary threats, Oct., '18, vi: 271;
    • Revolution starts, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272;
    • Kaiser abdicates, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 272;
    • establishment of German republics, vi: 273, 280;
    • revolutionary scenes in Berlin, vi: 273-277;
    • Ebert, as Chancellor, establishes provisional government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277;
    • Kaiser flees to Holland, vi: 277;
    • radical Socialists oppose Ebert government, vi: 278;
    • Spartacides urge Bolshevik revolution, vi: 279;
    • spread of Bolshevism, vi: 280;
    • Independents demand immediate social reconstruction before political reform, vi: 280;
    • Ebert government appeals for bourgeois support, vi: 280;
    • Spartacides allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280;
    • return of "victorious" army to Berlin strengthens Provisional Government, vi: 282;
    • Central Council of Delegates convened by Ebert, Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283;
    • Central Council votes for election of National Assembly, Dec. 19, '18, vi: 283;
    • Central Executive Committee created, Dec., '18, vi: 283;
    • Majority Socialists in absolute control of government, vi: 283;
    • Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils ordered dissolved, Dec., '18, vi: 283;
    • Spartacides and Independents threaten proletarian revolution, Dec., '18, vi: 283;
    • Count zu Reventlow on Germany under Socialist régime, vi: 284;
    • hunger and unemployment, vi: 285-287, 294-298;
    • Spartacide insurrection, Jan., '19, vi: 287-290;
    • Bavarian government supports Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288;
    • Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289;
    • National Assembly elections, Jan. 19, '19, vi: 290;
    • National Assembly meets at Weimar, Feb. 6, '19, vi: 291;
    • Ebert's speech before National Assembly on government's policies, vi: 292;
    • Ebert elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
    • Scheidemann elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
    • composition of Scheidemann Cabinet, vi: 292;
    • German press comment on Ebert as President, vi: 293;
    • middleclass "counter strikes" against extremists, vi: 294;
    • Kurt Eisner assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298;
    • Soviet established in Munich, Feb. 19, vi: 298, 300;
    • Spartacides in control of Saxony, Feb., '19, vi: 299;
    • second Spartacide rising in Berlin suppressed by Noske, Mar., '19, vi: 299;
    • Ebert government overthrows Munich Soviet, Apr.—May, '19, vi: 300-301;
    • forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305;
    • press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304;
    • Gustav Bauer succeeds Scheidemann as Chancellor to sign Peace Treaty, vi: 304;
    • National Assembly votes to accept Allies' terms, June 22, '19, vi: 305.
  • International concessions, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 228].
  • Iron,
    • plans for annexation of French ore lands, i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15;
    • importance of Lorraine ore deposits, i: 267;
    • seizure of French and Belgian mines, '14, ii: 20.
  • Kultur,
    • Bernhardi on, i: 64, 159, 160;
    • great men of, i: 64;
    • significance, i: 64;
    • manifestations, i: 64;
    • spokesmen of, i: 66;
    • gospel of conquest, i: 66;
    • educational program for dissemination of, i: 67;
    • supremacy of State dominant idea, i: 68, 148;
    • doctrine of "divine right of kings," i: 68;
    • relation to militarism, i: 69;
    • German social philosophy compared with British, i: 149;
    • strength of State higher good than happiness of individuals, i: 149;
    • Bergson on German doctrine of force, i: 152;
    • transition from idealism to materialism, i: 152;
    • materialistic spirit of German students, i: 154;
    • national egoism, i: 154;
    • contributions to world culture, i: 154;
    • definition and exposition of, i: 158;
    • compared with culture, i: 158;
    • Bernhardi's belief in supremacy of German brain, i: 160;
    • right to conquest, i: 161;
    • see also under Germany, Militarism.
  • Liberia, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 208].
  • Luxemburg, violation of neutrality, see Luxemburg.
