Harper's Pictorial Library of the World War, Volume XII

by Unknown

• [H]
• Haase, Herr,
  • leader German Social-Democratic minority, vi: Intro. xii;
  • in Ebert ministry, Nov., '18, vi: 278;
  • advocates Bolshevik principles, vi: 299.
• Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan, assassinated, Feb., '19, vi: 80.
• Hagen position, location in Argonne, v: 218.
• Hague Conference,
  • establishes Arbitration Tribunal, 1899, i: 94;
  • convened for second time at suggestion of Roosevelt, '07, i: 103;
  • accomplishments, i: 103.
• Hahn, Maj.-Gen. W. G., commander 32nd Div., Feb., '18, v: 119.
• Hai River, near Kut-el-Amara, iii: 186.
• Haifa, captured by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.
• Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas,
  • analysis of Western Front campaigns, ii: 112-136;
  • theories on warfare, ii: 118;
  • on causes of German military collapse, ii: 120;
  • on functions of cavalry in the War, ii: 120;
  • on importance of infantry in the War, ii: 123;
  • on importance of artillery in the War, with statistics, ii: 123, 126;
  • on efficiency of British army officers, ii: 133;
  • on British military organization, ii: 134;
  • appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Expeditionary Force, Dec. 15, '15, iii: 46;
  • famous "Our backs to the wall" appeal, Mar., '18, iii: 359, v: 120;
  • personal traits, iii: 373;
  • biography, ix: 181-184.
• Haiti, delegate to Peace Conference, [xii: 180].
• Halahan, Capt., killed at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.
• Haldane, Gen.,
  • commander of British Sixth Army, iii: 371;
  • personal traits, iii: 377.
• Haldane, Lord, mission to Germany, '12, i: 106, 194.
• Halicz,
  • Russians retire from, June 27, '15, i: 380;
  • captured by Russians, '14, iii: 121;
  • recaptured by Russians, July, '17, iii: 146.
• Hall, Richard Nelville, brave ambulance driver, story of, x: 95.
• Hall, Sgt. Thomas Lee, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
• Haller, Gen., leads revolt of Polish "Iron Brigade" against Austria, vi: 216.
• Hamburg-American Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.
• Hamburg-Persian Gulf railway, see Bagdad Railway.
• Hamburg-South American Line, tonnage, i: 264.
• Hamel,
  • captured by Germans, Apr. 7, '18, i: 395;
  • work of tanks at Allied attack, July 4, '18, ii: 281;
  • share of 33rd Div. in recapture of, July, '18, v: 260.
• Hamidieh II, Turkish battery at Gallipoli, armament of, iv: 45.
• Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian,
  • Allied commander-in-chief at Gallipoli, iii: 162, iv: 32;
  • succeeded by Gen. Monro, iii: 174;
  • despatches to War Office, iv: 35-36.
• Hampshire, British cruiser, sunk June 5, '16, with Kitchener and staff, i: 385.
• Handley-Page bombing planes, viii: 196, 204, 223.
• Hankey, Sir Maurice, secretary, Supreme Peace Council, [xii: 152].
• Hanotaux, Gabriel, on U. S. neutrality, i: 290.
• Hansa Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.
• Hapsburgs,
  • rise and downfall, vi: 305;
  • see also
    • Austria-Hungary;
    • Charles Francis;
    • Francis Joseph.
• Hara, Japanese Prime Minister, see Kei Hara.
• Harbin, bourgeois government set up by General Horvath at, vi: 192.
• Harbord, Maj.-Gen. James G.,
  • Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 101, 403;
  • commands 2nd Div. in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July, '18, v: 167;
  • commander, Services of Supply, v: 401.
• Hardaumont, captured by Germans, Mar. 8, '16, i: 384.
• Harden, Maximilian,
  • on sordid nature of World War, i: 123;
  • on relations between U. S. and Germany, i: 274;
  • on American war prosperity, i: 311;
  • optimistic view of German food situation, '14, vi: 254;
  • on Allied peace terms, vi: 303.
• Hardinge, Lord, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.
• Harington, Sir John, "brain of British armies in the field," iii: 375.
• Harper, Harry, description of Zeppelins by, ii: 262.
• Harper, Gen., of British Fourth Corps, personal traits, iii: 377.
• Hart, Prof. Albert B., summary of U. S. official correspondence on submarine sinkings, i: 358-362.
• Hartlepool, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.
• Hartmannsweilerkopf, captured by French,
  • Mar. 25, '15, i: 378;
  • Dec., '15, iii: 46.
• Hartwell, William, first officer of S. S. Brussels, report on Fryatt case, x: 266-269.
• Harvey, Lieut. F. U. W., wins Victoria Cross at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.
• Hassein, King of Hedjaz, joins forces with British, iii: 199.
• Hatler, Sgt. M. Waldo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
• Haucourt, taken by Germans, Apr. 5, '16, i: 384, iii: 51.
• Haudromont Quarries, taken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.
• Hausen, Gen. von, commander of a German Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.
• Hauts de Meuse, location, v: 199.
• Havre,
  • Belgian government moved to, Oct. 13, '14, i: 376;
  • embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.
• Hawke, British cruiser, torpedoed Oct. 13, '14, i: 376.
• Hay, Maj.-Gen. Wm. H., commander 28th Div., v: 278.
• Hay, Pvt., one of first of A. E. F. to be killed, xi: 173.
• Hays, 1st Lieut. George Price, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
• Hayward, Col. Wm. D., account by, of his colored regiment of "bell-hops and waiters," x: 135-137.
• Hazois Wood, taken by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
• Hebron, occupied by British, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393, iii: 196.
• Hedjaz,
  • Arabs aid British in Palestine operations, iii: 196, 199;
  • kingdom established under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334, [xii: 279];
  • delegate to Peace Conference, [xii: 180];
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Heeringen, Gen. von, commands German Sixth Army of invasion, Aug., '14, iii: 10.
• Hela, German cruiser torpedoed off Heligoland, Sept. 13, '14, iv: 207.
• Helfferich, Karl,
  • on justification of Germany's part in War, i: 119;
  • director of Deutsche Bank, i: 133, 252;
  • German Vice-Chancellor, i: 133, 252;
  • biography, ix: 353.
• Helgoland, German battleship, mutiny of crew starts revolution, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.
• Heligoland, Peace Treaty provisions for destruction of fortifications on, [xii: 205].
• Heligoland Bight, naval battle of,
  • British victory, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375, iv: 240-243;
  • Admiral Beatty's official report on, iv: 241.
• Helmets, steel,
  • devised by French, viii: 64;
  • process of manufacture of French type, viii: 64;
  • rate of production, viii: 65;
  • efficiency as protection, viii: 65;
  • process of manufacture of U. S. Army type, viii: 66-68;
  • bullet-resisting tests, viii: 69-72.
• Hem, stormed by French in battle of the Somme, July, '16, iii: 58.
• Henderson, Arthur, biography, ix: 47-50.
• Henri IV, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
• Henry, Prince, of Prussia,
  • visits U. S., '02, i: 80;
  • escapes from mutiny of German Fleet, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272.
• Herbebois, taken by Germans, Feb. 21, '16, iii: 48.
• Heriot, Corp. James D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
• Hermannstadt,
  • captured by Rumanians, Sept. 2, '16, i: 386;
  • Rumanians defeated at, Sept. 29—30, '16, i: 388.
• Hertling, Count von, German Chancellor,
  • comment on failure of Champagne-Marne Offensive, July 15—18, '18, v: 158;
  • retires as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270.
• Hertzog, Gen.,
  • anti-British Nationalist leader in South Africa, vi: 49, 50;
  • heads Nationalist delegation to Peace Conference, Jan., '19, vi: 52.
• Herzegovina,
  • annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356;
  • see also Bosnia-Herzegovina.
• Hesperian, S. S., torpedoed by German submarine, Sept. 4, '15, i: 326.
• Hickey, Gen., commander of 16th Irish Div., iii: 377.
• Hickory (30th) Division, see U. S., Army.
• High Sea Fleet, see Germany, Navy.
• Hill, Corp. Ralyn, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
• Hill 60, at Ypres,
  • captured by British, Apr, 17, '15, i: 378, iii: 42;
  • captured by Germans, May 5, '15, i: 380.
• Hill 70, at Loos, captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 46.
• Hill 140, near Souchez, captured by French, Sept., '15, iii: 46.
• Hill 180, captured by 327th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 7, '18, v: 242.
• Hill 190, near Ronchères, captured by 3rd Div., July 27, '18, v: 187.
• Hill 204, near Château-Thierry,
  • captured by 26th Div., July 20, '18, v: 56;
  • dominating situation, v: 133;
  • captured by French and A. E. F., June 6, '18, v: 135.
• Hill 223, near Châtel Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.
• Hill 240, captured by 18th and 28th Infs. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
• Hill 242, near Côte de Châtillon, captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 15, '18, v: 84.
• Hill 244, near Châtel Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.
• Hill 258, captured by 127th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.
• Hill 263, captured by 28th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
• Hill 269,
  • captured by 26th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240;
  • held by 1st Engineers against German attacks, v: 246.
• Hill 288, near Côte de Châtillon, captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 14, '18, v: 84.
• Hill 304, at Verdun, battle for, iii: 51.
• Hill 378, stormed by 79th Div. troops in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov. 5, '18, v: 270.
• Hilton, Sgt. Richmond H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
• Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul von,
  • put in command of German armies in East Prussia, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 353, iii: 112;
  • destroys Russian Army at battle of Tannenberg, Aug. 26—31, '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116, ix: 242;
    • Ludendorff's account, iii: 353;
  • campaigns in Russian Poland, ii: 25, iii: 116-118, ix: 245;
  • Ludendorff's tribute to, ii: 300;
  • appointed Chief of German General Staff, Aug. 29, '16, ii: 326, iii: 61;
  • made Chief of General Staff of Central Powers, ii: 331;
  • proclamation against "unconditional surrender," Oct. 24, '18, ii: 335;
  • first meeting with Ludendorff, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353;
  • biography, ix: 242-249;
  • nicknamed "Old Man of the Swamps," ix: 242;
  • decorated for valor, ix: 246;
  • popularity, ix: 249.
• Hindenburg Line,
  • German strategic retreat to, '17, ii: 53, iii: 66-70;
  • Germans driven to, Sept., '18, ii: 157, iii: 98, 100;
  • extent and description, iii: 66, v: 216, 301;
  • strategic purpose, iii: 66;
  • devastation of French territory in retreat to, '17, iii: 67;
  • reasons for strategic retreat of '17, iii: 70;
  • 27th and 30th Divs., A. E. F., attacking with British, break through in Cambrai-St. Quentin sector, Sept.—Oct., '18, iii: 101, v: 290-295, 301, 393;
  • Michel position on St. Mihiel front, v: 69;
  • Kriemhilde position on Meuse-Argonne front, v: 74, 218;
  • First Army breaks through in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 390.
• Hines, Maj.-Gen, John L.,
  • promotion, v: 182;
  • commands 4th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202;
  • commands 4th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219;
  • commands Third Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 83, 390.
• Hintzmann, Korvettenkapitan, German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.
• Hipper, Rear-Adm. von,
  • commands German squadron at battle of Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246;
  • commands German advance fleet at battle of Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99, 103, 108, 113.
• Hirson, captured by Allies, Nov., '18, iii: 103.
• Hodges, Maj.-Gen. H. F., commander 76th Div., July, '18, v: 196.
• Hoffman, Sgt. Chas. F., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.
• Hoffman, Conrad, executive secretary, American Y. M. C. A., work for prisoners in Germany, vii: 309.
• Hogue, British cruiser, torpedoed by U-9, Sept. 22, '14,
  • eye-witness accounts, iv: 205, x: 274-280;
  • as told by U-boat commander, x: 279.
• Holbrook, Lieut.-Com. Norman D., blows up Turk warship in Dardanelles, x: 317.
• "Holding" troops, German, viii: 144.
• Holland, see Netherlands.
• Holland No. 9, first U. S. Navy submarine, iv: 205.
• Holy Alliance,
  • formation of, i: 33;
  • defects of, i: 35.
• Holy War,
  • declared by Turks, Nov. 17, '14, i: 376, vi: 330;
  • to destroy British control in East, ii: 27;
  • failure of, ii: 31;
  • response to, in India, vi: 74.
• Home Rule, Irish, see Ireland.
• Home Service, Red Cross, activities of, vii: 35.
• Homs, taken by Allies, Oct., '18, iii: 199.
• Honduras, delegate to Peace Conference, [xii: 180].
• Hood, Rear-Adm. Horace L. A.,
  • commands 3rd British Battle Cruiser Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 117;
  • lost with sinking of Invincible, iv: 120.
• Hoofien, S., Dutch representative in Palestine, report on American relief work, vii: 366.
• Hoover, Herbert C.,
  • appointed U. S. Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390;
  • pioneer of American relief in Europe, vii: 85;
  • organizes American Relief Committee, vii: 119;
  • organizes American Commission for Relief in Belgium, vii: 119, [xii: 136];
  • account of interview with Lloyd George on Belgian Relief, vii: 124;
  • biography, ix: 316-323;
  • bibliography, ix: 323;
  • work as U. S. Food Administrator, [xii: 35];
  • report on U. S. food exports for relief of Europe, [xii: 42];
  • director-general of American Relief Administration, [xii: 141].
• Horn, Lieut. Werner, German spy, tries to blow up bridge on Canadian border, i: 316, x: 368.
• Hornby, Sir Geoffrey Phipps, forces Dardanelles, 1878, iv: 21.
• Horne, Gen.,
  • commands British First Army in offensive against Cambrai, Sept., '18, ii: 214, v: 213;
  • characterization by Philip Gibbs, iii: 371.
• Horns, for gas alarm, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.
• Horses,
  • utility in the War, viii: 397;
  • hospitals for, viii: 398;
  • number shipped to France by U. S., [xii: 95], [xii: 278].
• Horton, Lieut.-Com. Max, exploit in command of submarine E-9, iv: 207.
• Horvath, Gen.,
  • sets up bourgeois government in Siberia, vi: 192;
  • resigns from government, vi: 193.
• Hospitals:
  • British, in France, ii: 131.
  • French, medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365.
  • United States, see U. S. Army, Medical Service.
• Hotchkiss machine-gun, viii: 87.
• House, Col. E. M.,
  • U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84;
  • biography, ix: 70-76.
• Howitzers, see Artillery.
• Hughes, W. M., Premier of Australia,
  • advocate of closer union within British Empire, vi: 40;
  • for vigorous war policy, vi: 40;
  • delegate to Allied Economic Conference, June, '16, vi: 40;
  • forms "Hughesite" Liberal government supporting conscription, vi: 42.
• Hulloch, British enter, Sept. 26, '14, iii: 46.
• Humber, British monitor, description, iv: 281.
• Humbert, Charles, French Senator, implicated in Bolo Pasha plots, x: 344.
• Hungary,
  • war sentiment, '14, vi: 306;
  • parliamentary struggle, '16, vi: 311;
  • Independence Party, leaders and aims of, vi: 311;
  • "Independence and 1848" Party, formation and aims of, '16, vi: 311;
  • Socialist demands for peace, '16, vi: 312;
  • effects of Rumanian invasion, '16, vi: 313;
  • "bloodless" revolution overthrows Hapsburg rule, Oct., '18, vi: 322;
  • National Council, governing body during revolution, vi: 322;
  • Republic established, Nov., '18, vi: 323, ix: 146, [xii: 279];
  • Count Karolyi, provisional head of Republic, vi: 323;
  • armistice signed with Allies, vi: 323;
  • Ironworkers' Party, conflict with government, vi: 324;
  • Bolshevists under Bela Kun seize control, Mar., '19, vi: 324-328;
  • military occupation by Allies, Mar., '19, vi: 325;
  • Allies' peace terms rejected, vi: 326;
  • the Red Army, vi: 326;
  • area and population, [xii: 279];
  • see also Austria-Hungary.
• Hunley, Confederate submarine in American Civil War, iv: 203.
• Hurley, Edward, biography, ix: 335-337.
• "Hush" ships, description of, iv: 303.
• Hussein Kamil Pasha, made Khédive of Egypt by British, vi: 69.
• Hutier, Gen. von,
  • commands Eighteenth German Army, ii: 149;
  • new method of surprise attack, general plan and tactics of, v: 41, viii: 143-145.
• Hutton, Col. P. C., Chief Surgeon, "Paris Group," A. E. F., v: 346.
• Hydrogen, use for inflating balloons, viii: 263.
• Hydrophones, use in detection of U-boats, viii: 17-20, 279-281.
• Hydroplanes, see Aeronautics.
• Hymn of Hate, German, against England, i: 194, vi: 253.
• Hymn of the Lusitania, German, i: 365.

• [I]
• I Want to Be an Angel, aviators' song, xi: 338.
• Igel, Wolf von, German arch-spy in U. S., x: 337;
• Imecourt, captured by 319th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
• Immelmann, Capt., German ace, death in air duel with Capt. Ball, x: 209-211, xi: 216.
• Immigration, to U. S. from Europe, i: 37.
• Imperatritsa, Russian battleship, burns and sinks in Black Sea, Oct. 20, '16, i: 388.
• Implacable, British battleship, at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
• In Flanders Fields, poem by Lieut.-Col. John McCrae, xi: 54.
• Incendiary bullets, viii: 214.
• Indefatigable, British battle cruiser, sunk at battle of Jutland, iv: 108.
• Indemnity, see Reparation.
• Index numbers, for measuring price changes, [xii: Intro. vii].
• India,
  • troops in Palestine and Salonika campaigns, ii: Intro. xxiii;
  • Suez Canal gateway to, ii: 27;
  • response to appeal of Holy War, ii: 27, vi: 74;
  • casualties, total in War, iii: 404, 405;
  • strength of army, iii: 405;
  • agitation for autonomy, vi: 72;
  • response to British war needs, vi: 72;
  • reasons for loyalty, vi: 73;
  • Nationalist claims for independence, vi: 74;
  • political demands on Great Britain, vi: 75;
  • caste system, description of, vi: 75;
  • influenza epidemic, '18, vi: 76;
  • suffering from famine, '18—'19, vi: 76;
  • Defense of India Act, for suppressing sedition, vi: 77;
  • Bolshevism in, vi: 77;
  • "Black Cobra Bill," for suppressing radicalism, vi: 78;
  • coal production, '13—'16, [xii: 48];
  • War cost, Aug., '14—Mar. '19, [xii: 106];
  • Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 179].
• Indian, American, as fighter, xi: 175-179.