  • Militarism,
    • war as national policy, i: Intro. vii, 70;
    • basic conception, i: 69;
    • glorification of doctrine of force, i: 69;
    • Henri Bergson on, i: 152;
    • Professor Lamprecht's defense, i: 155;
    • Bernhardi on universal military training, i: 162;
    • Bernhardi on necessity of war to progress, i: 162;
    • Bernhardi condemns love of peace, i: 162, 171;
    • German pride in, i: 163;
    • compared with Christianity, i: 165;
    • compared with British policy, i: 165;
    • force in place of diplomacy, i: 166;
    • "World power or downfall," i: 170;
    • von der Goltz's plea against peace, i: 171;
    • German statement of policy, i: 171-173;
    • striking quotations from Bernhardi, i: 179;
    • Bernhardi on conqueror's right to annex territory, i: 181;
    • German denial of, i: 182;
    • compared with Allies' defensive policy, '14, ii: 1;
    • statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, ii: 14;
    • explained by Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, ii: 260;
    • compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372;
    • pre-War preparedness, vi: 249;
    • see also
      • under Germany,
      • Foreign policy,
      • Kultur,
      • Pan-Germanism.
  • Morale,
    • demands of War on nation, ii: 302;
    • fighting spirit waning, '18, ii: 309-311;
    • change between '17 and '18, v: 2.
  • Morocco, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 208].
  • Navy,
    • strength in '06, i: 101;
    • negotiations with British for curbing naval program, i: 106, 194-197;
    • increase in "peace strength" for '14, i: 131;
    • strength threat to British security, i: 196;
    • surrendered to Allies, Nov. 21, '18, i: 400, iv: 142-144;
      • list and description of major units, iv: 383-384;
      • German eye-witness account, iv: 385-387;
      • American eye-witness account, iv: 387-390;
      • British eye-witness account, iv: 390-394;
      • Peace Treaty terms, [xii: 213];
    • hemmed in by British, ii: Intro. viii;
    • efforts to break blockade by use of submarines, iv: 7, 256;
    • strength of China Squadron, iv: 58;
    • operations in Pacific, iv: 60;
    • strategy of defense, iv: 86;
    • operations of High Sea Fleet in North Sea, iv: 91;
    • superior to British in destroyers, iv: 94;
    • use of fleet criticized by Jellicoe, iv: 94;
    • High Sea Fleet compared with British Grand Fleet, iv: 96;
    • North Sea raids, iv: 136;
    • mission during War, iv: 138;
    • development, iv: 362;
    • Bolshevik propaganda in, iv: 380;
    • revolts, Nov., '18, iv: 380-383, vi: 272, 283;
    • morale, iv: 294;
    • mutiny suppressed, '17, vi: 266;
    • Peace Treaty conditions for reduction, [xii: 212-214];
    • see also Submarine warfare.
  • Occupation by Allies,
    • expense to be paid by Germany, [xii: 226];
    • conditions for withdrawal, [xii: 261].
  • Pan-Germanism,
    • ideal of unification of all Teuton elements in Europe, i: 78, xi: 4;
    • Pan-German League, objects, i: 79;
    • propaganda in U. S., i: 79;
    • policy in South America, i: 84;
    • Bernhardi's statement of principles, i: 152;
    • Bismarck's plan for world empire, ii: 2;
    • first steps toward under William II, ii: 2;
    • goal of Calais to Bagdad, ii: 13;
    • Bagdad Railway important factor in, ii: 296;
    • compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372;
    • expounded by Friedrich Naumann in Mitteleuropa, vi: 258;
    • see also under Germany,
      • Foreign policy,
      • Militarism.
  • Peace negotiations,
    • Prince Max asks Wilson to intercede, Oct. 6, '18, i: 399, vi: 271;
    • armistice, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399, iii: 402, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54;
    • war aims expressed in secret memorandum to Austria, '16, ii: 14;
    • condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303;
    • Allies reject, prior to Spring offensive, '18, ii: 316;
    • Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331;
    • Ludendorff convinced Germany can't win, Sept., '18, ii: 333, 335;
    • drive for "mental armistice," ii: 387-390;
    • armistice with Russia, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113;
    • Brest-Litovsk treaty with Russia, Mar. 3, '18, vi: 183;
    • Socialists present peace manifesto, Nov., '15, vi: 258;
    • Bethmann-Hollweg rejects Socialist peace demands, vi: 260;
    • Bethmann-Hollweg proposes "peace of compromise," '17, vi: 262-264;
    • Socialists support peace without annexations, '17. vi: 266;
    • Reichstag passes resolution for peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266;
    • forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305;
    • Allies' peace terms received, May 7, '19, vi: 302;
    • press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304;
    • National Assembly votes to sign Peace Treaty, June 22, '19, vi: 304;
    • Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 179], [xii: 182];
    • Peace Treaty ratified, July 10, '19, [xii: 264];
    • see also Peace, moves for.
  • Population,
    • in 1860, i: 40;
    • compared with France, 1874—1914, i: 61;
    • emigration to U. S., i: 75, 79, 277;
    • emigration to South America, i: 79;
    • growth since 1870 compared with that of France, i: 262;
    • relation of growth to colonial expansion, i: 262;
    • rapid increase, i: 277;
    • of Republic, [xii: 279].
  • Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
  • Propaganda,
    • in U. S. before War, i: 79;
    • activities of Dr. Albert, i: 133;
    • artificial nature of public opinion, i: 149;
    • preparing German mind for war, i: 171, 181;
    • appeal to Americans, Aug., '14, i: 268;
    • von Jagow's defense against American criticisms, i: 273;
    • activities of German agents in U. S., i: 274, 302, 314, x: 326-348;
    • Dr. Dernburg's activities in U. S., i: 274;
    • instigating Hindu revolutions, i: 317;
    • Mexican plot-against U. S., i: 347;
    • on Italian Front, iii: 247, vi: 128;
    • following capture of Americans at Seicheprey, v: 123;
    • in Spain, [xii: 101].
  • Railroads,
    • war-time deterioration, viii: 283;
    • efficiency under war conditions, viii: 284-285;
    • Peace Treaty regulations, [xii: 253].
  • Reparation, views of U. S. press on, [xii: 24];
    • estimates of capacity to pay, [xii: 159];
    • cession of Sarre coalfields to France, [xii: 189];
    • Peace Treaty provisions, [xii: 217-225].
  • Responsibility for War,
    • German manipulations to force war, i: 8, 129-138;
    • unwillingness to coöperate to prevent World War, i: 115, 124-126, 246, 250;
    • responsibility denied, i: 116-120;
    • Bethmann-Hollweg's statement, i: 117;
    • Hellferich's justification, i: 119;
    • statement by German "Intellectuals," i: 120;
    • Dr. Dernburg's defense, i: 120;
    • German case against Great Britain, i: 121;
    • evidences of anticipating the War, i: 131;
    • complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, i: 133-136, 252;
    • Potsdam Conference, July 5, '14, i: 136, 250;
    • statement of Allied infractions of international law, i: 139;
    • Sir Edward Grey's statement of events leading to War, July 23—Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227;
    • Prince Lichnowsky's account of events leading to War, i: 246, 250;
    • Dr. Mühlon's disclosures, i: 250-254;
    • Peace Treaty provisions for trial of guilty, [xii: 217];
    • see also Causes of the War.
  • Royal family, xi: 149;
    • see also
      • William II;
      • Frederick William.
  • Shipping,
    • increase in tonnage, 1880—1913, compared with British, i: 77;
    • increase in tonnage, '00—'04, i: 263;
    • Kaiser's personal interest in, i: 264;
    • German resourcefulness, i: 264;
    • tonnage and capital of North German Lloyd Line, i: 264;
    • tonnage and earnings of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264;
    • tonnage and earnings of Hansa Line, i: 264;
    • tonnage of Hamburg-South American Line, i: 264.
  • Siam, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 208].
  • Strategy,
    • seizure of French coal and iron mines, i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15, 20;
    • general war plans, ii: 1-8, iii: 8, iv: 4-8;
    • estimate of European military alignments, ii: 2-4;
    • conquest of France first objective, ii: 4-8, iii: 2, 10;
    • topography of German western frontier, ii: 6;
    • invasion of Belgium and northern France, ii: 8, xi: 9;
    • mistake of striking first at France instead of Russia, '14, ii: 11;
    • probable results of a vigorous offensive against Russia in '14, ii: 13;
    • reasons for striking at France first, ii: 13;
    • destructiveness as war policy, ii: 15, xi: 20, [xii: 23];
    • defensive attitude toward Russia, '14, ii: 22;
    • East Prussian campaigns, ii: 24;
    • invasion of Russian Poland, ii: 25;
    • failure to operate against Suez Canal, ii: 31;
    • military plans for '17, ii: 53;
    • necessity for military strokes of '18, ii: 65;
    • at strategic advantage, Mar., '18, ii: 66;
    • selection of front for spring offensive, '18, ii: 67;
    • plans for '18 campaign, ii: 70, 149;
    • retreat under blows of Foch, ii: 86;
    • causes of failure, ii: 99;
    • faced with military disaster, Nov., '18, ii: 215;
    • Russia overwhelmed, '15, ii: 233;
    • Col. Gädke on German war plans and results, ii: 270;
    • underestimate of U. S. strength, ii: 272;
    • fortified lines of retreat behind Western Front, ii: 304;
    • Gen. von Schlieffen responsible for plan of invasion through Belgium, ii: 345;
    • Ludendorff's defense of war policy, ii: 346;
    • alternatives facing Germany, winter, '17—'18, v: 3;
    • general strategy on Western Front, viii: 133;
    • see also under Germany, Defeat, causes of;
    • also Western Front;
      • campaign or engagement.