• Indo-China, French, Japan's desire for, vi: 386.
• Indomitable, British cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
• Industrial rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, [xii: 244-246].
• Infantry, Field-Marshal Haig's estimate of importance, ii: 123.
• Infection,
  • in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367;
  • causes, viii: 369;
  • Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 288-289;
  • prevention among troops, viii: 392-397, xi: 286-289;
  • see also
    • Disease;
    • Medical science;
    • Sanitation.
• "Infiltration,"
  • new German method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17, 19;
  • Gen. Gouraud's method of defense against, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148.
• Inflexible, British battle cruiser,
  • at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
  • damaged by gunfire in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35;
  • at battle of Falklands, iv: 70.
• Influenza, deaths from, in '18, iii: 405.
• Insterburg, important junction on Petrograd-Berlin Railroad, iii: 111.
• Insurance, social, in territories ceded by Germany, funds to be transferred to Allies, [xii: 246].
• Intelligence tests for soldiers, viii: 349-351.
• Inter-Allied Commissions of Control, to supervise execution of military terms of Peace Treaty, [xii: 215].
• Inter-Allied Conference, Mar., '16, decides on Somme offensive, iii: 55.
• Inter-Allied Games, at Pershing Stadium, vii: 313.
• Inter-Allied General Staff, created, iii: 84.
• Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, [xii: 139].
• Inter-Allied War Council, see Supreme War Council.
• International law,
  • formulation of, by Grotius, i: 26;
  • German statement of Allied infractions, i: 139;
  • Lansing's proposal for regulation of U-boat war, i: 281, 328;
  • comment of London Times on Lansing proposal, i: 282;
  • German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282;
  • U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283;
  • controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on right of seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;
  • controversy between U. S. and Germany on submarine warfare, i: 317-326, 329-335, 339;
    • chronological summary; i: 357-361;
  • U. S. note to Germany on "Freedom of the seas," July 21, '15, i: 323;
  • controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary on submarine warfare, i: 326;
  • President Wilson opposed to principle of McLemore Resolution, i: 327;
  • controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335;
  • on blockades, ii: 21;
  • see also
    • Germany, Blockade of;
    • Submarine warfare.
• International rivalries, factors in, 1890—1914, i: 58-63.
• International Sanitary Commission, for Serbian typhus relief, iii: 398.
• Intrepid, British cruiser,
  • in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262;
  • sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.
• Inventions, displace importance of strategy in war, viii: Intro. vii.
• Invincible, British battle cruiser,
  • armament, iv: 70;
  • blown up at Jutland, iv: 119;
  • at Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
• Ipek, occupied by French, Oct. 16, '18, i: 399.
• Iphigenia, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262;
  • sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.
• Ireland,
  • history of Home Rule movement, vi: 53;
  • Ulster, led by Carson, opposes Home Rule, vi: 53, 60, ix: 50;
  • situation at outbreak of War, vi: 53;
  • loyalty to British in early days of War, vi: 55;
  • Sinn Feiners start separatist propaganda, vi: 55;
  • spread of Sinn Fein movement, vi: 57;
  • Sir Roger Casement's negotiations with Germans, vi: 57;
  • Sinn Feiners organize armed opposition, vi: 57;
  • Irish Volunteers, vi: 57;
  • sympathy with Germany, vi: 57;
  • German arms for Sinn Feiners captured by British, vi: 58;
  • Sir Roger Casement captured, vi: 58, ix: 53;
  • Easter Rebellion, Apr., '16, vi: 58;
  • proclamation of Republic, Apr., '16, vi: 60;
  • Padraic Pearse, Provisional President, vi: 60, ix: 53;
  • collapse of rebellion, May, '16, vi: 60;
  • leaders executed for treason, May 3, '16, vi: 60, ix: 53;
  • Lloyd George's proposal for Home Rule settlement, '17, vi: 61;
  • Irish Convention meets to discover way for settlement, '18, vi: 61-63;
  • De Valera, leader of Sinn Feiners, vi: 61;
  • De Valera elected to Parliament, vi: 62;
  • Sinn Feiners' attitude toward Convention, vi: 62;
  • government's new Home Rule Bill, '18, outline of, vi: 64;
  • struggle over conscription, vi: 64;
  • Sinn Feiners carry parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 64;
  • Irish Republic proclaimed by National Assembly at Dublin, '18, vi: 64;
  • delegates to Peace Conference appointed, vi: 64;
  • movement in U. S. in support of Irish freedom, vi: 65;
  • Irish-American mission to Peace Conference, vi: 65;
  • Peace Conference refuses hearing to Irish cause, vi: 66;
  • Sinn Fein platform, ix: 52;
  • De Valera elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55.
• Ireland, Maj.-Gen. M. W., Surgeon-General, U. S. Army, v: 346.
• Iris, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.
• Irish-Americans,
  • support for cause of Irish freedom, vi: 65;
  • Irish Race in America Convention, Feb., '19, vi: 65;
  • delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 65.
• Irkutsk, captured by Czechoslovaks, July 13, '18, i: 397.
• Iron,
  • importance of Lorraine deposits, i: 267;
  • importance in war, i: 268;
  • French mines coveted by Germany, ii: 13, 15;
  • French mines seized by Germany, ii: 20.
• Irresistible, British battleship,
  • at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
  • sunk in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 48.
• Isherwood, Lieut.-Com., co-inventor of launching device for depth bombs, iv: 331.
• Ishii, Viscount, biography, ix: 90.
• Ishtib, occupied by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.
• Isonzo Front, see Italian Front.
• Isonzo River, course, ii: 48.
• Is-sur-Tille, center of American lines of supply, iii: 83, v: 11, 330.
• Istria, given by Allies to Italy under secret treaty, '15, vi: 361.
• Italia Irredenta, definition, xi: 18.
• Italian Front,
  • Lloyd George advocates strong offensive on, ii: Intro. xx;
  • most difficult theater of War, ii: 48;
  • general military topography, ii: 48, 49, 236, 244, iii: 226-230, xi: 25;
  • general strategy at start of War, ii: 48, 49, iii: 228-231, 239-241;
  • topography of Isonzo Front, ii: 48, iii: 239;
  • Isonzo campaigns, ii: 49-52, 56-58, 240, 242-250, iii: 239-248;
  • topography of Trentino Front, ii: 49, iii: 230;
  • Trentino campaigns, ii: 49, 51, iii: 230-239;
  • Italian attacks on Gorizia fail, '15, ii: 50, 240;
  • results of '15 campaign, ii: 51;
  • Gorizia captured by Italians, Aug., 16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246;
  • Caporetto disaster and Italian rout, Oct.—Dec., '17, ii: 56-58, 246-250, iii: 80, 246-248, vi: 129, xi: 37;
  • Italian retreat checked by stand at the Piave, Nov., '17, ii: 58, 250, iii: 80, 248;
  • last Austrian offensive, June, '18, ii: 94-96, 250-252, iii: 249;
  • victorious final offensive by Italy, Oct., '18, ii: 96, 252-254, iii: 249;
  • Carso Plateau, description of, ii: 244;
  • Gradisca captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244;
  • Monfalcone captured by Italians, June, '15, iii: 244;
  • casualties and prisoners of war, Austrian and Italian, during Isonzo campaigns, iii: 244, 246, 248;
  • Cividale captured by Austro-Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247;
  • Udine captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247;
  • Italian losses in men and territory in great retreat, Oct.—Dec., '17, ii: 248;
  • Jugoslavs in Austrian army desert to Italians, iii: 249;
  • American reinforcements arrive, July, '18, iii: 249, v: 394;
  • bibliography, iii: 249;
  • aerial cableways across the Alps, viii: 303-306.
• Italian Front, On the, poem by G. E. Woodbury, vi: 114.
• Italy:
  • Army,
    • German estimate of effectiveness, '14, ii: 4;
    • Arditi, description of, ii: 240;
    • Bersaglieri, description of, ii: 240;
    • Alpini, description of, ii: 242;
    • Carabinieri, as military police, ii: 242;
    • Granatieri, description of, ii: 242;
    • pre-War organization and equipment, iii: 224-226;
    • effect of enemy propaganda on morale, iii: 247, vi: 128;
    • for military operations, see Italian Front.
  • Casualties,
    • total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, vi: 130;
    • money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
    • total battle deaths, [xii: 288].
  • Declarations of war,
    • on Austria, May 23, '15, i: 380, ii: 48, 236, vi: 126, 309, xi: 18;
    • on Turkey, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381;
    • on Bulgaria, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382;
    • on Germany, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;
    • belligerency condemned as traitorous by Austrian press, vi: 310.
  • Foreign policy,
    • international position, '14, i: 61;
    • ambition for Mediterranean supremacy, i: 61;
    • member of Triple Alliance, i: 95, 255, ii: 48, vi: 114;
    • war with Turkey for Tripoli, '12, i: 109, vi: 114;
    • neglected by Germany, i: 255;
    • Bissolati's explanation of neutrality, i: 256;
    • refusal to enter War as German ally, ii: 48, xi: 6;
    • Central Powers bargain for neutrality, ii: 48;
    • parliamentary struggle between neutralists and interventionists, ii: 236, vi: 123-126;
    • Salandra and Sonino advocate war on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 123;
    • Giolitti advocates continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123;
    • attitude toward U. S., ii: 245;
    • public opinion for neutrality in early days of War, vi: 116;
    • pro-German sentiment, vi: 118;
    • pro-Ally sentiment grows, vi: 119;
    • territorial demands on Austria, '14, vi: 120;
    • Avlona occupied, Dec., '14, vi: 120;
    • secret treaty with Allies, Apr., '15, price of entry into War, vi: 122, 361;
    • occupation of Austrian territories following armistice, vi: 129, 364;
    • unpopularity of Austrian alliance, vi: 308;
    • claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334;
    • hostility to Jugoslav expansion, vi: 360-362, 364-370;
    • Adriatic aspirations, vi: 361;
    • Fiume dispute, vi: 365-370.
  • Imports, dependence on, ii: 236, vi: 127.
  • Internal politics,
    • unification, i: 39;
    • parliamentary struggle between neutralists and war party, ii: 236, vi: 123-126;
    • Salandra and Sonnino advocate war on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 120, 123;
    • Giolitti for continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123;
    • D'Annunzio rouses people to side with Allies, ii: 239, vi: 124;
    • strikes instigated by Bolshevik propaganda, iii: 247, vi: 128;
    • political situation preceding entry into War, vi: 114;
    • popular sentiment for neutrality, vi: 116;
    • pro-Ally sentiment, vi: 116, 119;
    • attitude of political parties on neutrality, vi: 117;
    • pro-German sympathies, vi: 118;
    • King Victor takes decisive step for war, vi: 125;
    • obstructionist policy of Catholics and Socialists, vi: 126;
    • fall of Salandra Cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127;
    • coalition government under Boselli takes office, June, '16, vi: 127;
    • pacifist propaganda and riots, vi: 128;
    • fall of Boselli government, Oct., '17, vi: 129;
    • Orlando heads new Cabinet, vi: 129;
    • Cabinet crisis on Fiume question, '18, vi: 369.
  • Navy,
    • strength at outbreak of War, iv: 368;
    • War record, iv: 368;
    • blockade of Jugoslav ports, vi: 369.
  • Peace Conference, delegates to, [xii: 179].
  • Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 7, '19, [xii: 264].
  • Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
  • Royal family, xi: 141-143;
    • see also Victor Emmanuel.
  • War cost,
    • Luzzati's statement on, vi: 130;
    • relatively largest of all belligerents, vi: 131;
    • financial position at start of War, [xii: 1];
    • debt to U. S., [xii: 18];
    • value of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
    • value of property destroyed, [xii: 26];
    • average daily war cost, [xii: 106];
    • total war cost, May, '15—Oct., '18, [xii: 107];
    • taxation, [xii: 107], [xii: 109];
    • loans, [xii: 113];
    • rise in national debt, [xii: 113], [xii: 114].

• [J]
• Jablonitza, captured by Russians, Aug. 15, '16, i: 386.
• Jacob Jones, U. S. destroyer,
  • sunk by U-boat, Dec. 6, '17, i: 393;
  • report of Lieut.-Com. Bagley, iv: 346-349.
• Jador, battle of, Austrians driven from Serbia, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152.
• Jaffa, captured by British, iii: 194.
• Jagow, Gottlieb von, German Foreign Secretary, ix: 127-128.
• Jametz, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
• Japan,
  • abrogates extraterritorial rights, i: 18;
  • acquires Formosa, 1894, i: 20;
  • acquires Port Arthur and Korea in Russo-Japanese War, i: 20;
  • rise as world power, '05, i: 20;
  • adopts "open door" policy, 1854, i: 38;
  • Root-Takahira agreement on "open door" in China, '08, i: 57;
  • Lansing-Ishii Note recognizes special Japanese interest in China, '17, i: 58;
  • international position in '14, i: 63;
  • Anglo-Japanese Alliance, terms of, i: 104, 107;
  • Ludendorff's comment on entry into War, ii: 357;
  • siege and capture of Kiau-Chau (Tsing Tau), Aug. 23—Nov. 7, '14, iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383;
  • total casualties, iii: 404;
  • prisoners of war, iii: 404;
  • naval strength, iv: 58;
  • naval service to Allies, iv: 367;
  • motive in siding with Allies, iv: 367, vi: 382;
  • sends troops to Vladivostok against Soviet government, vi: 193;
  • the "Yellow Peril," origin of phrase, vi: 248;
  • ultimatum to Germany demanding surrender of Kiau-Chau, Aug. 17, '14, vi: 382;
  • declares war on Germany, Aug. 23, '14, vi: 382;
  • internal politics during War, vi: 384;
  • forces China to accede to "Group Demands," '15, vi: 385;
  • summary of concessions obtained under "Group Demands," vi: 385;
  • ambition for domination in Far East, vi: 386;
  • treaty with Russia, '16, vi: 386;
  • imperialists advocate intervention in Siberia, '17, vi: 386;
  • Terauchi Cabinet opposed by liberals, vi: 386-388;
  • Kei Hara succeeds Terauchi as Premier, '18, vi: 388;
  • opposition by conservatives to Hara government, vi: 388;
  • separatist movement in Korea, vi: 388;
  • money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
  • coal production, '13—'16, [xii: 48];
  • delegates to Peace Conference, [xii: 180];
  • Shantung (Kiau-Chau) transferred to, by Peace Treaty, [xii: 209];
  • ratifies Peace Treaty, Oct. 27, '19, [xii: 264];
  • see also
    • Kiau-Chau;
    • Shantung.
• Jaroslav, fortress on San,
  • captured by Russians, Sept. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 123;
  • retaken by Germans, May 17, '15, iii: 136.
• Jassy, Rumanian government moved to, Nov. 28, '16, i: 389.
• Jastrow, Prof. Morris, Jr., discussion of Bagdad Railway problem, ii: 290-297.
• Jaulgonne,
  • location, v: 133;
  • captured by 3rd Div., July, '18, v: 383.
• Jauréguiberry, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
• Jaurès, Jean, French anti-militarist, assassinated, vi: 95.
• Jebel Shammar, Emirate of, established, '18, [xii: 279].
• Jellicoe, Adm. Sir John,
  • appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Grand Fleet, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 88;
  • analysis of British and German fleets at start of War, iv: 93-97;
  • biography, ix: 275-282;
  • bibliography, ix: 282.
• Jericho, captured by British, Feb. 22, '18, i: 393, ii: 196.
• Jerusalem,
  • captured by Gen. Allenby, Dec. 11, '17, ii: 92, iii: 196, 322-326;
  • Allenby's proclamation to people of, iii: 325;
  • work of Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 323.
• Jeszcze Polska, Polish national anthem, xi: 331.
• Jews,
  • distress in war areas, vii: 349;
  • number in Russian Poland, vii: 349, 358, 361, 376;
  • number in Galicia, vii: 349, 376;
  • number in Germany, vii: 349;
  • number in Turkey, vii: 349, 376;
    • outside of Palestine, vii: 368;
  • number in Palestine, vii: 349, 366, 376;
  • number in Serbia, vii: 349, 369, 376;
  • American aid for needy in Palestine, vii: 350, 358, 365-368;
  • American aid for needy in Belgium, vii: 350;
  • organization of war relief agencies in U. S., vii: 351-354;
  • American Jewish Relief Committee formed, vii: 354;
  • funds raised in U. S. for overseas war relief, '16—'17, vii: 355-356;
  • American relief for destitute in Russian Poland, vii: 356-358, 360-363;
  • refugees in interior of Russia, relief activities for, vii: 356, 363-365;
  • conditions in Galicia, vii: 358;
  • number dependent on war relief, by countries, vii: 358, 361, 362, 363, 366, 367, 369, 376;
  • work of relief commission sent to Europe from U. S., vii: 359-360;
  • American relief for needy in Constantinople, vii: 368;
  • contributions to destitute in Serbia and Greece, vii: 368;
  • aid for war refugees in Spain, vii: 369;
  • relief funds raised in U. S. during '18, vii: 370-374;
  • reports, on after-War distress in Europe, vii: 375-376;
  • extent of relief work in Vilna, vii: 375;
  • number in Lithuania, vii: 376;
  • number in Baltic Provinces, vii: 376;
  • number in Russia, vii: 376;
  • number in Serbia, vii: 376;
  • number in Rumania, vii: 376;
  • number in Bulgaria, vii: 376;
  • number in Greece, vii: 376;
  • number in Hungary, vii: 376;
  • number in Persia, vii: 376.
• Jihad, see Holy War.
• Joffre, Marshal Josef Jacques César,
  • fights first battle of the Marne, Sept., '14, ii: 9, 182, iii: 30;
  • controversy with Viscount French on importance of Channel ports, ii: 172;
  • General Joffre and His Battles, book by Raymond Recouly, summary of, ii: 182-189;
  • appointed Commander-in-Chief of French armies, iii: 46;
  • technical adviser to French War Council, iii: 62;
  • biography, ix: 154-161;
  • visit to U.S., ix: 161;
  • bibliography, ix: 161;
  • intimate anecdote of, ix: 269.
• Johnston, Sgt. Harold I., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
• Johnston, Maj.-Gen. W. H.,
  • in command of 91st Div., Aug., '18, v: 196;
  • at Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 220.
• Joint Distribution Committee, for Jewish war relief, formation of, vii: 354.
• Jonc de Mer Ridge, Germans driven back at, by A. E. F., Oct. 18, '18, v: 296.
• Jordan River, military operations along, iii: 197.
• Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, commands Austrian forces to invade Poland, iii: 119.
• Jugoslavs,
  • in Austrian Army desert to Italians, '18, iii: 249;
  • Austrian and Russian policies toward, vi: 306;
  • attack Hungarian Republic, April—May, '19, vi: 326;
  • racial groups among, with early history, vi: 354;
  • Serbian ambition for unification, vi: 355, 363;
  • clash with Austrian interests, vi: 355-359;
  • meeting of Jugoslav representatives in Corfu plans for united nation, Aug.,'17, vi: 359;
  • conflict with Italy over eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 359-363, 364-370;
  • Hungarian government suppresses Jugoslav Congress at Agram, Mar., '18, vi: 363;
  • establish united Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 364;
  • seize Austrian navy and merchant marine, Nov., '18, vi: 364;
  • armed opposition to Italian advance in Carniola, Nov., '18, vi: 364;
  • struggle with Italy for possession of Fiume and Dalmatia, vi: 365-370;
  • establish united kingdom under Prince Alexander of Serbia, Dec. 21, '18, vi: 366;
  • recognized by U. S., Feb. '19, vi: 366;
  • President Wilson's note supporting Jugoslav claim for Fiume, vi: 369;
  • claims for independence recognized by Austria-Hungary in agreeing to armistice, vi: 399;
  • area and population of united kingdom, [xii: 279];
  • see also Serbia.
• Junior American Red Cross, activities, xi: 90.
• Justh, Julius, leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.
• Jutland, battle of, May 31, '16,
  • description in full, with official reports, iv: 99-136;
  • outline in brief, iv: 99-104;
  • opposing commanders, iv: 99;
  • British ships and men lost, iv: 100;
  • German ships and men lost, iv: 100;
  • moral victory for Germans, iv: 100;
  • criticism of Jellicoe's tactics, iv: 101;
  • greatest naval engagement in history, iv: 102;
  • conditions influencing, iv: 102;
  • strength and composition of fleets engaged, iv: 103-104, 112, 114, 119;
  • disposition of British forces, iv: 104;
  • first phase, iv: 106-113;
  • Beatty's report on first phase, iv: 106-110;
  • Jellicoe's account of first phase, iv: 108;
  • accuracy of German fire, iv: 108;
  • Indefatigable sunk, iv: 108;
  • fight between destroyer flotillas, iv: 109;
  • Queen Mary blown up, iv: 110;
  • critical analysis of first phase, iv: 110-113;
  • second phase, Beatty's report on, iv: 113-115;
  • weather conditions, iv: 113;
  • critical analysis of second phase, iv: 115;
  • third phase, iv: 115-130;
  • Jellicoe's account of third phase, iv: 117-120, 121-129;
  • Third Battle Cruiser Squadron under Hood reinforces Beatty, iv: 117;
  • British miscalculate position, iv: 117;
  • Hood gets into action with enemy, iv: 119;
  • Beatty's report on third phase, iv: 119, 120-121, 129;
  • Invincible blows up, iv: 119;
  • Adm. Hood lost with Invincible, iv: 119-120;
  • Shark, Defence, and Black Prince sunk, iv: 121;
  • low visibility, iv: 121-123;
  • British alter course to avoid torpedo attack, iv: 125;
  • German destroyers sunk, iv: 126;
  • Germans retire under cover of smoke screen, iv: 126;
  • Jellicoe pursues enemy, iv: 127;
  • critical analysis of third phase, iv: 129;
  • fourth phase, iv: 131-136;
  • night fighting and torpedo attacks, iv: 131;
  • Jellicoe abandons pursuit, iv: 133;
  • critical analysis of fourth phase, iv: 133-136;
  • effect of battle on military situation, iv: 135;
  • lessons taught by, iv: 135;
  • account and analysis of, by Arthur Pollen, iv: 144-156;
  • authoritative information incomplete, iv: 146;
  • British lose chance for decisive victory, iv: 152, 156;
  • German eye-witness account, iv: 256;
  • British eye-witness account, iv: 258.
• Juvigny,
  • captured by French and 32nd Div., A. E. F., Aug., '18, i: 397, v: 62, 258, 384;
  • 32nd Div. casualties at, v: 259.

• [K]
• K-13, British submarine, account of sinking, and rescue of crew, x: 304-315.
• "Kahkos," description, viii: 257.
• Kaiser, see William II.
• Kaiser Wilhelm Land,
  • acquired by Australia, '18, [xii: 279];
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Kakali, captured by Allies, Oct., '15, iii: 204.
• Kale-I-Sultanie, fort on the Dardanelles, ii: 29.
• Kaledin, Gen.,
  • commands Russian army at Rovno, iii: 142;
  • leads Cossacks in Siberia, vi: 192.
• Kambana, Bulgarian newspaper,
  • statement against Russia, June, '15, vi: 342.
• Kamerun, see Cameroons.
• Kamio, Gen.,
  • Japanese commander at siege of Tsing Tau (Kiau-Chau), iii: 257.
• Karaburnu, Greek fort occupied by Allies, iii: 206.
• Karaurgan, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378.
• Karlsruhe, Allied air raid on, June 15, '15, i: 380.
• Karlsruhe, German sea-raider,
  • battle with British cruiser Bristol, Aug. 6, '14, iv: 63;
  • career in Atlantic, iv: 196.
• Karnes, Sgt. James E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
• Karolyi, Count Michael,
  • pleads Hungary's cause in U. S., '14, vi: 307;
  • leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311;
  • forms "Independence and 1848" Party, '16, vi: 311;
  • appointed Premier of Hungary, Nov., '18, vi: 323;
  • resigns as Premier, Mar., '19, vi: 325;
  • biography, ix: 144-147.
• Kars, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 1, '15, iii: 260.
• Katia, battle between Turks and British at, Apr., '16, iii: 191.
• Katz, Sgt. Philip C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
• Kaufman, Sgt. Benjamin, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.
• Kautsky, Herr, German Social-Democratic leader, opposes war, vi: Intro. xii.
• Kavala,
  • bombarded by British warships, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;
  • occupied by Bulgars, '16, iii: 207, vi: 344.
• Kawachi, Japanese battleship blows up, July 12, '18, i: 397.
• Keeling Island, destruction on, by landing party from Emden, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184, 190.
• Keep the Home Fires Burning, American soldiers' song, xi: 336.
• Keep Your Head Down, Fritzie Boy, American soldiers' song, xi: 337.
• Kei Hara, heads liberal Japanese Cabinet, vi: 388.
• Keirsbilk, Alois Van, Belgian hero, executed for plotting death of Kaiser, x: 357-360.
• Kellermann, Bernhard, German novelist, description of conditions at front, iii: 286.
• Kelley, Col., British commander against Sudanese, iii: 191.
• Kelly, Pvt. John Joseph, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.
• Kem, captured by Anglo-American forces, July 15, '18, i: 397.
• Kemmel, Mount,
  • stormed and captured by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, iii: 91, 360;
  • occupied by Anglo-American troops, Aug. 19, '18, i: 397;
  • key-point in defense of Channel ports, iii: 381;
  • 27th and 30th Divs. in sector, v: 286.
• Kennedy, Maj.-Gen. C. W., commands 85th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.
• Kent, British cruiser,
  • at battle of Falklands, armament, iv: 70;
  • sinks Nürnberg, iv: 74.
• Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovitch,
  • speech in Duma predicting revolution, vi: 144;
  • leader of Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148;
  • pacifies revolting Petrograd troops, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 151;
  • Minister of Justice in Prince Lvov's Cabinet, vi: 155;
  • character sketch, vi: 155;
  • abolishes death penalty, vi: 157;
  • Minister of War in Lvov's coalition Cabinet, vi: 160;
  • member of "Group of Toil," vi: 160;
  • becomes Premier and dictator of Russia, vi: 165;
  • struggle with Kornilov for supreme power, vi: 167-171;
  • declares himself Commander-in-Chief, vi: 171;
  • struggle with Soviets, vi: 175-179;
  • overthrown by Bolsheviki, vi: 179-181;
  • biography, ix: 104-109;
  • bibliography, ix: 109.
• Kermanshah, captured by Russians, Feb. 25, '16, i: 384.
• Kerosene, amount used by A. E. F., v: 331.
• Kessler, Count, expelled from Poland, vi: 220.
• Kessler, George A., starts Blind Relief War Fund, vii: 255.
• Keystone (28th) Division, see U. S., Army.
• Kharga, British base in Libyan Desert, iii: 191.
• Kheyr-ed-Din-Barbarossa, Turkish battleship sunk by British submarine, Aug. 9, '15, i: 381.
• Khvostov, Russian Minister of Interior, removed from office, Feb., '16, vi: 140.
• Kiau-Chau (Kiao-Chau),
  • seized by Germany, 1897, i: 15, 82;
  • siege and conquest of Tsing Tau by Japanese, Aug. 24—Nov. 7, '14, iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383;
  • German rights transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, [xii: 209];
  • area and population, [xii: 279];
  • see also Shantung.
• Kiel Canal, Peace Treaty provisions for navigation of, [xii: 255].
• Kienzle, Herbert, in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 372.
• Kiev, captured by Germans, Mar. 2, '18, i: 393.
• Kilid-Bahr,
  • fortification of, on Gallipoli, ii: 29, iv: 24, 45;
  • objective of British landing forces, iii: 167;
  • bombarded, Mar. 5, '15, iv: 45;
  • see also Gallipoli Campaign.
• Killingholme, England, U. S. seaplane station at, iv: 359.
• Kimigayo, Japanese national anthem, xi: 328.
• King Edward VII, British battleship sunk by mine, Jan. 10, '16, i: 384.
• Kiribaba Pass, seized by Russians, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378.
• Kitchener, Field-Marshal Lord Horatio Herbert,
  • drowned in sinking of cruiser Hampshire, June 5, '16, i: 385, ix: 168;
  • attitude on Dardanelles campaign, ii: Intro. xv;
  • dispute with Field-Marshal French, ii: 164-169;
  • member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198;
  • responsibility for Dardanelles disaster, ii: 198, 202;
  • influence in War Council described by Winston Churchill, ii: 202;
  • biography, ix: 168-176;
  • bibliography, ix: 176;
  • military commandments, xi: 55.
• K-K-K-Katy, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.
• Kluck, Gen. Alexander von,
  • leads invasion of Belgium and France, Aug., '14, ii: 8, iii: 10, xi: 10;
  • occupies Brussels, Aug. 20, '14, ii: 8, iii: 21;
  • defeated at first Marne battle and forced to retreat, Sept., '14, ii: 9, 184, iii: 30-34;
  • strategy of Aug., '14 advance, criticism of, by Field-Marshal French, ii: 168;
  • avoids Paris and crosses the Marne, iii: 28;
  • biography, ix: 266-268.
• Knights of Columbus,
  • war-time activities of, vii: 328-339;
  • organizing for war work, vii: 330;
  • funds raised, vii: 331;
  • war work expenditures, vii: 332;
  • War Activities Committee, vii: 334;
  • employment bureaus for discharged service men, vii: 338.
• Knotty Ash Camp, Liverpool, American Y. M. C. A. at, vii: 287.
• Knox peace resolution,
  • declaring war between U. S. and Germany at end, passed by Congress in substitution for Treaty of Versailles, [xii: 273-277];
  • text of original resolution asking the President to make separate peace, [xii: 273-274];
  • text of amended resolution, [xii: 277];
  • vetoed by President Wilson, [xii: 277];
  • President's veto message, [xii: 278].
• Kocak, Sgt. Matej, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.
• Koenig, Paul,
  • head of Hamburg-American Line secret service, i: 317;
  • German spy in U. S., x: 347.
• Koenig, Capt. Paul, commander of German commerce submarine Deutschland, personal account of trans-Atlantic trip, iv: 214-216, x: 271-274.
• Koja Chemen Tepe,
  • at Gallipoli, dominates Anzac positions, iii: 172;
  • Anzac assault on, iii: 173;
  • see also Gallipoli Campaign.
• Kolchak, Adm. Aleksandr Vasiliyevich,
  • Siberian government of, recognized by Allies, vi: 188;
  • declares himself dictator of Siberia, vi: 194;
  • leader of anti-Bolshevik forces in Russia, vi: 194;
  • biography, ix: 239-241.
• Kollontai, Mme., member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179.
• Köln, German cruiser sunk at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
• Königin Luise, German raider in English Channel, iv: 197.
• Königsberg, in East Prussia, Russian objective, iii: 111.
• Königsberg, German sea-raider, sunk by British monitors, July 11, '15, i: 381, iv: 195.
• Koran of Caliph Othwan, Peace Treaty provision for return of, by Germany to King of Hedjaz, [xii: 225].
• Korea,
  • acquired by Japan, i: 20;
  • struggle for independence, vi: 388.
• Kornilov, Gen. Laurus,
  • appointed Commander-in-Chief of Russian armies by Kerensky, vi: 164;
  • rebellion against Kerensky, vi: 167-171;
  • imprisoned, vi: 171;
  • leads Cossacks against Bolsheviki, vi: 192;
  • biography, ix: 235-237.
• Kossaima, occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189.
• Kovel, military importance, ii: 42.
• Kovno, captured by Germans, Aug. 17, '15, i: 381, ii: 363, iii: 138.
• Koweit, Sultanate of, established, '18, [xii: 279].
• Kriemhilde Position, German line of defense,
  • extent and description, v: 74, 218, 234;
  • A. E. F. breakthrough in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 80-88, 240, 245, 262;
  • see also Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
• Krithia, at Gallipoli,
  • Allied attacks on, iii: 169-173;
  • see also Gallipoli Campaign.
• Kronprinz Wilhelm,
  • comes into Newport News harbor, Apr. 11, '15, i: 378;
  • interned, Apr. 26, '15, i: 380.
• Kronstadt,
  • captured by Rumanians, Sept., '16, iii: 218;
  • recaptured by Teutons, Oct., '16, iii: 220;
  • military headquarters of Bolsheviki, vi: 164.
• Krovno, occupied by Austrians, Feb. 4, '16, i: 384.
• Krupp, Bertha, owner of largest German munition plant, ix: 352.
• Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Dr. Gustave,
  • head of Krupp Works, visit to England, June, '14, i: 265;
  • husband of Bertha Krupp, ix: 352.
• Kuban Republic,
  • established, Nov., '18, [xii: 279];
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Kucharzewski, Premier of Poland under German jurisdiction, vi: 214.
• Kuhn, Maj.-Gen. Joseph E.,
  • commands 79th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197;
  • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.
• Kultur, German, see Germany, Kultur.
• Kum Kale,
  • French land troops at, for Gallipoli Campaign, Apr. 25, '15, iv: 41;
  • Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42;
  • Allied bombardment of, Mar. 4, '15, iv: 44.
• Kurnah, taken by British, Dec. 9, '14, i: 376, iii: 180.
• Kuryet-el-Enad, taken by British, Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.
• Kusmanek, Gen. von, Austrian commander defending Przemysl, iii: 134.
• Kut-el-Amara,
  • captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 181;
  • siege and surrender of British at, Dec. 7, '15—Apr. 29, '16, iii: 183, 318-320;
  • number of British surrendered, iii: 318;
  • conditions in, during siege, iii: 364.

• [L]
• La Bassée, captured by British, Jan. 23, '15, i: 378.
• La Boisselle, captured by Allies in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58.
• Labor,
  • anti-war spirit, [xii: 65];
  • importance in winning the War, [xii: 68];
  • floating, [xii: 68];
  • women in war industries, [xii: 83-85];
  • Peace Treaty charter for international organization, [xii: 255-261];
  • see also under each country.
• Labor Peace Conference, British, Feb. 27, '19, vi: 20.
• "Labyrinth,"
  • captured by French, June 22, '15, i: 380;
  • designation for German trenches between Arras and Neuville St. Vaast, iii: 42.
• Laconia, S. S.,
  • Cunard liner torpedoed, Feb. 25, '17, i: 389;
  • eye-witness account, iv: 225-229.
• Ladd, Anna Coleman, makes copper face masks for mutilated, vii: 68.
• Lafayette, poem by R. A. Purdy, xi: 18.
• Lafayette Escadrille,
  • formation, iii: 391;
  • first members, iii: 391;
  • Capt. Thenault appointed commander, iii: 391;
  • first casualties, iii: 391;
  • equipment of fliers, iii: 392;
  • propaganda among Germans, iii: 392;
  • total casualties, iii: 392;
  • story of, x: 196-202.
• Lafayette Fund, first American war relief organizations vii: 85.
• La Fère,
  • British driven from, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375;
  • captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375;
  • recaptured by Allies, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399, xi: 52;
  • German base in France, ii: 86;
  • French attacks on, '17, iii: 68.
• La-Ferte-sous-Jouarre, headquarters of First Army, A. E. F., v: 384.
• Lamarch, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.
• Lamont, Thomas W.,
  • financial adviser to U. S. delegation to Peace Conference, [xii: 149];
  • account of Peace Conference at work, [xii: 149-163];
  • member of Reparations Commission, [xii: 158].
• Lamprecht, Prof. Karl, German historian, defense of German system of government, i: 155.
• Landres-St. Georges,
  • captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 90, 263;
  • bombed by A. E. F. airmen, v: 311.
• Landreville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
• Landsberg, Herr, member of Ebert government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277.
• Landsturm, German, i: 72.
• Landwehr, German, i: 72.
• Lane, Franklin K., on meaning of the War to America, i: 367.
• Langfitt, Maj.-Gen. Wm. C., Chief Engineer, A. E. F., v: 336.
• Langres, A. E. F. training schools at, v: 106, 314.
• Lanrezac, Gen., Viscount French's criticism of, ii: 162.
• Lansdowne, Lord, letter calling on Allies to state war aims, vi: 12.
• Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, recognizes Japan's special interests in China, i: 58, vi: 386.
• Laon,
  • captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375;
  • German base in France, ii: 86;
  • captured by Gen. Mangin, Oct. 12, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52.
• La Peyrère, Adm., Commander-in-Chief of French navy, '14, iv: 12.
• La Pultière Wood, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.
• Lars Kruse, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.
• La Rue Farm, captured by 27th Div., v: 296.
• La Société Impériale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad,
  • formation, ii: 292;
  • terms of concession to, ii: 292.
• Last Long Mile, The, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.
• Latham, Sgt. John C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
• Latin America, participation in War, vi: 389.
• Launeville, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
• Laurier, Sir Wilfrid,
  • Canadian Liberal leader, vi: 24;
  • speech pledging War support, Aug., '14, vi: 24;
  • against Imperial federation, vi: 26;
  • declines to form coalition Cabinet, vi: 33.