  • Submarine warfare, see Submarine warfare.
  • Trade, 1880—1914, compared with British, i: 77;
    • tariff policy, i: 78;
    • production and import of grains, ii: 17;
    • dependence on imports for war materials, ii: 20;
    • war trade with neutrals, ii: 21, [xii: 100];
    • anti-German toy boycott in New York, [xii: 99];
    • Allied proposals for after-War economic boycott, [xii: 102];
    • customs regulations imposed by Peace Treaty, [xii: 229];
    • suppression of unfair competition by Peace Treaty, [xii: 230].
  • Treaties,
    • pre-War agreements with Allies revived by Peace Treaty, [xii: 231];
    • with Germanic allies, abrogated by Peace Treaty, [xii: 232];
    • with Russia, abrogated by Peace Treaty, [xii: 232];
    • with Rumania, abrogated by Peace Treaty, [xii: 232];
    • see also
      • Brest-Litovsk Treaty;
      • Bucharest, Treaty of;
      • Peace Treaty;
      • Triple Alliance.
  • War booty, value, [xii: 22].
  • War cost,
    • financial mobilization, ii: 265, [xii: 21];
    • gold reserves, June 30, '14, i: 265;
    • loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14—Jan., '17, [xii: 2];
    • method of raising war funds, [xii: 21];
    • system of loans, [xii: 21], [xii: 113];
    • estimate of expenditures, [xii: 21];
    • currency inflation, [xii: 22];
    • war finance system compared with British, [xii: 22];
    • money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
    • value of property loss, [xii: 26];
    • average daily war cost, [xii: 106];
    • total war cost, Aug., '14—Oct. '19, [xii: 107];
    • taxation, [xii: 109];
    • rise in national debt, [xii: 113], [xii: 114].
  • Wireless stations, Peace Treaty regulations for, [xii: 214].
• Germany and the Next War, book by General von Bernhardi, striking quotations from, i: 179.
• Germont, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 266.
• Gesnes,
  • location, v: 217;
  • captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
• Ghent, Belgians re-enter, iii: 103.
• Gibbons, Floyd, account of Laconia sinking, iv: 226-229.
• Gibbs, Philip,
  • analysis of German war blunders, ii: 221;
  • account of Cambrai battle, Nov., '17, iii: 337;
  • description of German spring offensive, '18, iii: 360;
  • analysis of British generalship, iii: 370-378.
• Gibercy, taken by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.
• Gifford, Walter S., Director U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116].
• Ginchy,
  • objective in Somme battle, iii: 58;
  • description of battle, x: 147-155.
• Giolitti, Italian political leader, opposes entry into War, ii: 236, vi: 123.
• Girba, Turks routed at, Feb., '17, iii: 191.
• Glasgow, labor riots in, Jan., '19, vi: 19.
• Glasgow, British cruiser,
  • in battle off Coronel, iv: 65;
  • hit by gunfire, iv: 68;
  • in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.
• Gleaves, Adm., convoys first U. S. troops to France, June 26, '17, iv:160, v: 106.
• Glenart Castle, British hospital ship, sunk Feb. 26, '18, i: 393.
• Glenn, Maj.-Gen. Edwin F., commands 83rd Div., June, '18, v: 146.
• Glory of War, The, poem by Dana Burnet, ix: 261.
• Glossop, Capt. John C. T., commands Sydney in engagement with Emden, iv: 187.
• Gloucester Castle, British hospital-ship torpedoed without warning, iv: 232.
• Gloves, anti-gas, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
• Gneisenau, German cruiser,
  • in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66;
  • sunk at battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308;
  • eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 82.
• God Save the King, English national anthem, xi: 326.
• Godfrey, Dr. Hollis, member, Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116].