• League of Nations,
  • Charles W. Eliot on, i: Intro. xiii;
  • international co-operation during War, i: Intro. xiii;
  • summary of provisions, i: Intro. xiv;
  • proposal to place Fiume under, vi: 369;
  • spirit of, [xii: 155];
  • prominent advocates, [xii: 155];
  • drafting of Covenant described by Thos. W. Lamont, [xii: 155];
  • analysis by Geo. W. Wickersham, [xii: 170-178];
  • text of Covenant in full, [xii: 182-185];
  • countries invited to join, [xii: 186];
  • original members, [xii: 186];
  • Sir James Eric Drummond, first secretary-general, [xii: 186];
  • U. S. Senate opposition to, [xii: 264-270];
  • first meeting of Council, Jan. 20, '20, [xii: 270].
• Leather, war-time conservation in shoemaking, [xii: 53].
• Leave areas, "Y" service at, vii: 269;
  • see also Y. M. C. A.
• Lebanon, disposal under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334.
• Le Cateau,
  • battle of, Aug. 26, '14,
  • criticism of Smith-Dorrien's strategy at, by Field-Marshal French, ii: 162, 174;
  • account of battle, ii: 174-182, iii: 23.
• Le Charmel,
  • German stand at, July 21, '18, v: 185;
  • Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. at, v: 192.
• Le Chêne Tondu,
  • German defense of, against 56th Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;
  • captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.
• Lee service rifle, viii: 95.
• Leelanaw, S. S., American steamship sunk by U-boat, July 25. '15, i: 381.
• Leipzig, German cruiser,
  • in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65;
  • sunk in battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308;
  • eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 80.
• Lejeune, Gen., commander of 2nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
• Leman, Gen., defender of Liége, iii: 11.
• Le Mans, embarkation center for returning A. E. F., v: 395.
• Lemberg,
  • battle of, and capture by Russians, Sept. 1—3, '14, i: 375, ii: 23, iii: 121, xi: 16;
  • recaptured by Austrians, June 22, '15, i: 380, iii: 137;
  • military importance, ii: 42;
  • seized by Poles, Nov., '18, vi: 217.
• Lemert, Sgt. Milo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
• Lemordant, French painter-soldier, x: 169.
• Lenin, Nicolai,
  • urges defeat of Russia, '14, '15, vi: 140;
  • leader of Bolsheviki, vi: 161-163;
  • overthrows Kerensky, Nov., '17, vi: 179-181;
  • becomes President of Council of People's Commissaries, Nov. 8, '17, vi: 181;
  • policies of government, vi: 181;
  • biography, ix: 109-115;
  • bibliography, ix: 115.
• Lens,
  • Allied objective in battle of Artois, May, '15, iii: 42;
  • objective in battle of Arras, Apr., '17, iii: 70;
  • held by Germans against Allied attacks in Arras battle, iii: 72.
• Léon Gambetta, French cruiser torpedoed, Apr. 27, '15, iv: 373.
• Leonardo da Vinci, Italian dreadnought blown up, Aug. 2, '16, i: 386.
• Leopold, Prince, commands Bavarians entering Warsaw, iii: 138.
• L'Epasse Wood, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.
• Le Prêtre Wood, captured by 180 Inf. Brig., Sept. 13, '18, v: 209.
• Lescarboura, Austin C.,
  • on trench warfare, viii: 133;
  • opinion on efficiency of tanks, xi: 251;
  • on use of dogs in War, xi: 340.
• Le Selle River, German stand at, Oct., '18, v: 295.
• Les Eparges,
  • location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199;
  • captured by French, Sept. 12, '18, v: 212.
• Les Petites Armoises, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
• Letord bombing airplanes, viii: 223.
• Letts,
  • peasant inhabitants of Baltic Provinces, vi: 226;
  • early history, vi: 226;
  • rebellion of '05, vi: 227;
  • form Lettish Legion to fight in War, '15, vi: 227;
  • join Bolsheviki, vi: 228.
• Letvia, Republic of,
  • established, Apr., '18, [xii: 279];
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Leviathan, work as U. S. transport, [xii: 275].
• Levicu, Dr., leader in movement for Soviet government in Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300.
• Lewis machine-gun,
  • description, viii: 81;
  • rejected by U. S. government, viii: 82;
  • use on airplanes, viii: 87;
  • U. S. production figures for aircraft, [xii: 284].
• Liberty Loans,
  • U. S., popularity, [xii: 10];
  • selection of drive periods, [xii: 11];
  • influence on national thrift, [xii: 11-16];
  • subscription figures by Federal Reserve Districts, [xii: 12];
  • New York City subscriptions, by borough, [xii: 12];
  • compared with amount of other U. S. indebtedness, [xii: 16];
  • amounts raised, [xii: 113];
  • effect on German morale, [xii: 126];
  • number of subscribers, [xii: 127];
  • methods used in selling campaigns, [xii: 127-134];
  • sales psychology, [xii: 132];
  • Victory Way, [xii: 133];
  • number of persons engaged in drives, [xii: 134];
  • statistics, [xii: 134];
  • see also U. S., War cost.
• Liberty motor,
  • description, viii: 199;
  • production figures, [xii: 285].
• Liberty truck, development and description, viii: 291-294.
• Libyan Desert, military operations in '16—'17, iii: 191.
• Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Maximilian, German ambassador to England,
  • negotiations for settlement of Anglo-German rivalries, '12—'14, i: 196, 250;
  • account of events leading to World War, i: 246;
  • author of Memorandum, account of diplomatic experiences in England, i: 250;
  • biography, ix: 131-133.
• Liebau, Hans, German propagandist in U. S., x: 338.
• "Liebau Employment Agency," center of German propaganda in U. S., x: 338.
• Liebknecht, Karl, German radical leader,
  • sketch of, by Sir Thomas Barclay, vi: Intro. x;
  • votes against war credits, vi: Intro. xii;
  • protest against War, '14, vi: 249;
  • imprisoned, '16, vi: 262, ix: 140, 141;
  • freed from prison, Oct., '18, vi: 272;
  • leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278, ix: 142;
  • organizes Spartacide demonstrations, Dec., '18, vi: 283;
  • killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 15, '19, vi: 289, ix: 142;
  • biography, ix: 138-143;
  • elected to Prussian Assembly while in prison, ix: 140;
  • expelled from Socialist Party, ix: 141;
  • bibliography, ix: 142.
• Liége,
  • forts constructed, 1890, i: 143;
  • captured by Germans, Aug. 7, '14, i: 375, iii: 10, xi: 9.
    • Ludendorff's account, ii: 348;
• Liggett, Lieut.-Gen. Hunter,
  • commands First Corps, A. E. F., in Marne defensive, July, '18, v: 56;
  • commands First Corps in St. Mihiel drive, v: 65, 202, 386;
  • appointed commander of First Army, Oct. 16, '18, v: 83, 246, 390;
  • in command of 41st Div., '17, v: 109;
  • commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 220, 388, 390;
  • commands First Army in Meuse-Argonne, v: 390;
  • biography, ix: 218.
• Lightning (78th) Division, see U. S., Army.
• Lille,
  • abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;
  • death-rate during German occupation, iii: 406.
• Lille, Laon and St. Dié, poem by John Finley, vi: 82.
• Limburg, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91.
• Limey, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.
• Liners, interned German, in U. S. ports, injuries to, iv: 319.
• Linsingen, Gen. von, commands Austrians operating against Lemberg, iii: 132.
• Liny-devant-Dun, captured by 11th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271.
• Lion, British battle cruiser,
  • Beatty's flagship in battle of Jutland, iv: 105;
  • in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241;
  • disabled in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
• Liquid fire,
  • first use by Germans in Belgium, July 30, '15, i: 381;
  • how used, viii: 120;
  • story of Germans caught in own trap, x: 18.
• Lisle, Gen. de, at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171.
• Lissey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.
• Listening device,
  • for detecting submarines, description, iv: 308;
  • see also
    • Hydrophones;
    • Microphone.
• Literary rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, [xii: 244-246].
• Lithuania,
  • struggle for independence, vi: 234-236;
  • opposed by Polish aspirations, vi: 234;
  • fight against Bolshevism, vi: 236;
  • Cabinet of '18, vi: 236;
  • fight against Polish aggression, vi: 236;
  • Republic established, Apr., '18, [xii: 279];
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Little Russia, see Ukraine.
• Livonia,
  • early history, vi: 226;
  • Republic established, Apr., '18, [xii: 279];
  • area and population, [xii: 279];
  • see also Baltic Provinces.
• Lizenz bombing airplanes, viii: 222.
• Llandovery Castle, torpedoed, June 22, '18, i: 395.
• Lloyd George, David,
  • advocates aggressive campaign against Austria, ii: Intro. x, xx;
  • becomes British Prime Minister, ii: Intro. xx, vi: 10, ix: 28;
  • military policy, ii: Intro, xxi;
  • becomes Minister of Munitions, May, '15, vi: 5, [xii: 78];
  • appeal to munition workers, vi: 5, ix: 27;
  • speeds up British war efforts, vi: 10;
  • statement of Allied war aims, vi: 12;
  • indorses President Wilson's Fourteen Points, vi: 14;
  • conciliatory policy between labor and capital, vi: 20;
  • biography, ix: 21-30;
  • bibliography, ix: 30;
  • see also Peace Conference.
• Loans, raised by belligerents for conduct of War, [xii: 111].
• Locomotives,
  • number shipped to France from U. S., [xii: 95], [xii: 286];
  • see also Railroads.
• Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot,
  • leads opposition to Peace Treaty, [xii: 264];
  • original reservations to Peace Treaty, text, [xii: 265];
  • revised reservations to Peace Treaty, text, [xii: 269].
• Lodz, occupied by Germans, Nov. 27, '14, iii: 129.
• Logan, Col. James A., Chief of Administration (G-1), G. H. Q., A. E. F., v: 101.
• Loman, Pvt. Berger, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
• Lome, surrender to British, Aug., '14, iii: 252.
• London,
  • air raids on,
    • Aug. 17, '15, i: 381;
    • Sept. 8, '15, i: 381;
    • Oct. 13, '15, i: 382;
    • Dec. 24, '14, iii: 41;
  • welcome to Pershing, June, '17, v: 97;
  • American Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 288.
• London, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
• London Volunteer Motor Corps, vii: 107.
• Long, Long Trail, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.
• Longueval, objective in Somme battle, iii: 58.
• Longwy,
  • abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;
  • iron area coveted by Germans, '14, ii: 6.
• Loos,
  • British attempt to pierce German lines at, '15, ii: 25;
  • captured by British, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46;
  • faulty British generalship in battle of, iii: 375.
• Lord Nelson, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
• Lorraine,
  • value of iron deposits, i: 267;
  • French offensive in, Aug., '14, iii: 16.
• Losnitza, Austrians cross Drina at, iii: 151.
• Losses,
  • see
  • Casualties;
  • Prisoners of war.
• "Lost Battalion," under Major Whittlesey,
  • cut off from 77th Div., Oct. 2, '18, v: 231, 239;
  • attempts at relief of, fail, v: 241, 242;
  • rescued, Oct. 7, '18, v: 243;
  • units composing, v: 363.
• Loti, Pierre, description of gas victims, iii: 320-322.
• Lough Foyle, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.
• Louppy, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
• "Lousy Champagne," location, v: 43.
• Louvain,
  • captured by Germans, Aug. 19, '14, i: 375, iii: 14;
  • burned by Germans, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, iii: 14;
  • description of burning by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 273-277.
• Louvain, University of, Peace Treaty provisions for restoration by Germany of books destroyed, [xii: 225].
• Lowenstein, Milton B., Boy Scout in air service, xi: 116.
• Lowestoft, attacked by German battle cruiser squadron, Apr. 25, '16, i: 385.
• Lowicz, occupied by Germans, Dec. 18, '14, i: 376.
• Lublin, occupied by Austrians, July 30, '15, i: 381.
• Lublin-Cholm Railway, cut by Germans in '15 offensive, iii: 138.
• Lubomirsky, Prince, appointed by Germany to Regency Council of Poland, vi: 214.
• "Lucky Bag," explanation of term, iv: 171.
• Lucy-la-Bocage, important point near Château-Thierry, v: 132.
• Ludendorff, Gen. Erich von,
  • War account, ii: 298-365;
  • estimate of own importance to German victories, ii: 298, 300;
  • appointed First Quartermaster-General, Aug. 29, '16, ii: 326, iii: 61;
  • denies being Germany's dictator, ii: 333;
  • resignation forced, Oct. 26, '18, ii: 336, vi: 271;
  • opinion of A. E. F., ii: 337;
  • war attitude, explained by himself, ii: 344;
  • brigade commander at start of War, ii: 345;
  • share in capture of Liége, ii: 348;
  • appointed Chief of Staff to Hindenburg in East Prussia, Aug., '14, ii: 351;
  • account of first meeting with Hindenburg, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353;
  • appointed Chief of Staff for operations on southeastern front, Sept., '14, ii: 357;
  • failure of "Spring Drive" loses War, '18, vi: 270;
  • biography, ix: 250-257.
• Luderitz Bay, captured by British, iii: 254.
• Lufberry, Maj. Raoul, American ace, story of, x: 191-196.
• Luke, Lieut. Frank, Jr.,
  • American aviator, story of, x: 211-214;
  • gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
• Lukin, Gen., heads expedition against Sollum, iii: 191.
• Lullaby for a Baby Tank, poem by H. T. Craven, xi: 270.
• Lumber, uses in war, viii: 306-309.
• Lunacharsky, member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179.
• Lunéville,
  • captured by Germans, Aug. 21—23, '14, i: 375, iii: 20;
  • retaken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375.
• Lupkow Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127.
• Lurcher, British destroyer at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
• Lusitania, S. S.,
  • German warning against travelling on, May 1, '15, i: 319;
  • sunk by German submarine, May 7, '15, i: 319, 358, 380, xi: 20, 237;
    • Lord Mersey's official report, i: 362-365;
  • loss of life, i: 319, 362;
  • U. S. note to Germany on sinking, May 13, '15, i: 320;
  • Roosevelt's statement on, i: 320;
  • Taft's view of action by U. S. over sinking, i: 320;
  • U. S. demands disavowal of sinking by Germany, i: 323;
  • summary of controversy between U. S. and Germany over sinking, i: 358;
  • dimensions, i: 362;
  • number and nationality of passengers on last trip, i: 362;
  • number in crew, i: 362;
  • not armed, i: 363;
  • German hymn of glory over sinking of, i: 365;
  • eye-witness accounts of sinking, iv: 220-222;
  • Capt. Turner's account, iv: 222;
  • Germans celebrate destruction as naval victory, iv: 223.
• Lutsk,
  • captured by Germans, Sept. 1, '15, i: 381;
  • recaptured by Russians, Sept. 23, '15, i: 382;
  • recaptured by Germans, Sept. 27, '15, i: 382;
  • captured by Russians, June 6, '16, i: 385, iii: 142.
• Lützow, German battle cruiser sunk at Jutland, eye-witness account, iv: 256.
• Luxemburg, Duchess of, see Marie Adelaide.
• Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of,
  • invaded by Germans, Aug. 2, '14, i: 144, iii: 10, vi: 93, xi: 10;
  • annexation sought by Belgium and France, '19, vi: 94;
  • Peace Treaty provisions concerning, [xii: 189].
• Luxemburg, Rosa,
  • German radical leader, protest against War, '14, vi: 249;
  • imprisoned, '16, vi: 262;
  • leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278;
  • killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289;
  • views on social revolution, ix: 147.
• Lvov, Prince George E.,
  • Premier under Russian Provisional Government, Mar. 14, '17, vi: 155;
  • manifesto on war aims, Apr. 9, '17, vi: 159;
  • forms Coalition Cabinet, vi: 160;
  • biography, ix: 100-102;
  • President of All-Russian Union of Provincial Councils, [xii: 82].
• Lynch, George, inventer of impenetrable cloth against barbed wire, viii: 68.
• Lys, battle of,
  • Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 91;
  • Portuguese troops flee under German attack, ii: 153, iii: 91, vi: 374;
  • Allied lines broken, ii: 153, iii: 91;
  • Germans turn attack to Channel ports, iii: 91.
• Lysk, Germans defeat Russians at '14, iii: 116.
• Lynx, British destroyer blown up in Baltic, iv: 197.

• [M]
• Ma'an, seized by Arabs, Sept., '18, iii: 199.
• Maastricht salient, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91.
• MacArthur, Brig.-Gen. Douglas,
  • leads pursuit of Germans to Vesle River, Aug. 2—3, '18, v: 61;
  • commands 84th Inf. Brig., Oct. 14—16, '18, v: 84;
  • biography, ix: 213-217.
• Macao, purchase of Portuguese interests at, by Japan, vi: 386.
• Macdonald, Ramsay,
  • endorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12;
  • defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17.
• Macdowell, Major T. W., wins Victoria Cross for gallantry at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.
• Macedonia,
  • promised to Bulgaria by Germany, ii: 32;
  • occupation of, by Bulgarians, vi: 343-344;
  • military operations in, see Salonika Campaign.
• Machine-guns, use of,
  • in British Army, ii: 125;
  • British and German equipments, Aug., '14, ii: 275;
  • utility in trench warfare, ii: 288, viii: 134-136;
  • nests, construction of, v: 37;
  • pits, v: 287;
  • number on A. E. F. front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350;
  • predecessors of modern types, viii: 78;
  • Hiram Maxim's invention, 1883, viii: 78;
  • German pre-War preparedness, viii: 78;
  • effectiveness, viii: 79, 136;
  • usefulness compared with rifle, viii: 79;
  • German Machine-Gun Corps, viii: 79;
  • principal types, viii: 80-87;
  • Maxim gun, viii: 80, 87;
  • Benet-Mercier gun, viii: 80;
  • Lewis gun, viii: 81-82;
  • Browning gun, viii: 84-87;
  • on airplanes, viii: 86-87, 189-192, 196, 208-216;
  • Hotchkiss gun, viii: 87;
  • German and Allied equipments compared, Aug., '14, viii: 134;
  • tank vs. machine-gun, viii: 150-151;
  • U. S. production figures, [xii: 284];
  • number captured by Americans, [xii: 288].
• Mackensen, Field-Marshal August von,
  • commander of Teuton forces conquering Serbia, ii: 34, iii: 156;
  • leads invasion of Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 222;
  • leader of offensive through Galicia and Poland, ii: 233, iii: 128;
  • commands Bulgarian forces, iii: 218;
  • biography, ix: 257-261.