• Goeben, German battle cruiser,
  • eludes Allied fleet in Mediterranean and escapes to Turkish waters, Aug., '14, iv: 13-16;
  • far-reaching effects of escape, iv: 16;
  • sold to Turkey, iv: 16;
  • damaged by mine in Black Sea, Nov. 18, '15, iv: 50, 365.
• Gold,
  • Peace Treaty restriction on German export of, [xii: 226];
  • deliveries of, by Germany to Allies under Peace Treaty, [xii: 228].
• Goldschmidt alternator, for generating radio waves, viii: 316.
• Goliath, British battleship,
  • at Gallipoli, iv: 33;
  • sunk by Turks, May 13, '15, iv: 50.
• Golice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.
• Goltz, Field-Marshal Baron von der,
  • heads German mission to Turkey, iii: 164;
  • commands German troops in Finland, vi: 199;
  • biography, ix: 268.
• Goltz, Horst von der, plots to blow up Welland Canal, x: 333.
• Golytsin, Russian Prime Minister,
  • reactionary government of, vi: 143;
  • gets undated order from Czar dismissing Duma, '17, vi: 144;
  • issues Czar's order dismissing Duma, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146.
• Gompers, Samuel, member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116].
• Gondrecourt, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.
• Good-by-ee, English soldiers' song, xi: 338.
• Good Hope,
  • Admiral Cradock's flagship at battle off Coronel, iv: 64;
  • hit by gunfire, iv: 66;
  • sunk by explosion, iv: 67, ix: 308.
• Goremykin, deposed as Russian Prime Minister, '15, vi: 140.
• Gorizia,
  • Italian attacks fail, '15, ii: 50, 240, iii: 244;
  • captured by Italians, Aug., '16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246;
  • life in, under Italian occupation, ii: 244;
  • key to Isonzo, iii: 239.
• Goshawk, British destroyer, in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
• Gotha airplanes, description, viii: 196, 221.
• Goto, Baron, biography, ix: 92.
• Göttingen prison camp, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 303.
• Gough, Gen. Sir Hubert,
  • at first Ypres battle, ii: 171;
  • responsibility for defeat of British Fifth Army, Mar., '18, ii: 190-197;
  • decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.
• Gouraud, Gen.,
  • defensive tactics against German advance, July, '18, ii: 209, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;
  • famous appeal to troops, July, '18, v: 45;
  • qualities as leader, v: 46.
• Gourko, Gen. Basil, Chief of Russian General Staff, ii: 225;
  • exposition of Russian strategy, ii: 225.
• Gradisca, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244.
• Grado, bombarded by Austrian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.
• Granatieri, description of, ii: 242.
• Grandcourt, taken by British, Nov. 18, '16, i: 388.
• Grand Fleet, British, see Great Britain, Navy.
• Grand Pré, captured by A. E. F., Oct., '18. v: 85, 218, 252, xi: 53.
• Granger, Dr. Amédée, invents X-ray apparatus for locating bullets in flesh, viii: 374.
• Graves, war,
  • A. E. F. Registration Service, v: 331, 400;
  • Peace Treaty provisions for care of, [xii: 217].
• Great Britain:
  • Air Service,
    • formation of Royal Air Force, viii: 202;
    • strength at end of War, viii: 202;
    • types of airplanes, viii: 203-206;
    • Bristol planes, viii: 203;
    • Handley-Page bombers, viii: 204, 223;
    • D. H.-10 bombers, viii: 204;
    • types of dirigibles, viii: 245;
    • dirigible R-34 crosses Atlantic, viii: 245;
    • dirigibles R-33 and R-34, description, viii: 254.
  • Army,
    • German contempt for, i: 191;
    • lands in France, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;
    • ammunition shortage, '14, ii: Intro. xiii;
      • Viscount French's exposé, xiii: 173;
    • deficiency in trained men, ii: 113;
    • deficiency in material, ii: 114;
    • Field-Marshal Haig on value of cavalry, ii: 120;
    • machine-gun equipment, ii: 125, 275;
    • artillery equipment, ii: 125;
    • Haig on effects of growth in artillery service, ii: 125;
    • artillery at Somme battle, '16, ii: 126;
    • ammunition used on Western Front, Aug.—Nov., '18, ii: 130;
    • military hospitals in France, ii: 131;
    • total strength in France, ii: 131;
    • service of supply behind the lines, ii: 131-132;
    • Haig's opinion of British officer, ii: 133;
    • Haig's opinion on present organization, ii: 134;
    • changing civilians into soldiers described by Haig, ii: 135;
    • Haig's tribute to Regular Army, ii: 136;
    • opinion of a German military critic, ii: 256;
    • pre-War organization, iii: 3;
    • Intelligence service, iii: 383;
    • strength, '14—'18, iii: 404, 405;
    • strength in Italy, iii: 405;
    • strength in Mesopotamia, iii: 405;
    • "Pal" regiments, vi: 6;
    • slackers driven into service, vi: 6;
    • origin of nickname "Tommy," vi: 230;
    • types of rifles used, viii: 95;
    • Indian winners of Victoria Cross, x: 85;
    • Senegalese troops, x: 116;
    • British soldier as fighter, xi: 181-189;
    • for military operations, see campaign or engagement.