• Madeline Farm,
  • Germans resist attacks on, by 80th and 3rd Divs., Oct. 6, '18, v: 241;
  • captured by Americans, Oct. 9, '18, v: 245.
• Madelon, Le, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.
• Madras, bombarded by German raider Emden, Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174.
• Magdeburg, German cruiser sunk by Russians, Aug., '14, iv: 365.
• Maghdaba, British defeat Turks at, iii: 192.
• Magnes, Dr. Judah L., visits Europe for Jewish war relief, vii: 356, 360.
• Magpies in Picardy, poem by "Tipcuca," xi: 224.
• Magyars,
  • predominance in Austria-Hungary, vi: 306;
  • loyalty to Empire, vi: 306;
  • rebel against new Czechoslovak government, vi: 399;
  • see also
    • Austria-Hungary;
    • Hungary.
• Mahon, Gen., commands British at Salonika, iii: 202.
• Maidos, defenses of Gallipoli at, iv: 24.
• Mainz, German cruiser, sunk in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
• Mainz, occupation by Allies and conditions for withdrawal from, [xii: 261].
• Maize, imports of, by Germany, ii: 17.
• Majestic, British battleship,
  • at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
  • sunk by submarine at Gallipoli, May 27, '15, iv: 50.
• Malancourt,
  • captured by Germans, Mar., '16, iii: 51;
  • location, v: 217;
  • 4th Engrs. build artillery road from, to Esnes, Sept., '18, v: 226.
• Malborghetto, captured by Italians, iii: 244.
• Mali Journal, Serbian newspaper, on antagonism to Austria-Hungary, vi: 356.
• Malingering, devices for detection of, viii: 358-361.
• Malinov,
  • succeeds Radoslavov as Bulgarian Premier, vi: 346;
  • statement on circumstances of Bulgarian surrender, vi: 347.
• Malleterre, Gen.,
  • discussion of Allied victory, ii: 206;
  • Professor of Military Geography at École de Guerre, ii: 220;
  • eulogy of Foch and Pétain, ii: 220.
• Mallon, Capt. George H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
• Malmédy, ceded to Belgium under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, [xii: 188].
• Malmö, meeting of Scandinavian rulers at, and pledge of mutual neutrality, vi: 393.
• Malvy, French Minister of Interior,
  • tried for criminal neglect, iv: 10;
  • implicated in Bonnet Rouge case, vi: 105;
  • exiled from France, vi: 106.
• Mametz, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.
• Manchuria, Japanese penetration of, i: 20.
• Mangin, Gen.,
  • attacks Germans on Villers-Cotterets and Soissons line, July, '18, ii: 210, v: 159;
  • appointed commander of Verdun sector, iii: 62;
  • successful attack at Verdun, Dec., '16, iii: 62.
• Mann, Maj.-Gen. William A., relieved of command of 42nd Div., '17, v: 109.
• Mannerheim, Gen.,
  • commands Finnish White Guards, vi: 198;
  • dictator of Finnish de facto Republic, '18, vi: 200.
• Manning, Corp. Sidney E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.
• Manoury, Gen., commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 182, 184.
• Mantou, Prof., interpreter to Supreme Peace Council, [xii: 152].
• Maple Leaf Forever, The, Canadian national hymn, xi: 330.
• March, Gen. Peyton C., Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, biography, ix: 210-212.
• Margate, bombed by German airmen, Oct. 22, '16, i: 388.
• Marie, Queen of Rumania, appeal for American aid, vi: 349.
• Marie Adelaide, Grand Duchess of Luxemburg,
  • resigns in favor of sister, vi: 94;
  • biography, ix: 383-384.
• Marina, S. S., British freighter sunk by German submarine, Oct. 28, '16, i: 335, 388.
• Marines, U. S., see U. S., Marines.
• Maritz, Col., rebel Boer leader, joins Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, iii: 254, vi: 50.
• Markomannia, auxiliary to German raider Emden, iv: 170, 172.
• Marlin aircraft guns,
  • U. S. production figures, [xii: 284];
  • see also Machine-guns.
• Marne,
  • Allied retreat to the, Aug.—Sept., '14, iii: 20-30;
  • topography of salient, v: 42, 133.
• Marne, battles of:
  • Sept., '14,
    • report of Field-Marshal French on preliminary action, ii: 9;
    • outline of maneuvers, ii: 9;
    • Foch's generalship at, ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 220, iii: 31-34;
    • described by French participant, ii: 182;
    • Gen. Manoury's share in victory, ii: 182;
    • military situation preceding, ii: 183;
    • Allied generals under Joffre at, ii: 184;
    • German commanders at, ii: 184;
    • effect of Russian invasion of East Prussia on, ii: 227;
    • analysis of, by a German military critic, ii: 258;
    • detailed account of, iii: 30-36;
    • casualties at, iii: 35.
  • July, '18,
    • Foch's strategy, ii: 77, ii: 154;
    • Ludendorff's account, ii: 322-324;
    • Ludendorff's comment on casualties, ii: 326;
    • Ludendorff's comment on A. E. F. fighting, ii: 326;
    • general account of battle, iii: 95-97, v: 129;
    • detailed account of A. E. F. participation, v: 47-61, 148-192, 382;
    • reasons for failure of German offensive, v: 54;
    • German artillery captured by Americans, v: 56;
    • stand of 38th Inf. against German attempts to cross Marne, July 15, '18, v: 150-153, x: 381-387;
    • Pershing's message to troops, v: 191;
    • Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192;
    • work of tanks at, viii: 148;
    • see also
      • Aisne-Marne Offensive;
      • Champagne.
• Marne District, German destruction in, iii: 297-300.
• Marne (3rd) Division, see U. S., Army.
• Mars, A. E. F. base hospital at, v: 400.
• Marseillaise, French national anthem,
  • an Alsatian song, i: 211;
  • effect on French audience, i: 211;
  • words, xi: 326.
• Marseilles, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.
• Marshal, Gen., commander of British capturing Bagdad, xi: 48.
• Marshall, Louis, President American Jewish Relief Committee, vii: 354.
• Martin, Miss Winona C., American "Y" worker killed in France, vii: 313.
• Martin, Dr. Franklin, member of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116].
• Martinpuich, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.
• Mary, Queen of England, biography, ix: 392-395.
• Masaryk, T. G., leader of movement for Czech independence, vi: 397.
• Masefield, John,
  • description of British embarkation for Gallipoli, iii: 350;
  • account of Gallipoli fighting, iii: 352, 355-358;
  • description of soldier's life at Gallipoli, iii: 353.
• Mata-Hari, woman spy,
  • executed by French, Oct. 15, '17, i: 392;
  • discloses tank secret to Germans, x: 360.
• Matz Valley, German attacks during '18 offensive, ii: 76.
• Maubeuge, Allied objective in final drive, Nov., '18, iii: 103.
• Maude, Gen. Sir Frederick Stanley,
  • Mesopotamian successes, '16—'17, ii: Intro. xviii, 90, iii: 185;
  • biography, ix: 194-199.
• Maurepas, captured by French during battle of the Somme, iii: 58.
• Maurice, Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick, on general strategy of the War, ii: Intro. vii-xxiv.
• Mauser rifle, description, viii: 95.
• Max, Burgomaster of Brussels, demand of concessions from Germans, iii: 14.
• Maxim, Hiram, invents machine-gun, 1883, viii: 78.
• Maxim machine-gun,
  • description, viii: 80;
  • modified type used by Germans and Austrians, viii: 87.
• Maximilian of Baden, Prince,
  • appointed German Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270;
  • appeals to Wilson for armistice, vi: 270.
• Mayo, Adm. Henry Thomas, biography, ix: 296.
• Mazurian Lakes,
  • topography of district, iii: 108;
  • difficulty of military operations in, iii: 113;
  • Russian armies annihilated by Hindenburg, Aug., '14, iii: 113-116;
  • second battle, Feb., '15, iii: 130;
  • see also Tannenberg, battle of.
• McAdoo, William G.,
  • biography, ix: 329-331;
  • Director General, U. S. Railroad Administration, [xii: 88].
• McAlexander, Brig.-Gen. U. G.,
  • as colonel commands 38th Inf. Regt. in second battle of the Marne, July, '18, v: 152;
  • commands 180th Inf. Brig, at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12—15, '18, v: 209;
  • biography, ix: 216.
• McAndrew, Maj.-Gen. James W.,
  • succeeds Gen. Harbord as Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Aug., '17, v: 102;
  • Pershing's appreciation, v: 403-404;
  • biography, ix: 216.
• McCaw, Brig.-Gen. Walter D., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 346.
• McLemore Resolution,
  • warning to Americans not to travel on belligerent ships, i: 327;
  • President Wilson opposes, i: 327;
  • defeated, i: 328.
• McLeod, Marguerite Gertrude Zelle, German spy, discloses tank secret, x: 360.
• McMahon, Maj.-Gen. James E.,
  • in command of 5th Div., May, '18, v: 128;
  • at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202;
  • relieved of command of 5th Div., Oct., '18, v: 252.
• McMurtry, Capt. George C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.
• McRae, Maj.-Gen. James H.,
  • in command of 78th Div., June, '18, v: 144;
  • at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.
• Meat packers, profits before and during War, [xii: 56].
• Mecca, captured by Arabs, July 15, '16, i: 386.
• Medeah Farm, captured by 67th French Div., Oct. 3, '18, v: 256.
• Medical Corps, U. S., see U. S., Army.
• Medical science,
  • use of X-ray, vii: 221, viii: 373-376;
  • development under war needs, viii: 361-365, xi: 286-291;
  • rifle and shell wounds, relative dangers of, viii: 361;
  • French medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365;
  • danger of infection in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367;
  • treatment of head wounds, viii: 365;
  • treatment of face wounds, viii: 366;
  • treatment of body wounds, viii: 366;
  • treatment of blood vessel lesions, viii: 366;
  • treatment of nerve cord lesions, viii: 366;
  • treatment of fractures, viii: 367;
  • new method of amputation, viii: 367;
  • prevention of tetanus infection, viii: 367, xi: 287;
  • prevention of gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287-288;
  • treatment of shell shock, viii: 368;
  • causes of infection, viii: 369;
  • Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, xi: 288-289;
  • mechanical treatments for injured limbs, viii: 381-384;
  • artificial arms for war cripples, viii: 384-388;
  • artificial legs for war cripples, viii: 388-390;
  • reconstructing mutilated faces, viii: 390;
  • use of ambrine in treatment of burns, viii: 390;
  • artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391;
  • prevention of infectious diseases among troops, viii: 392-397;
  • anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393;
  • making drinking water safe for army, viii: 394-396;
  • see also:
    • Disease;
    • Infection;
    • Reconstruction of disabled;
    • Sanitation;
    • Surgery.
• Medwa, Turks defeated at, by British, Jan., '16, iii: 191.
• Mehun, U. S. Ordnance repair shop at, v: 350.
• Memel,
  • captured by Russians, Mar. 19, '15, i: 378;
  • evacuated by Russians, Mar. 21, '15, i: 378;
  • raided by Russian fleet, Mar., '15, iv: 365;
  • Peace Treaty provisions concerning, [xii: 203].
• Men of Harlech, Welsh national hymn, xi: 330.
• Menoher, Maj.-Gen. Charles T.,
  • commander 42nd Div., '17, v: 109;
  • at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202.
• Mensheviki, Russian political party, doctrines of, vi: 148.
• Menshikov, Russian imperialist, outlines plan of conquest, '14, vi: 134.
• Merchant marine, see Shipping.
• Mercier, Cardinal Désiré, biography and war-time activities, ix: 341-343.
• Mersey, British monitor, in Flanders and East Africa, iv: 281.
• Mersey, Lord, official report on Lusitania sinking, i: 362-365.
• Merville salient, evacuation of, by Germans, iii: 98.
• Mesopotamia,
  • German dream of acquisition, ii: 27;
  • British irrigation schemes in, ii: 295;
  • terrain and climate, iii: 178;
  • historic background of modern battlefields, iii: 329-334;
  • disposition under secret treaties of '16—'17, vi: 334;
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Mesopotamian Campaign,
  • strategic importance and Allied plan of operations, ii: Intro. xvi, 87-91, iii: 178-180;
  • British land troops at Fao to protect oil fields, Nov., '14, ii: Intro. xvi, iii: 180;
  • Gen. Nixon pursues Turks and threatens Bagdad, '15, ii: Intro. xvi, 91, iii: 180-182;
  • British defeated at Ctesiphon and driven into Kut-el-Amara, Dec., '15, ii: Intro. xvi, 91, 182-183;
  • siege of Kut and Gen. Townshend's surrender, Dec. 7, '15—Apr. 29, '16, ii: Intro. xvii, 91, iii: 183-185, 363, 364;
  • British reorganize campaign after Kut disaster, ii: Intro. xviii, 92, iii: 185;
  • British capture Bagdad, Mar. 11, '17, ii: Intro. xviii, 92, iii: 187;
  • British landing force advances to Basra and Kurna, Dec., '14, iii: 180;
  • British capture Kut-el-Amara, Sept., '15, iii: 181;
  • unsuccessful attempts to relieve siege of Kut, iii: 184-185;
  • Gen. Maude placed in command of British, '16, iii: 185;
  • causes of and responsibility for British disaster, report of Royal Commission, iii: 185, 363-370;
  • battle of Sannyat, iii: 185-187;
  • bibliography, iii: 187;
  • personnel of Commission of inquiry, iii: 363;
  • conditions in Kut during siege, iii: 364;
  • casualties in attempts to relieve Kut, iii: 364.
• Messines Ridge,
  • British mine and blow up German positions, June, '17, ii: 56, iii: 74, 76-77, viii: 310;
  • nature of German defenses, iii: 77;
  • casualties, British and German, iii: 77;
  • recaptured by Germans, Apr., '18, iii: 360.
• Messudiyeh, Turkish warship, blown up in Dardanelles, Dec. 13, '14, i: 376, x: 317.
• Mestrovitch, Sgt. James I., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
• Meteor, German raider in Baltic, iv: 197.
• Metternich, Prince, theory of government, i: 33.
• Metz,
  • bombarded by British airmen, Jan. 14, '18, i: 393;
  • entered by French, Nov. 19, '18, i: 400;
  • Allied plan for capture of, Nov., '18, v: 274.
• Meurer, Vice-Adm., German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.
• Meurthe River, line of defense before Nancy, iii: 19.
• Meuse River,
  • French forced to retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20;
  • German attempt to invade France through valley of, '14, v: 199.
• Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
  • concentration of A. E. F. for, Sept., '18, ii: 84, v: 75, 218, 388;
  • objectives, ii: 84, 214, 387;
  • topography of battleground, ii: 214, v: 73-74, 90, 217-218;
  • strategic importance, ii: 215, v: 214-216, 387;
  • breakdown of A. E. F. supply service, ii: 215;
  • Ludendorff's comment on, ii: 334;
  • detailed account of battle, Sept. 25—Nov. 11. '18, iii: 100, v: 72-95, 213-253, 260-279;
  • extent of A. E. F. front, v: 72-73, 217, 390;
  • Allied plan of campaign, v: 73, 75, 216, 218;
  • A. E. F. divisions participating, with positions in line, v: 74, 219-222, 388;
  • German defenses, position and strength, v: 74, 217-218, 388;
  • A. E. F. advance to Kriemhilde position, v: 78-82;
  • Allies break through Kriemhilde line, v: 83-88;
  • Germans dislodged and thrown across the Meuse, Nov., '18, v: 88-95;
  • number of French troops participating, v: 220, 388;
  • German strength, v: 220, 388;
  • day by day account of operations, Sept. 25—Oct. 3, v: 222-233;
  • number of Allied airplanes, v: 223, 388;
  • day by day account, Oct. 4—31, v: 234-253;
  • day by day account of last phase, Nov. 1—11, v: 260-279;
  • Argonne Forest cleared of Germans, Nov. 3, '18, v: 266;
  • number of Allied tanks used, v: 315, 388;
  • sector assigned to A. E. F., v: 385;
  • Pershing's official report, v: 386-393;
  • Allies' artillery strength, v: 388;
  • strength of First Army, A. E. F., v: 390, [xii: 280];
  • desperate nature of fighting, v: 390-391;
  • Germans appeal for Armistice, Nov. 6, '18, v: 391;
  • German guns captured, v: 393;
  • German prisoners captured, v: 393;
  • casualties of First Army, v: 393, [xii: 280];
  • magnitude of operations, v: 393.
• Mexico, German plot to involve in war with U. S., i: 347.
• Meyer-Waldeck, Capt., German governor of Tsing-Tau, iii: 257.
• Mézières,
  • captured by Germans, Aug. 27, '14, i: 375;
  • Allied objective in final drive, Nov., '18, iii: 103;
  • captured by French, Nov. 9,. '18, iii: 103;
  • fortified French frontier town, v: 215.
• Mézières-Sedan railroad, key to German lines of communication on Western Front, v: 216, 387.
• Mezy, Germans force passage of Marne at, July 15, '18, v: 150.
• Mice, uses in war, vii: 229.
• Michael, Grand Duke,
  • designated as successor by Czar on abdication, vi: 156;
  • renounces succession to Russian throne Mar., '17, vi: 156.
• Michaelis, Georg,
  • statement of German war aims, ii: 14;
  • appointment as German Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266.
• Michel position, section of Hindenburg Line on St. Mihiel Front, v: 69.
• Michitch, Gen., Serbian commander, stops advance of Austrian invaders, Dec., '14, iii: 394.
• Michler, Gen., decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.
• Microphone,
  • instrument for detection of U-boats, iv: 308, xi: 241;
  • see also Hydrophones.
• Milan, bombarded by Austrian airmen, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384.
• Miles, Capt. Wardlaw L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.
• Militarism, German, see Germany, Militarism.
• Military commandments, by Kitchener and Foch, xi: 55.
• Military training, universal,
  • advocated by Dr. Chas. W. Eliot, i: Intro. xii;
  • German system of, i: 71;
  • Bernhardi's defense of, i: 162;
  • Roosevelt's advocacy of, for U. S., i: 326;
  • abolition of, in Germany under Peace Treaty, [xii: 211].
• Milk supply, German, ii: 18.
• Miller, Lieut. John Q., observation pilot, story of, x: 232-235.
• Miller, Major Oscar F., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
• Millicent Sutherland Ambulance, vii: 107.
• Milne, Adm., commander of British fleet in Mediterranean, Aug., '14, iv: 13.
• Milne, Pvt. W. J., awarded Victoria Cross for gallantry at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.
• Milyukov, Paul M., Russian statesman,
  • exposes treachery of Stürmer, Nov., '16, vi: 142;
  • assails Government distribution of food, Feb., '17, vi: 144;
  • Minister of Foreign Affairs in Provisional Government, Mar., '17, vi: 158;
  • statement of loyalty to Allied cause, vi: 158, 159;
  • biography, ix: 102-103.
• Mines, submarine,
  • North Sea mine barrage, iv: Intro. xi, 324, viii: 274;
  • use of trawlers for sweeping, iv: 292;
  • use in fighting U-boats, iv: 312;
  • use of Paravanes as protection against, iv: 313;
  • methods of laying, iv: 326.
• Mining, in land operations,
  • blowing up of Messines Ridge by British, iii: 74, 76-77, viii: 310;
  • of Austrian positions in Alps by Italians, viii: 311.
• Minkler, C. T., inventor of depth bomb, iv: 330.
• Miraumont, evacuated by Germans, iii: 64.
• Mirbach, Count von, assassinated by Bolsheviki, vi: 187.
• Missionaries, European, as colonial pioneers in East, i: 17.
• Missions, German Christian, continuity guaranteed by Peace Treaty, [xii: 263].
• Missy,
  • scene of hard fighting by 1st Div., July, '18, v: 55;
  • 1st Div. makes first capture of German guns by A. E. F., v: 174.
• Mitau, captured by Germans, Aug. 2, '15, i: 381.
• Mitrovitza, captured by Germans, Nov. 23, '15, i: 382.
• Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, establishment and functions under Peace Treaty, [xii: 243].
• Mkwawa, Sultan, skull of, Peace Treaty provision for return of, by Germany, [xii: 225].
• Mobile ordnance repair shops, description and functions, v: 350, viii: 294-298.
• Moewe, German raider, activities, iv: 197.
• Moffat, John,
  • systematizes American war relief, vii: 87;
  • decorated for relief work, vii: 87.
• Moffett, Capt. Wm. A., commander of Great Lakes Naval Training Station, iv: 318.
• Moltke, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
• Moltke, Field-Marshal von, views on German strategy, ii: 14.
• Moltke, Lieut.-Gen. Helmuth von, biography, ix: 264.
• Monarch, Austrian battleship torpedoed by Italians at Trieste, x: 290.
• Monastir,
  • evacuated by Serbs, Dec. 3, '15, i: 382;
  • retaken by Allies, Nov. 19, '16, i: 388, iii: 208.
• Moncy Wood, captured by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
• Mondement, Germans driven back at, in first Marne battle, iii: 33.
• Mondragon, Gen., of Mexico, designer of self-loading rifle, viii: 90.
• Money,
  • effect of unsecured paper money on prices, Intro. viii;
  • inflation chief cause of high prices, Intro. xii, 27;
  • war-time inflation in U. S., Intro. xii;
  • inflation throughout world, Intro. xiii;
  • functions, Intro. xv;
  • standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuating cost of living, Intro. xv;
  • inflation defined, [xii: 28];
  • effects of inflation, [xii: 29];
  • revaluation of gold standard, [xii: 31];
  • see also Prices.
• Monfalcone, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244.
• Monge, French submarine, rammed by Austrian warship, x: 295.
• Monitors,
  • revival of discarded naval type, iv: 280;
  • description of British type, iv: 281;
  • service at Dardanelles, iv: 282;
  • service at Trieste, iv: 283;
  • service in Serbia, iv: 283;
  • construction of, iv: 284.
• Monmouth, British cruiser,
  • in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65;
  • struck during battle, iv: 66;
  • sunk by Nürnberg, iv: 67, ix: 308.
• Monneaux, location, v: 133.
• Monro, Gen., Sir Charles,
  • sent to India to develop military resources, ii: Intro. xviii;
  • succeeds Gen. Hamilton at Gallipoli, iii: 174;
  • conducts evacuation of Gallipoli, iii: 174.
• Monroe Doctrine,
  • barrier against European expansion in America, i:37;
  • interpretation under Roosevelt, i: 84;
  • upheld by Roosevelt against German coercion of Venezuela, i: 86.
• Mons,
  • captured by Germans, Aug. 21—23, '14, i: 375;
  • British retreat from, Aug., '14,
    • Viscount French's account, ii: 162;
    • John Buchan's description, iii: 277-281;
  • British gallantry at, xi: 10.
• Monsard, taken by Fourth Corps, Sept. 12, '18, v: 206.
• Mont Blanc, captured by 2nd Div., v: 393.
• Mont Mare Wood, passage by 89th Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 210.
• Mont St. Père-Chartèves, location, v: 133.
• Mont St. Quentin, captured by British, Mar. 18, '17, iii: 68.
• Mont Sec, dominating position on St. Mihiel sector, v: 65, 116, 199.
• Mont Wood, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.
• Montauban, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.
• Montblainville, captured by 28th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 325.
• Montdidier,
  • captured by French, Aug. 11, '18, i: 397;
  • 1st Div. relieves French near, v: 29.
• Montdidier-Noyon defensive,
  • by Allies, June 9—15, '18, iii: 94, v: 129, 139-141;
  • conditions leading to German attack, v: 139;
  • Allied use of artillery during, v: 139.
• Monte Nero, captured by Italians, iii: 244.
• Montecuccoli, Adm., responsible for development of Austrian navy, iv: 364.
• Montenegro,
  • declares war on Austria, Aug. 7, '14, i: 375;
  • declares war on Germany, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375;
  • forced to surrender to Austria, Feb., '16, vi: 358-359;
  • joins Jugoslav union, vi: 366;
  • battle deaths, [xii: 288].
• Montfaucon,
  • German stronghold in Meuse-Argonne sector, v: 78, 218;
  • captured by 79th Div., Sept. 27, '18, v: 224-225.
• Montfaucon Wood, captured by 37th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
• Montmédy, captured by Germans, Aug. 27, '14, i: 375.
• Montmirail,
  • German objective in last drive on Paris, v: 36;
  • headquarters of 28th Div., June, '18, v: 143.
• Montrebeau Wood, captured by 1st Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 237.
• Montrieul-aux-Lions, headquarters of 2nd Div., June, '18, v: 143.
• Moore, Rear-Adm. Sir Archibald, second in command of British in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
• Morale,
  • Allied and German during winter, '17—'18, v: 1;
  • German, weakened by failure of great offensive, July, '18, v: 53;
  • American, under hardships of Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 87, 232;
  • Allied and German, Sept., '18, v: 213.
• Moranville, taken by 322nd Inf., Nov. 9, '18, v: 277.
• Morava-Maritza Valley, approach to Constantinople through Serbia, iii: 150.
• Moravia,
  • early history, vi: 396;
  • nationalistic aspirations, vi: 396.
• Moresnet, ceded to Belgium under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, [xii: 188].
• Moreuil salient,
  • military operations in, Aug.—Sept., '18, iii: 98;
  • Allied attack on Albert-Montdidier line, iii: 98;
  • Albert captured by British, Aug., '18, iii: 98;
  • British attack on the Scarpe, Sept., '18, iii: 98.
• Morgan, Miss Anne, war relief activities, vii: 92.
• Morine Wood, captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.
• Morocco,
  • French control of, recognized by Great Britain, '04, i: 99, 202;
  • Kaiser's famous speech at Tangier on German policy, Mar., '05, i: 99, 202;
  • European crisis on dispatch of German gunboat Panther to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203;
  • storm center of European diplomacy, i: 202;
  • Prince Lichnowsky's views on German policy, i: 204;
  • German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 208].
• Mort Homme,
  • see
    • Dead Man's Hill;
    • Verdun.
• Mortars, see Artillery.
• Morton, Maj.-Gen. Charles G.,
  • commands 29th Div., June, '18, v: 146;
  • takes command of sector on right bank of Meuse, Oct. 10, '18, v: 246.
• Moscow,
  • municipal elections annulled by reactionary Protopopov, '17, vi: 143;
  • Conference called by Kerensky, '17, vi: 167;
  • meeting of Soviet Congress, Mar., '18, vi: 185.
• Moselle River, German attempt to enter France through valley of, '14, v: 199.
• Mosley, Brig.-Gen. G. Van H., Chief of Co-ordination, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.
• Motors,
  • airplane, production in U. S., [xii: 285];
  • Liberty, production figures, [xii: 285].
• Motor Transport Corps, U. S., see U. S., Army.
• Motor trucks,
  • important function in Verdun defense, iii: 50, viii: 289-291;
  • mobile ordnance repair shops, description and functions, v: 350, v: 294-298;
  • armored cars, viii: 286;
  • Paris buses as war transports, viii: 286;
  • use as ambulances, viii: 287;
  • number in use by belligerents, Aug., '14, viii: 288;
  • number in use at front, June, '15, viii: 288;
  • number shipped to France from U. S., viii: 288, [xii: 95], [xii: 286];
  • Liberty truck, development and description, viii: 291-294.
• Mott, Dr. John R., General Secretary, Y. M. C. A. War Work Council, vii: 261.
• Mount Vernon, U. S. transport torpedoed, Sept. 5, '17, iv: 337.
• Mousquet, French destroyer sunk by Emden, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 181.
• Mouzay, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 94, 272.
• Mücke, Lieut. Hellmuth von, account of exploits of German raider Emden, iv: 167-187, 190-194.
• Mudros, British advance base for Gallipoli campaign, iii: 164, iv: 30.
• Mühlon, Dr. William, disclosures of German complicity in forcing War, i: 133-136, 250-254.
• Muir, Maj.-Gen. Charles H.,
  • commands 28th Div., May, '18, v: 128;
  • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 220.
• Mules, number shipped to France by U. S., [xii: 95], [xii: 286].
• Mülhausen, captured by French, Aug. 8, '14, iii: 16.
• Müller, Capt. Karl von, commander of German raider Emden, iv: 166.
• Munich,
  • murder of Kurt Eisner and Spartacide uprising in, Feb., '19, vi: 298;
  • Spartacides establish Soviet, vi: 300;
  • Soviet overthrown by Noske, May, '19, vi: 301.
• Münsterberg, Prof. Hugo, on "Russian Peril," vi: 250.
• Murfin, Capt. O. G., in charge of U. S. Navy mine bases, iv: 325.
• Murman Region,
  • Military Government of, established, July, '18, [xii: 279];
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Murmansk, fighting between Allies and Bolsheviki at, vi: 187.
• Murray, Gen., commands British troops defending Suez, iii: 191.
• Mush,
  • captured by Russians, Feb. 18, '16, i: 384, iii: 263;
  • evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386.
• Mushi, captured by British, Mar. 13, '16, i: 384.
• Mustard gas,
  • use in chemical warfare, v: 321, viii: 171-172, xi: 321;
  • use of "Sag Paste," as protection against, v: 324;
  • manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 186.

• [N]
• Namazieh Battery, at Gallipoli, iv: 45.
• Namur, forts of,
  • constructed, 1890, i: 143;
  • captured by Germans, Aug., '14, i: 375, iii: 14-15.
• Nancy,
  • German advance on, checked, Aug., '14, iii: 19;
  • important frontier fortress, v: 199, 215.
• Nantillois, captured by 315th Inf., Sept. 28, '18, v: 228.
• Napier, Rear-Adm. T. D. W., commander of British 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron at Jutland, iv: 120.
• Naples, bombed by German aviators, Mar. 11, '18, i: 395.
• Napoleon, Fort, at Gallipoli, bombarded by French battleship Gaulois, Mar. 2, '15, iv: 43.
• Narew, Russian Army of the, invades East Prussia, iii: 111.
• Narodna Odbrana, Serbian patriotic society, accused of responsibility for murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: 112.
• Narodni Savetz, Bulgarian patriotic organization, vi: 341.
• Narrows, at Dardanelles, defenses of bombarded by Allies, Mar. 5, '15, iv: 45.
• Narva, captured by Germans, Mar. 5, '18, i: 393.
• Nasarie, taken by British, '15, iii: 181.
• Nasmith, Lieut.-Com., captain of British submarine E-11 in Sea of Marmora, iv: 210.
• Nasrullah Khan, instigator of Habibullah Khan's assassination, vi: 80.
• National Allied Relief Committee, vii: 87;
  • see also War relief.
• National anthems, words and histories of, xi: 325-332.
• National Council of Austrian Women, peace appeals, '17, vi: 314.
• National Guard,
  • U. S., federalized, Aug. 5, '17, i: 390;
  • see also U. S., Army.
• National Volunteers, Irish organization enlisted to aid British, vi: 57.
• National War Work Council,
  • of American Y. M. C. A., formation, vii: 262;
  • see also Y. M. C. A.
• Nationalism,
  • problems of, i: 23;
  • development in Europe since 1648, i: 26;
  • factor in racial unification, v: Intro. viii;
  • growth during 19th century, v: Intro. ix;
  • see also under name of country.
• Nations of the world, political positions in 1871, i: 44-60.
• Naumann, Friedrich, author of Mittel Europa,
  • statement of German war aims, vi: 258;
  • views on trench frontiers, viii: 126.
• Nautilus, submarine invented by Robert Fulton, 1800, iv: 202.
• Naval Batteries, U. S., on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 42-45.
• Naval power,
  • influence on result of War, i: 13;
  • function as protector of supply routes, i: 15;
  • development as adjunct to colonization, i: 28.
• Naval raids, German bombardment of English coast towns, iv: 244-246.
• Naval stations, British, around the world, i: 15.
• Navarino, battle of, 1827, i: 34.
• Navies, see under each country.
• Navigation, freedom of, for Allies,
  • over German waterways, Peace Treaty provisions, [xii: 247-253];
  • Elbe, Oder, Niemen, and Danube internationalized under Peace Treaty, [xii: 248].
• "Navy Hut," American "Y" center at Brest, vii: 302.
• Nazareth, captured by British, Sept. 21, '18, iii: 198.
• N-C Flying Boats,
  • development and description, viii: 236-240;
  • N-C-4 first airplane to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240.
• Near East,
  • European rivalries in, i: 38;
  • German policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89;
  • see also
    • Balkans;
    • Germany, Foreign policy.
• "Near victories," of the War, ii: 206.
• Nebraskan, S. S., American steamer attacked by German submarine, May 25, '15, i: 320.
• Neibaur, Pvt. Thomas C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.
• Nembo, Italian destroyer, battle with Austrian U-boat, Oct. 16, '16, iv: 369.
• Nesle, occupied by French cavalry Mar., '17, iii: 68.
• Netherlands,
  • international position in '14, i: 61;
  • refuses to cede Dutch Flanders to Belgium, vi: 89;
  • strength of army, '14, vi: 375, 378;
  • maintains armed neutrality, vi: 375-377;
  • neutrality condemned by British press, vi: 376;
  • effect of submarine warfare on, vi: 377-378;
  • merchant marine seized by Allies, Mar., '18, vi: 378;
  • claims Scheldt and Maestricht Maastricht area, '18, vi: 378;
  • generous host to Belgian refugees, vii: 168-175;
  • war-time increase in shipping, [xii: 101].
• "Netherlands Overseas Trust," vi: 377.
• Neufchateau, training area for 26th and 42nd Divs., v: 6.
• Neutrals,
  • increase in shipping, [xii: 100];
  • trade with Germany, [xii: 100].
• Neuve Chapelle,
  • captured by British, Mar. 9—10, '15, i: 378, iii: 41;
  • faulty British generalship at, iii: 375.
• Neuve Eglise, captured by British, Sept. 2, '18, i: 397.
• Newbolt, Sir Henry, account of Smith-Dorrien's battle at Le Cateau, Aug. 26, '14, ii: 176-182.
• New Guinea, German, captured by Australians, '14, vi: 38.
• New Mexico, U. S. battleship, propelled by electricity, iv: 322.
• New Zealand,
  • war casualties, iii: 404, 405;
  • strength of army, iii: 405;
  • area and population, vi: 37;
  • loyalty to Great Britain, vi: 46;
  • war cost, Aug., '14—Mar., '19, [xii: 107], [xii: 114];
  • Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 179].
• New Zealand, British cruiser,
  • in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv 241;
  • in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
• Niblack, Rear-Adm. Albert P., biography, ix: 295.
• Nicaragua, delegate to Peace Conference, [xii: 180].
• Nicholas, Grand Duke,
  • Commander-in-Chief of Russian armies, iii: 119;
  • removed as Commander-in-Chief and sent to Caucasus, Sept., '15, iii: 140, 262;
  • biography, ix: 229-231.
• Nicholas, King of Montenegro,
  • surrenders to Austrians, Feb., '16, vi: 359;
  • deposed, vi: 366.
• Nicholas II, Czar of Russia,
  • takes personal command of army, Sept., '15, iii: 140, vi: 141;
  • influence of Rasputin over court, vi: 141;
  • issues undated order for dismissal of Duma, '17, vi: 144;
  • abdicates, Mar. 15, '17, vi: 156;
  • biography, ix: 374-376.
• Nicholson U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.
• Niemen, Russian Army of the, invades East Prussia, iii: 110.
• Niemen River, internationalized by Peace Treaty, [xii: 248].
• Nietzsche, Friedrich,
  • German apostle of gospel of force, i: 67, ii: 2;
  • striking quotations from, i: 179-180.
• Nieuport, captured by Germans, Oct. 24, '14, i: 376.
• Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192.
• Nightingale, Florence, pioneer army nurse, vii: 11.
• 1914, by Viscount French, account of military operations of year, summary with extracts, ii: 159-174.
• Nish, captured by Bulgars, Nov. 5, '15, i: 382, iii: 158; retaken by Allies, Oct. 13, '18, iii: 213.
• Nish-Salonika Railroad, cut by Bulgarians, iii: 158.
• Nitrogen, asphyxiating properties, viii: 166.
• Nitti, Francesco S., Italian minister, opposes policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366.
• Nivelle, Gen. Robert,
  • succeeds Joffre as French Commander-in-Chief, ii: Intro. xx, iii: 62;
  • in supreme command of Allied forces on Western Front, '16, ii: 54;
  • plans campaign of '17, ii: 54;
  • defends Verdun, '16, iii: 54, 61, 310;
  • biography, ix: 167-168.
• Nixon, Gen. Sir John,
  • commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 182;
  • responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 367.
• "No Man's Land," definition, v: 17.
• Nolan, Brig.-Gen. D. E.,
  • Chief of Intelligence (G-2), G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 101;
  • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 221.
• Nonsard, captured by 1st Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.