  • Blockade by Germany, see Submarine warfare.
  • Blockade of Germany, see Germany, Blockade of.
  • Casualties,
    • total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, 405;
    • causes for extent of, analyzed by Field-Marshal Haig, ii: 118;
    • at Gallipoli, iii: 177;
    • in attempts to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 364;
    • in '17, iii: 382;
    • in German spring offensive, '18, iii: 390;
    • money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
    • total battle deaths, [xii: 288];
    • see also campaign or engagement.
  • Coal,
    • production, '13—'17, [xii: 47];
    • war-time fuel control, [xii: 51].
  • Cost of living,
    • increase in, by reduction of imports, ii: Intro. xxii;
    • price movements in England and U. S. since 1780, Intro. viii-x;
    • criticism of government policy, [xii: 28].
  • Declarations of war,
    • on Germany, Aug. 4, '14, circumstances of, i: 145, 375;
      • Sir Edward Grey's statement, i: 218-227;
    • on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375;
    • on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376;
    • on Bulgaria, Oct. 15, '15, i: 382.
  • Food,
    • effect of submarine warfare, vi: 10;
    • police prevent hoarding, vi: 11;
    • government control of, [xii: 34], [xii: 59];
    • Food Control Committee established, [xii: 34];
    • sugar shortage, [xii: 34], [xii: 138];
    • meat control, [xii: 34];
    • war-time fish supply, [xii: 34];
    • wheat control, [xii: 35];
    • increase in crop production, '16—'18, [xii: 40];
    • work of women in production of, [xii: 40];
    • effect of food shortage on dogs, [xii: 40];
    • potato crop, [xii: 47];
    • war-time problems, [xii: 138].
  • Foreign policy,
    • value of U. S. good-will, i: 35;
    • world position, 1871, i: 44;
    • Turkish policy at Congress of Berlin, i: 48;
    • acquires control of Egypt, i: 48;
    • extent of colonial empire, i: 59;
    • international position, '14, i: 59;
    • policy of conciliation, i: 59, 107, 218;
    • Anglo-French good-will, i: 98;
    • treaty with France, '04, i: 99;
    • agreement with Russia for control of Persia, '07, i: 104;
    • Anglo-Japanese Alliance, i: 104;
    • negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program, '12, i: 106, 194-197;
    • statement of policy by Asquith, Nov., '11, i: 106;
    • agreement with France for united action against "third Power," '12, i: 107, 220;
    • negotiations to prevent World War, July—Aug., '14, i: 115, 124,;
      • Sir Edward Grey's account, i: 218-227;
      • Prince Lichnowsky's account, i: 247-249;
    • policy on Belgian neutrality, i: 141, 222, 224;
    • arrangement with Belgium for defense of neutrality, '06, i: 143, 231;
    • promise to defend French coast, Aug. 2, '14, i: 146, 220;
    • statement of war aims by Lloyd George, i: 189;
    • negotiations with Germany for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197;
    • Sir Edward Grey's efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will, i: 198;
    • agreement with Germany on African expansion, i: 200;
    • agreement for settling rivalries in Turkey, '14, i: 200;
    • question of armed intervention in Moroccan crisis, i: 218;
    • freedom from secret obligations in event of war, i: 218;
    • Sir Edward Grey urges intervention in defense of Belgian neutrality, i: 224;
    • offer of help to Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 232;
    • influence in the East, ii: 27;
    • claims to Turkey under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334;
    • Turkish policy, announced Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334;
    • see also Triple Entente.