• Norman Compensating Foresight, use in range-finding, viii: 211.
• North German Confederation, formation, i: 43, ii: 1.
• North German Lloyd Line, tonnage and capital, i: 264.
• North Pacific Islands,
  • German, acquired by Japan, [xii: 279];
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• North Sea,
  • Allied mine barrage, iv: Intro. xi, 324-330, viii: 274;
  • problem of belligerents in, iv: 86, 91;
  • German naval raids, iv: 136.
• Northern Pacific, S. S., speed record as transport, v: 358.
• Norway, pro-Ally sympathies, vi: 394.
• Noske, Gen.,
  • suppresses Berlin Spartacides, vi: 289;
  • overthrows Munich Soviet, vi: 300-301.
• Nottingham, British cruiser,
  • sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386;
  • in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
• Nouart, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.
• Novo Georgievsk,
  • Russian attack at, Oct., '14, iii: 126;
  • captured by Germans, Aug., '15, iii: 138.
• Noyon,
  • captured by French, Aug. 28, '18, i: 397, ii: 158;
  • occupied by French, March 18, '17, iii: 68;
  • see also Montdidier-Noyon defensive.
• Nugent, Gen., commander of 36th Ulster Div., iii: 377.
• Nur-el-Bahr, British cruiser sunk off Sollum, Nov. 6, '15, ii: 190.
• Nürnberg,
  • German cruiser in battle off Coronel, iv: 65;
  • sunk in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70, 74.
• Nurses,
  • U. S. Army Nurse Corps, vii: 203;
  • see also
    • Red Cross;
    • War relief.

• [O]
• O Patria, O Rei, O Povo, Portuguese national hymn, xi: 329.
• Obrenovatz, captured by Austrians, Oct. 18, '15, i: 382.
• O'Brien, Lieut. Pat, escape from German prison, x: 257.
• Observation balloons, see Aeronautics.
• Ocean, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31, 35, 48.
• Oches, taken by 77th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
• Oder River, internationalized by Peace Treaty, [xii: 248].
• Odessa, importance as military base, iii: 161.
• Ogons Wood, captured by A. E. F., Oct. 5, '18, v: 230, 237, 239.
• Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning, American soldiers' song, xi: 337.
• O'Kelly, J. T., Irish representative to Peace Conference, vi: 65.
• Okuma, Count,
  • influence on Japanese foreign policy, vi: 384;
  • biography, ix: 87.
• "Old Dutch Cleansers," nickname for 9.2-in. British howitzers, v: 308.
• Old Hickory (30th) Division, see U. S., Army.
• O'Leary, Jeremiah, pro-German propagandist in U. S., x: 345.
• O'Leary, Sgt. Michael, wins Victoria Cross, x: 71.
• Oman,
  • acquired by Allies, '13, [xii: 279];
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Omsk, capital of All-Russian Government, vi: 191.
• Onslow, British destroyer at battle of Jutland, iv: 121.
• "Open Door" policy in China, i: 57;
  • see also China.
• Opium Convention, Jan. 23, '12, put into force by Peace Treaty, [xii: 232].
• Opium War, against China, 1840, i: 38.
• "Oppy Line," captured by British in Arras battle, iii: 72.
• Optical glasses, for A. E. F., viii: 326.
• Orange Free State,
  • becomes part of Union of South Africa, 1899, vi: 47;
  • opposition to Great Britain, vi: 50-52;
  • see also South Africa, Union of.
• Orders in Council,
  • British, establish blockade of Germany, i: 312, 318, ii: 16, 21;
  • see also Germany, Blockade of.
• Orientator, for testing aviators, viii: 356-358.
• Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele,
  • Italian statesman, forms coalition cabinet, Oct., '17, vi: 129;
  • foreign policy, vi: 362, 366;
  • demands Fiume for Italy, vi: 368;
  • withdraws from Peace Conference on Fiume crisis, vi: 368;
  • biography, ix: 85-87.
• Orly, U. S., aircraft factory at, v: 313.
• Ornes, captured by Germans, '16, iii: 48.
• Orphans, see War relief.
• Orsova,
  • captured by Rumanians, Sept. 7, '16, i: 386, iii: 218;
  • evacuated by Rumanians, Nov. 24, '16, i: 389, iii: 222.
• Orsova Railway, captured by Germans in Wallachian campaign, iii: 221.
• O'Ryan, Maj.-Gen. John F.,
  • commander, 27th Div., v: 196, 281;
  • account of history of 27th Div., v: 281-300.
• O'Shea, Corp. Thomas E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
• Ossowetz,
  • besieged by Germans, iii: 118, 130;
  • captured, Aug., '15, iii: 138.
• Ostend,
  • seat of Belgian government moved to, Oct. 5, '14, i: 376;
  • occupied by Germans, Oct. 13, '14, i: 376, iii: 38;
  • raided by British May, '18, iv: 279;
  • evacuated by Germans, xi: 52.
• Ostrovo, Lake, Allied counter-attack against Bulgars at, Sept., '16, iii: 208.
• Otranto, British auxiliary cruiser in battle off Coronel, iv: 65.
• Ourcq River,
  • crossed by 42nd Div. in pursuit of Germans, July, '18, v: 50, 187;
  • course and topography of region, v: 133;
  • A. E. F. fighting at, commended by Gen. Degoutte, v: 192.
• Over There, American soldier song, xi: 336.
• Over-There Theater League, organization and activities, vii: 277, 339-342.
• Ovillers, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58.
• Oxygen, for gas victims, iii: 320.
• Oxygen helmets as defense against poison gas, viii: 173.

• [P]
• Paderewski, Ignace Jan,
  • returns to Poland as popular hero, vi: 220;
  • becomes Prime Minister, vi: 223;
  • defeated for presidency, vi: 225;
  • biography, ix: 95-98.
• Paës, Dr. Sidonio, President of Portugal, assassinated, Dec., '18, vi: 374.
• Paget, Sir Ralph, Chairman, International Sanitary Commission for Serbian typhus relief, iii: 398.
• Painlevé, Paul, succeeds Ribot as French premier, '17, vi: 105.
• "Pal" regiments, British recruiting device, vi: 6.
• Palestine,
  • strategic importance, ii: Intro. xviii, xxi, 87-90;
  • conquered by Gen. Allenby, ii: Intro. xx, 92-94, 218, iii: 192-200, 322-326;
  • capture of Gaza, Mar. 26—27, '17, ii: 92, iii: 192;
  • capture of Jerusalem, Dec. 11, '17, ii: 92, iii: 193-196;
    • description of Allenby's entry, iii: 322-326;
  • British and Turkish manpower, ii: 93, iii: 200;
  • destruction of Turkish army, Sept., '18, ii: 94, 218, iii: 198;
  • Damascus captured, Oct. 1, '18, iii: 199;
  • Aleppo captured, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200;
  • bibliography, iii: 200;
  • disposition under secret treaties, '16—'17, vi: 334;
  • Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 322;
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Palmer, Frederick,
  • comment on Marne fighting, July, '18, v: 158;
  • tribute to 1st Div., v: 234.
• Pan-Germanism, see Germany.
• Pan-Slavism, aspirations, i: 244;
  • "Greater Serbia" propaganda, i: 244;
  • fight for control of Ukraine by Russia, vi: 241;
  • Russia aims at annexation of Ruthenia, '14, vi: 241;
  • Bulgaria's attitude toward, vi: 340;
  • see also Slavs.
• Panama,
  • declares war on Germany, Apr, 7. '17, i: 389;
  • Peace Conference delegate, [xii: 180].
• Panama Canal, U. S. gains control of, i: 84.
• Pannes, captured by 42nd Div., v: 211.
• Panther, German gunboat sent to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203.
• Paolucci, Dr., helps Lieut.-Col. Rossetti to sink Austrian warship Viribus Unitis, x: 297-303.
• Papacy, relation to Italian government, i: 61.
• Papeete, bombarded by German fleet, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 62.
• Papen, Capt. Franz von,
  • German Military Attaché in U. S., dismissed for unneutral conduct, i: 276;
  • share in passport frauds, i: 314;
  • activities as arch-spy in U. S., x: 328-329.
• Parachutes, use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263.
• Parades,
  • first American troops in Paris, July 4, '17, v: 107;
  • Allied troops on Bastille Day in Paris, July 14, '18, v: 147;
  • 27th Div. in New York City, Mar. 25, '19, v: 299.
• Parajd, captured by Rumanians, Oct. 5, '16, i: 388.
• Paravane, protective device against submarine mine, iv: 313.
• Paris,
  • air raids on,
    • Jan. 29—30, '16, i: 384;
    • Mar. 11, '18, i: 395;
  • German advance on, '14, ii: 6, iii: 28, vi: 97;
  • bombarded by long-range gun from St. Gobain Forest, ii: 154, iii: 88, viii: 45-47;
  • welcome to Gen. Pershing, June 13, '17, v: 97;
  • German drive on, May 27—Aug. 6, '18, battles in Marne salient, v: 129-139, 141, 147;
  • parade of Allies, July 14, '18, v: 147;
  • panic in, during German drive, '18, v: 378;
  • May Day rioting, May, '19, vi: 111.
• Paris Conference, 1856, guarantees Turkish power in Europe, i: 39.
• "Paris Group," organization of, Medical Department, A. E. F., v: 346.
• Pasha Dagh,
  • Australian objective in Gallipoli attack, iii: 170;
  • see also Gallipoli Campaign.
• Pashitch, Nicholas, Premier of Serbia,
  • negotiations with Italy for settling Adriatic rivalry, vi: 362;
  • biography, ix: 120.
• Passchendaele Ridge,
  • captured by British, Oct.—Nov., '17, ii: 56, 79;
  • recaptured by Germans, Apr., '18, iii: 377.
• Passenheim, Russians defeated at, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375, iii: 116.
• Passport frauds, German activities in U. S., i: 314, x: 333.
• Patriotic songs, xi: 332-335.
• Patrol boats, work in combating submarines, iv: 292.
• Patrolling, training A. E. F. in, v: 117.
• Patrols, German system of, in the Vosges, v: 26.
• Patterson, Miss Hannah J., awarded D. S. M. for work on Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, [xii: 125].
• Pau, Gen. Paul, commands French forces invading Alsace, Aug. 14, '14, iii: 16.
• Peace Conference, Paris,
  • U. S. delegates sail for, Dec. 4, '18, i: 400;
  • conciliatory attitude of Austrian delegates, vi: 321;
  • negotiation with Hungarian Soviet, Apr., '19, vi: 326;
  • Fiume crisis, vi: 366-370, [xii: 159];
  • prestige of Japanese delegation, vi: 388;
  • dispute over Teschen district, vi: 400;
  • inside story of, by Thos. W. Lamont, financial adviser to U. S. delegation, [xii: 149-163];
  • complexity of task, [xii: 149];
  • rapidity of work, [xii: 149];
  • open diplomacy, [xii: 149];
  • Supreme Council, members and method of evolving Peace Treaty, [xii: 150-153];
  • "Big Four," [xii: 150], [xii: 152];
  • "Big Three," [xii: 150];
  • Conference procedure, [xii: 156];
  • commissions, [xii: 156];
  • delays, [xii: 156];
  • language difficulties, [xii: 157];
  • Reparations Commission, organization and work, [xii: 158], [xii: 219-221];
  • Shantung controversy, [xii: 160];
  • Germans excluded from negotiation, [xii: 161];
  • Belgian demands, [xii: 161];
  • signing of Peace Treaty with Germany, ceremonies, [xii: 165-169];
  • list of delegates, [xii: 179-182];
  • see also Peace Treaty with Germany, Versailles, '19.
• Peace moves,
  • President Wilson asks belligerents to state war aims, Dec. 18, '16, i: 335;
  • response to Wilson's note, i: 336;
  • Wilson's "Peace without victory" speech, i: 336;
  • Pope Benedict's appeal, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390, ix: 405;
  • Germany accepts Pope's offer, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390;
  • text of letter from Emperor Charles of Austria-Hungary to Prince Sixtus making secret offer of peace, Mar., '17, ii: 63;
  • German attempts in '16 and '17 fail, ii: 270, 316, vi: 263;
  • German moves condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303;
  • Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331;
  • Russian Provisional Government urges Allies to revise peace aims, May, '17, vi: 161;
  • German Socialists demand peace without annexations, '15, vi: 258;
  • Bethmann-Hollweg proposes peace of understanding, '16—'17, vi: 262;
  • German popular demand for "peace without annexations or indemnities," vi: 266-268;
  • Emperor Charles forces offer by Teutonic allies, Dec. 12, '16, vi: 313;
  • demonstrations in Sofia, vi: 346;
  • see also
    • Armistice;
    • and under each country.
• Peace Treaty with Germany,
  • Versailles, '19, criticism by British liberal press, vi: 22;
  • terms presented to Germans, May 7, '19, vi: 302, [xii: 161];
  • condemned by German press, vi: 302-304;
  • Germany consents to sign, June 22, '19, vi: 304, [xii: 163];
  • how drafted, described by Thos. W. Lamont, financial adviser to U. S. delegation, [xii: 149-161];
  • text, work of technicians, [xii: 150];
  • French demands, [xii: 153];
  • evolution of Covenant of League of Nations, [xii: 155];
  • Belgian demands, [xii: 161];
  • ceremonies of signing, [xii: 165-169];
  • analysis by Geo. W. Wickersham, [xii: 170-178];
  • signed June 28, '19, [xii: 179];
  • text in full, [xii: 179-263];
  • preamble, giving list of nations allied against Germany, and their delegates to Peace Conference, [xii: 179-182];
  • League of Nations, text of Covenant, [xii: 182-185];
  • boundaries of Germany, [xii: 186];
  • provisions concerning Luxemburg, [xii: 189];
  • demolition of German fortifications, [xii: 189], [xii: 205], [xii: 211], [xii: 214];
  • Sarre Basin settlement, [xii: 189-194];
  • Alsace-Lorraine, provisions for return to France, [xii: 194-197];
  • Germany acknowledges independence of Austria, [xii: 197];
  • provisions for independence of Czechoslovak State, [xii: 197];
  • independence and boundaries of Poland, [xii: 198-200];
  • plebiscite for East Prussia, [xii: 200];
  • provisions concerning Memel, [xii: 203];
  • Danzig made free city, [xii: 203];
  • plebiscite provisions for Schleswig, [xii: 204];
  • Heligoland, destruction of fortifications on, [xii: 205];
  • provisions concerning Russo-German relations, [xii: 205];
  • Brest-Litovsk Treaties abrogated, [xii: 205];
  • German colonies surrendered to Allies, [xii: 206];
  • German rights in China surrendered, [xii: 206];
  • German rights in Siam surrendered, [xii: 208];
  • German rights in Liberia surrendered, [xii: 208];
  • German rights in Morocco surrendered, [xii: 208];
  • German rights in Egypt surrendered, [xii: 208];
  • Shantung (Kiau-Chau) transferred to Japan, [xii: 209];
  • reduction of German army and military equipment, [xii: 209-212];
  • universal military service abolished in Germany, [xii: 211];
  • new German army, table of organization for, [xii: 212];
  • German navy, surrender and reduction, [xii: 212-214];
  • German wireless stations, regulation by Allies, [xii: 214];
  • German military air service abolished, [xii: 214];
  • existing German air service surrendered to Allies, [xii: 215];
  • Interallied Commissions of Control to supervise execution of military terms, [xii: 215];
  • repatriation of prisoners of war, [xii: 216];
  • war graves, care of, [xii: 217];
  • punishment of Germans guilty of war crimes, [xii: 217];
  • reparation terms imposed on Germany, [xii: 217-225];
  • Reparation Commission, formation and functions, [xii: 219-221];
  • shipping, restitution for Allied shipping sunk, [xii: 222];
  • reconstruction, German obligations, [xii: 223];
  • coal, German deliveries to France, Belgium, Italy, [xii: 224];
  • dyestuffs, German deliveries to Allies, [xii: 224];
  • submarine cables, German, surrendered to Allies, [xii: 225];
  • trophies of war, return of, to France by Germany, [xii: 225];
  • Koran of Caliph Othman, return of, by Germany to King of Hedjaz, [xii: 225];
  • Sultan Mkwawa, skull of, return by Germany to Great Britain, [xii: 225];
  • Louvain, University of, restoration by Germany of books destroyed, [xii: 225];
  • art objects, carried by Germans from Belgium, restoration of, [xii: 225];
  • gold, restriction on German export of, [xii: 226];
  • Armies of Occupation, Allied, in Germany, expense to be borne by Germany, [xii: 226];
  • ceded territories, share in German national debt, [xii: 226];
  • Alsace-Lorraine, exempt from share in German national debt, [xii: 226];
  • Poland, share in German national debt, [xii: 227];
  • international concessions, surrender by Germany of rights in, [xii: 228];
  • gold, deliveries of, by Germany to Allies, [xii: 228];
  • customs duties, regulations imposed on Germany, [xii: 229];
  • privileges for Allied shipping to be granted by Germany, [xii: 230];
  • trade competition, Germany to suppress unfair methods, [xii: 230];
  • Allied nationals, treatment of, by Germany, [xii: 230];
  • pre-War treaties between Allies and Germany revived, [xii: 231];
  • treaties among Teutonic allies abrogated, [xii: 232];
  • treaties between Germany and Russia abrogated, [xii: 232];
  • treaties between Germany and Rumania abrogated, [xii: 232];
  • Opium Convention, Jan, 23, '12, put into force, [xii: 232];
  • debts, between German and Allied nationals, methods of payment, [xii: 232-236];
  • property rights of Allied nationals confiscated by Germany, methods of restitution, [xii: 236-240];
  • contracts, between German and Allied nationals, status and methods of discharge, [xii: 240-243];
  • Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, establishment and functions, [xii: 243];
  • literary rights, provisions for re-establishment of, [xii: 244-246];
  • artistic rights, provisions for re-establishment of, [xii: 244-246];
  • industrial rights, provisions for re-establishment of, [xii: 244-246];
  • ceded territories, social insurance funds of, to be transferred to Allies by Germany, [xii: 246];
  • aerial navigation, rules for, [xii: 246];
  • freedom of transit, for Allied goods and nationals through Germany, [xii: 247], [xii: 253];
  • ports, Allied, discrimination against, by Germany forbidden, [xii: 247];
  • navigation, Allied, over German waterways, [xii: 247-253];
  • Elbe, internationalized, [xii: 248];
  • Oder, internationalized, [xii: 248];
  • Niemen, internationalized, [xii: 248];
  • Danube, internationalized, [xii: 248];
  • Rhine, international control and rules for navigation, [xii: 250-253];
  • use of northern German ports by Czechoslovak State, [xii: 253];
  • German railways, provisions relating to, [xii: 253];
  • Kiel Canal, rules of navigation through, [xii: 255];
  • labor, international organization for improving conditions of, [xii: 255-261];
  • guarantees for execution, exacted from Germany, [xii: 261];
  • Armies of Occupation, conditions for withdrawal, [xii: 261];
  • Savoy, neutralized zone of, provisions concerning, [xii: 262];
  • German Christian missions, continuity guaranteed, [xii: 263];
  • prize courts, provision concerning decisions of, [xii: 263];
  • signed, June 28, '19, [xii: 264];
  • ratified by Germany, July 10, '19, [xii: 264];
  • ratified by Great Britain, July 25—31, '19, [xii: 264];
  • ratified by King of Italy, Oct. 7, '19, [xii: 264];
  • ratified by France, Oct. 13, '19, [xii: 264];
  • ratified by Japan, Oct. 27, '19, [xii: 264];
  • U. S. Senate opposition to, [xii: 264-278];
  • Fall amendments to, defeated in U. S. Senate, Oct. 2, '19, [xii: 264];
  • original Lodge reservations defeated in U. S. Senate, Nov. 19, '19, [xii: 265-266];
  • original Lodge reservations, text, [xii: 265];
  • defeated in U. S. Senate for second time, Mar. 19, '20, [xii: 266-269];
  • Pres. Wilson's opinion on Lodge reservations, [xii: 267];
  • revised Lodge reservations, text, [xii: 269];
  • efforts of Congress to declare peace by joint resolution in substitution for, [xii: 271-278];
  • Knox Resolution, [xii: 273], [xii: 277];
  • President Wilson's message vetoing Knox Resolution, [xii: 278].