  • Industries during War,
    • peace and war productivity compared, [xii: 19], [xii: 77-79];
    • women in, xiii: 25;
    • bonuses to labor, [xii: 28];
    • provisions for settlement of labor disputes, [xii: 79].
  • Internal politics,
    • Imperial unity through war, i: Intro. xiv;
    • political philosophy compared with German, i: 165;
    • members of War Council, Nov., '14, ii: 198;
    • political conditions, Aug., '14, vi: 1;
    • industrial and social unrest, '15, vi: 2;
    • labor opposition to conscription, vi: 6;
    • Conscription Bill passed, Apr., '16, vi: 6;
    • treatment of conscientious objectors, vi: 8;
    • pacifists indorse Soviet peace aims, '17, vi: 12;
    • Lord Lansdowne's peace letter, vi: 13;
    • Defense of the Realm Act inadequate to prevent strikes, vi: 14;
    • Labor Party platform, '17, vi: 14;
    • conditions at close of War, vi: 15;
    • general elections, '18, vi: 16-17;
    • industrial strikes spread, Jan., '19, vi: 17;
    • ship-builders' strike, vi: 19;
    • Glasgow riots, vi: 19;
    • strike in electrical trades prevented by Defense of the Realm Act, Feb., '19, vi: 20;
    • Lloyd George calls Labor Peace Conference, Feb., '19, vi: 20;
    • commission of inquiry into mining conditions appointed, Feb., '19, vi: 20;
    • truce in labor war till completion of Peace Treaty, vi: 22;
    • after-War problems, vi: 23.
  • Munitions,
    • exposé of shell shortage by Viscount French, ii: 173;
    • production compared with that of Central Empires, [xii: 78];
    • work of Ministry of Munitions, [xii: 78].
  • Navy,
    • protector of lines of supply, i: 15;
    • rise to world supremacy, i: 28;
    • strength in '06, i: 101;
    • negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program, i: 106, 194-197;
    • general strategy during War, ii: Intro. vii, iv: 85-93;
    • ships in Mediterranean at outbreak of War, iv: 13;
    • squadrons in Eastern waters, iv: 58;
    • ships in West Atlantic, iv: 58;
    • problem of maintaining Allied supremacy, iv: 86;
    • Admiral Jellicoe appointed to command of Grand Fleet, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 88;
    • minesweeping operations, iv: 91;
    • convoy of troopships, iv: 92;
    • bases, iv: 92;
    • extracts from Jellicoe's The Grand Fleet, 1914—1916, iv: 93-97;
    • unpreparedness, '14, iv: 93;
    • lack of destroyers, iv: 94;
    • Grand Fleet compared with German High Sea Fleet, iv: 96;
    • Jellicoe's reasons for not attacking Germans, iv: 96;
    • make-up of Grand Fleet, Aug., '14, iv: 97;
    • make-up of Grand Fleet at battle of Jutland, iv: 119;
    • Lord Fisher's views on share in Allied victory, iv: 140;
    • statistics on transport of troops, '15—'18, iv: 239;
    • 18-in. super naval guns, viii: 53;
    • see also
      • battle or engagement;
      • Gallipoli Campaign.
  • Peace Conference,
    • delegates, [xii: 179];
    • see also Peace Conference.
  • Peace Treaty,
    • press views, vi: 22;
    • ratified, July 25—31, '19, [xii: 264];
    • see also Peace Treaty with Germany.
  • Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
  • Railroads, system of war-time government control, [xii: 89].
  • Royal family, xi: 150-152;
    • see also George V.
  • Shipping,
    • tonnage, 1880—1913, compared with German, i: 77;
    • government control of ship-building, [xii: 95];
    • tonnage in '14, [xii: 95];
    • yearly tonnage production, '14—'17, [xii: 96];
    • war-time shortage of, [xii: 96].
  • Strategy,
    • analyzed by Maj.-Gen. Maurice, ii: Intro. vii-xxiv;
    • naval, iv: 85-93.
  • Trade, 1880—1913,
    • compared with German, i: 77;
    • pre-War position, [xii: 18-19];
    • pre-War and war-time compared, [xii: 78].
  • War cost,
    • financial position at start of War, [xii: 1], [xii: 18];
    • loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14—Jan., '17, [xii: 2];
    • income tax rates, compared with U. S. and French rates, [xii: 4];
    • debt to U. S., [xii: 18];
    • exchange rates with U. S., [xii: 19];
    • extravagance in expenditure of war funds, [xii: 19-20];
    • taxes, [xii: 20], [xii: 107], [xii: 108], 111;
    • money equivalent of manpower lost, [xii: 25];
    • value of property loss, [xii: 26];
    • currency inflation, [xii: 27-28];
    • average daily war cost, [xii: 105];
    • total war cost, Aug., '14—Mar., '19, [xii: 107];
    • war loans, [xii: 111];
    • rise in national debt, [xii: 111], [xii: 114].
• Great Northern, S. S., speed record as army transport, v: 358.
• Greece,
  • revolts against Turkey, 1825, i: 34;
  • breaks off diplomatic relations with Central Powers, June 29, '17, i: 390, vi: 345;
  • anti-Allied attitude at Salonika, iii: 206;
  • Venizelos establishes revolutionary government, Sept., '16, iii: 210;
  • Venizelos government recognized by Allies, Jan., '17, iii: 210;
  • King Constantine deposed by Allies, iii: 210, vi: 245;
  • war casualties, iii: 404, [xii: 289];
  • prisoners of war, iii: 404;
  • debt to U. S., [xii: 18];
  • money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
  • Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 180];
  • see also Salonika Campaign.
• Greek fire, composition of, xi: 314.
• Gregory, Sgt. Earl D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
• Greif, German armed liner, sunk in fight with British Alcantara, iv: 200.
• Grenades,
  • number of U. S., at front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350;
  • ancient method of throwing weapons by hand revived, viii: 119;
  • Germans first to use, viii: 119;
  • Allied unpreparedness at start of War, viii: 119;
  • nature, viii: 119;
  • technique of throwing, viii: 120;
  • kinds, viii: 120, xi: 211.
• Grenfell, Capt. Francis O., first winner of Victoria Cross in War, x: 10.
• Gresham, Pvt., one of first of A. E. F. to be killed in France, xi: 173.
• Grey, Edward, Viscount of Fallodon,
  • efforts to prevent the War, i: 124-126, 247;
  • mediation in Balkan Wars, i: 198;
  • efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will, i: 198;
  • negotiations to settle Anglo-German rivalry in Mesopotamia, '12—'14, i: 200;
  • speech before Parliament summarizing events leading to World War, Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227;
  • biography, ix: 35-40;
  • bibliography, ix: 40;
  • advocate of League of Nations, [xii: 155].
• Grierson, Gen. Sir James, commander of British Second Corps, death in France, ii: 176.
• Grimancourt, taken by 322nd Inf., Nov. 10, '18, v: 277.
• Grimm, Swiss Socialist, expelled by Russian Provisional Government, vi: 380.
• Grissinger, Col. J. W., Chief Surgeon, Third Army, A. E. F., v: 346.
• Grodno, captured by Germans, Sept. 2, '15, i: 381, iii: 140.
• Groupes de Combat, function in French defensive, v: 12.
• Guatemala,
  • severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 28, '17, i: 390;
  • delegate to Peace Conference, [xii: 180].
• Guedecourt, taken by British, Sept. 26, '16, i: 388.
• Guépratte, Rear-Adm., commands French fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
• Guillaumat, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, ii: 214.
• Guillaume, Empereur d'Allemagne, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.
• Guillemont, taken by Allies, Sept. 3, '16, i: 386.
• Guillemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.
• Gulflight, first American ship sunk by U-boat, May 1, '15, i: 319, 380, iv: 218.
• Gumbinnen,
  • Russians defeat Germans at, Aug. 16—24, '14, iii: 111;
  • retaken by Germans, iii: 116.
• Gumpertz, Sgt. Sydney G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
• Guncotton,
  • composition and detonating properties, viii: 2;
    • see also Ammunition.
• Gunpowder, black,
  • composition and explosive properties, viii: 2;
  • smokeless, composition and action, viii: 4;
  • muzzle flash, viii: 7;
  • see also Ammunition.
• Gunpowder Neck, U. S. poison-gas plant at, viii: 179-187.
• Guns, see Artillery.
• Guns of Verdun, poem by Patrick R. Chalmers, vi: 91.
• Guthrie, Col. Percy, first Canadian to enlist, x: 44.
• Guynemer, Capt. Georges, French "miracle ace," x: 202, xi: 231.
• Gyles, Midshipman Donald, heroic fight against German destroyers, x: 293-295.
• Gyroscope, war uses, viii: 348.