• Pearce, Padraic, Provisional President of Irish Republic, vi: 60, ix: 53.
• Peck, Pvt. Archie A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
• Penang harbor, attacked by Emden, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 178.
• People's Relief Committee, for Jewish relief, formation, vii: 354.
• Pepper Hill, at Verdun, attacked by Germans, Apr. 18, '16, iii: 52, 304.
• Periscope, description, viii: 165, xi: 245.
• Perkins, Pvt. Michael J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
• Permanent Blind Relief War Fund, organization and activities, vii: 255-259.
• Péronne,
  • French objective in Somme battle, iii: 55;
  • captured by British, Mar. 18, '17, iii: 68.
• Péronne-Ham sector, Allied drive on, Sept., '18, ii: 158.
• Pershing, Gen. John J.,
  • offers A. E. F. to Foch, Mar. 28, '18, v: 30, 120, 380, ix: 153;
  • sails for Europe, May, '17, v: 97;
  • reception in England, June, '17, v: 97;
  • reception in France, June, '17, v: 97;
  • reasons for selection of American Army zone, '18, v: 110;
  • farewell speech to 1st Div., Chaumont-en-Vixen, Apr., '18, v: 121;
  • urges attack with A. E. F., July, '18, v: 158;
  • extract from report on Aisne-Marne Offensive, July, '18, v: 182;
  • assumes tactical command of American forces in battle area, v: 192, 384, ix: 205;
  • extract from report on St. Mihiel attack, v: 212;
  • starts Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 213;
  • extract from report on preparation for Meuse-Argonne attack, v: 218;
  • divides A. E. F. combat units into two Armies, Oct. 9, '18, v: 246, 390;
  • personal message to each soldier in A. E. F., v: 353;
  • official report on A. E. F., v: 373-404;
  • appeal to War Dept. for troops, Dec., '17, v: 373;
  • insists on independent American Army in France, v: 385;
  • Alsatian ancestry, ix: 166;
  • origin of name, ix: 166;
  • biography, ix: 199-210.
• Pershing Stadium, vii: 313.
• Persia,
  • divided into " spheres of influence" by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104, vi: 335;
  • sympathy with Turkey, vi: 330;
  • pro-German sentiment, vi: 336-337;
  • Great Britain in control, '19, vi: 338.
• Persia, S. S., British merchantman,
  • sunk in Mediterranean, Dec. 30, '15, i: 384;
  • eye-witness account, iv: 224.
• Peru,
  • dispute with Chile over Tacna-Arica district, vi: 390;
  • delegate to Peace Conference, [xii: 180].
• Pétain, Marshal Henri Philippe,
  • defender of Verdun, ii: 189, iii: 50, 54, 304, xi: 22;
  • eulogy of, by Gen. Malleterre, ii: 220;
  • biography, ix: 164-166.
• Peter I, King of Serbia,
  • accompanies his nation in retreat, iii: 281, 284;
  • reënters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397;
  • foreign policy, vi: 355;
  • biography, ix. 398-399.
• Petrograd,
  • food shortage in, vi: 141;
  • workmen's delegates on War Industrial Committee arrested, vi: 143;
  • during the Revolution, vi: 144-153.
• Petroseny, captured by Rumanians, Sept. 1, '16, i: 386.
• Peuvillers, captured by 128th Inf. Regt., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
• Peyton, Maj.-Gen., British commander in western Egypt, iii: 191.
• Pflanzer, Gen. von, Austrian commander in Bukovina, iii: 132.
• Philippines, acquired by U. S., i: 56.
• Phillipeville, bombarded by Goeben, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14.
• Phonotelemeter, description of, viii: 20.
• Phosgene (Carbonyl chloride),
  • use in chemical warfare, v: 321, viii: 168-170;
  • manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 184.
• Photography in war,
  • work of U. S. Signal Corps, v: 319;
  • use in artillery range-finding, viii: 14;
  • value of aerial photography, viii: 226, 331;
  • types of aerial cameras, viii: 228, 332-334;
  • De Ram automatic camera for aerial photography, viii: 228, 333;
  • work of U. S. aerial photographers, viii: 228, 235;
  • personnel of Photographic Section, U. S. Air Service, viii: 234;
  • future, viii: 234;
  • making pictorial history of War, viii: 329-331;
  • production of photographic supplies by U. S., viii: 355;
  • mobile developing laboratories, viii: 335;
  • see also Aerial photography.
• Piave River, Italian stand at, after Caporetto rout, ii: 58, 250, iii: 248.
• Picardy Front,
  • German choice for final drive, '18, ii: 69;
  • advantages of, for German offensive, '18, ii: 69.
• Pichon, Stephen, French Foreign Minister, speech before Chamber of Deputies on secret Entente agreements of '16—'17, vi: 334.
• Pigeons, war uses, v: 239, 319, viii: 328.
• Pike, Lieut.-Col. Emory J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
• Pill-boxes,
  • description, iii: 79, viii: 130;
  • battle tactics in use of, viii: 130-133.
• Pilsudski,
  • Gen. Joseph, leads Polish troops against Russia, vi: 202;
  • jailed by Germans, vi: 214;
  • assumes dictatorship of Poland, vi: 219;
  • dictatorship not recognized by Allies, vi: 222;
  • Minister of Foreign Affairs in Paderewski cabinet, vi: 223;
  • becomes president of Polish Republic, vi: 225;
  • biography, ix: 92-95.
• Pirot, occupied by Bulgars, Oct. 28, '15, i: 382.
• Pistols,
  • Schwarzlose automatic pistol, mechanism, viii: 90;
  • use as military weapon, viii: 116-117.
• "Place in the sun,"
  • speech by Kaiser, '01, i: 95;
  • definition of phrase, ii: 27;
  • German control of Balkans as means of attaining, ii: 27.
• Plava, captured by Italians June 10, '15, i: 380, iii: 244.
• Players, The, poem by Francis Bickley, ix: 290.
• Pleinchamps Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.
• Ploechti, captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222.
• Plumer, Gen. Sir Herbert,
  • commander of British Second Army, ii: 214;
  • a great military chief, iii: 375;
  • offensive in Flanders, Sept., '18, v: 213.
• Plunkett, Rear-Adm. Chas. P., commander of U. S. Naval Railway Batteries on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 45.
• Plunkett, Sir Horace, Irish leader, chairman of Irish Convention, '18, vi: 62.
• Plymouth, England, U. S. subchaser base, iv: 359.
• Poincaré, Raymond,
  • President of French Republic, biography, ix: 14-19;
  • bibliography, ix: 19.
• Points d'Appui, definition, v: 13.
• Pola,
  • Italian naval raid on, Nov. 2, '16, iv: 369;
  • Italians sink Austrian dreadnought at, May 14, '18, iv: 372;
  • Austrian dreadnought Viribus Unitis blown up by Italians at, Nov. 1, '18, x: 297-303.
• Poland,
  • topography, iii: 106-108;
  • German invasion of, and unsuccessful attacks on Warsaw,
  • Sept., '14—Feb., '15, iii: 116-118, 124-127, 128-132;
  • Austrian invasion of, iii: 118-120;
  • conquered by Austro-German forces, July—Sept., '15, iii: 137-141, vi: 311;
  • battle of the Salients, July, '15, iii: 138;
  • Warsaw captured by Germans, Aug. 4, '15, iii: 138;
  • civilian deaths due to war-time privation, iii: 406;
  • early history and pre-War condition, vi: 201;
  • Russian promise of autonomy, '14, vi: 201;
  • Austrian Poles support Central Powers, vi: 202;
  • Poles under Pilsudski fight against Russia, vi: 202;
  • war-time destitution in, vi: 204-210;
  • German reforms in, vi: 208;
  • German policy, vi: 210-213;
  • Germany promises reëstablishment of Polish Kingdom, Nov. 5, '16, vi: 210;
  • Germany demands Polish troops, vi: 213;
  • freed by Russian Revolution, vi: 213;
  • Germany sets up Regency, vi: 214;
  • denied representation at Brest-Litovsk by Germany, vi: 214;
  • revolt against Teuton domination, '18, vi: 216;
  • capture of Lemberg from Ruthenians, Nov. 5, '18, vi: 217;
  • proclamation of Republic, vi: 218-219;
  • Pilsudski becomes dictator, Nov., '18, vi: 219;
  • Germans expelled, Dec., '18, vi: 220;
  • political struggle between classes, vi: 220;
  • Conservatives support Paderewski, vi: 220;
  • Warsaw Revolt against Pilsudski fails, vi: 220-222;
  • war against Bolsheviki, vi: 222-224;
  • war with Ukraine over Cholm, vi: 222, 248;
  • dispute with Czechs over Teschen, vi: 222, 400;
  • compromise cabinet of Paderewski and Pilsudski, Feb. 9, '19, vi: 223;
  • Provisional Government recognized by Allies, Feb., '19, vi: 225;
  • Pilsudski elected President, vi: 225;
  • claims for Danzig, vi: 225;
  • Peace Treaty provisions for independence and boundaries of, vi: 226, [xii: 18-200];
  • American war relief for Jews in, vii: 356-358, 360-363, 375;
  • value of property loss, [xii: 26];
  • Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 180];
  • share in German national debt, Peace Treaty provisions, [xii: 227];
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Political parties, see under countries.
• Pommern, German battleship torpedoed by British submarine E-9, July 2, '15, iv: 208.
• Pont-à-Mousson, on Toul-St. Mihiel sector, v: 65, 116, 119.
• Pontoons, viii: 299-300.
• Pontoporros, auxiliary to German raider Emden, iv: 172.
• Pope, see Benedict XV.
• Pope, Corp. Thomas A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397;
• Poperinghe line, British-American line of defense in Flanders, v: 287, 289.
• Population,
  • decrease in births due to War, iii: 406;
  • effects of War on, [xii: 25].
• Port Arthur,
  • seized by Russia from China, i: 20;
  • acquired by Japan, i: 20;
  • 11-in. siege guns first used by Japanese at, viii: 34.
• Ports, French,
  • selected for A. E. F. use, '18, v: 110;
  • Allied, Peace Treaty provisions against discrimination by Germany, [xii: 247].
• Portugal,
  • international position in '14, i: 62;
  • rout of army before German offensive, Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 91, vi: 374;
  • war casualties, iii: 404, v: 364;
  • prisoners of war, iii: 404;
  • internal strife, vi: 372-375;
  • enters War as British ally, vi: 373;
  • President Paës assassinated, Dec. '18, vi: 374;
  • Royalist uprising suppressed, '19, vi: 375;
  • money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
  • Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 180].
• Posen,
  • revolt of Polish population against Germany, vi: 225;
  • awarded to Poland by Peace Conference, vi: 226.
• Potash, German boycott of U. S., [xii: 98].
• Potatoes,
  • world production by countries, [xii: 47];
  • as food, [xii: 47];
  • German system of drying and crushing, [xii: 47].
• Potsdam Conference of German war leaders,
  • July 5, '14, i: 136;
  • decision for war, i: 249.
• Potts, Pvt. Frederick, wins Victoria Cross at Gallipoli, x: 138.
• Powder, see Ammunition.
• Power plants, built by A. E. F. Engineer Corps, v: 333.
• Pozières, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.
• Prague, meeting of Czechoslovak representatives at, Apr. 2, '18, vi: 398.
• Prauthory, Haute-Marne, headquarters, 32nd Div., Feb., '18, v: 119.
• President Lincoln, U. S. transport,
  • sunk, May 31, '18, i: 395, iv: 337;
  • eye-witness account, iv: 340.
• Press:
  • Austria-Hungary,
    • Tageblatt demands war, '14, vi: 306;
    • Hungarian journals support war, vi: 307;
    • Pester Lloyd for war, '14, vi: 308;
    • Oesterreichische Rundschau attacks Italy, '15, vi: 310;
    • Vossische Zeitung on strikes, Jan., '18, vi: 314;
    • Arbeiter Zeitung, radical organ, vi: 315;
    • Arbeiter Zeitung on peace terms, vi: 322;
    • Has Haroda on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396.
  • Bulgaria,
    • statement against Russia by Kambana, June, '15, vi: 342.
  • Germany,
    • Militärische Rundschau advocates immediate war, '14, vi: 249;
    • Socialist organ Vorwärts supports Kaiser, vi: 249;
    • Liller Kriegszeitung preaches hate of England, vi: 252;
    • optimistic attitude of Frankfurter Zeitung, Nov., '14, vi: 253;
    • Maximilian Harden ridicules in Zukunft talk of German starvation, vi: 254;
    • alarm over prospects of starvation, '15, vi: 255;
    • submarine warfare urged, vi: 256, 265;
    • on German successes, '15, vi: 258;
    • Vorwärts demands statement of peace aims, vi: 258;
    • Frankfurter Zeitung on seriousness of Allied blockade, '15—'16, vi: 261;
    • Vorwärts on food shortage, vi: 261;
    • demand war to finish, '17, vi: 264;
    • gospel of hate against England, vi: 264-265;
    • Taglische Rundschau on German demoralization, Dec., '18, vi: 284;
    • Vorwärts on industrial unrest, Dec., '18, vi: 286;
    • comments on Ebert as President, vi: 293;
    • on peace terms, vi: 302-304;
    • Maximilian Harden on peace terms, vi: 303.
  • Great Britain,
    • condemns Dutch neutrality, vi: 376.
  • Italy,
    • Corriere della Sera and Secolo advocate conciliation with Jugoslavs, vi: 362.
  • Serbia,
    • expressions of hatred for Austria-Hungary by Politika, Mali Journal, Balkan, Zastava, vi: 356;
    • Samouprava denounces Italian treaty, '15, vi: 361.
  • Turkey,
    • Ikdamfor war, vi: 330;
    • Tanineon Dardanelles expedition vi: 330;
    • Hillalacclaims victory, '15, vi: 331.
  • United States,
    • attitude on U. S. neutrality, i: 308;
    • on Lusitania sinking, i: 319;
    • on Arabic torpedoing, i: 322;
    • on German indemnity, [xii: 24].
• Pressel, Dr. Wilhelm von, builds first spur of Bagdad railway, 1871, ii: 291.
• Pressure gauges, on airplanes, viii: 220.
• "Preventive arrests," for suppressing pacifist agitation in Germany, vi: 262.
• Prices,
  • analysis of, by Prof. Irving Fisher, [xii: Intro. vii-xvii];
  • high cost of living as result of War, [xii: Intro. vii], [xii: 143];
  • index numbers, [xii: Intro. vii];
  • rise in U. S., '13—'19, [xii: Intro. vii-viii];
  • influence of unsecured paper money on, [xii: Intro. viii];
  • chart of price movements in U. S. and England since 1780, xii: Intro. viii;
  • before and after great wars of history, [xii: Intro. ix];
  • percent. rise in warring countries, [xii: Intro. x];
  • present high level not due to scarcity, [xii: Intro. x];
  • inflation as cause of high prices,[ xii: Intro. xii], [xii: 27];
  • countries arranged in order of high prices, [xii: Intro. xii-xiii];
  • extent of currency inflation, [xii: Intro. xiii];
  • high cost of living as breeder of Bolshevism, [xii: Intro. xiii-xiv];
  • purchasing power of wages, '13—'18, [xii: Intro. xiv];
  • remedies for high cost of living, [xii: Intro. xiv-xv];
  • standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuation in, [xii: Intro. xv];
  • effect of wars on, [xii: 27];
  • reduced production as cause of high prices, [xii: 27], [xii: 38-40];
  • "fair price" lists, [xii: 54];
  • rise in U. S., '14—'18, [xii: 56-59];
  • present, compared with Civil War days, [xii: 57], [xii: 75];
  • effects of government control in Great Britain, [xii: 59];
  • government control in U. S., [xii: 59];
  • see also Cost of living, under name of country.
• Prilep,
  • captured by Bulgars, Nov. 17, '15, i: 382;
  • occupied by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.
• Primers, composition and explosive properties, viii: 6.
• Prince George, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
• Prince, Norman, member Lafayette Escadrille, death, iii: 391.
• Princes' Island, conference of Russian factions at, fails, vi: 188.
• Princess Royal, British cruiser,
  • in Battle of Jutland, iv: 108;
  • in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
• Principles of War, treatise by Marshal Foch, ii: 80, 104, ix: 152.
• Prinz Eitel Friedrich, German raider,
  • puts into Hampton Roads for repairs, Mar. 10, '15, i: 378;
  • interned by U. S., Apr. 7, '15, i: 378.
• Priority system, among U. S. industries during War, [xii: 73-75].
• Pripet marshes,
  • Russian offensive against Austria, June, '16, ii: 42;
  • description, iii: 108.
• Prisoners of war,
  • classified by countries, iii: 404;
  • work of Swiss Red Cross for, vi: 380;
  • work of American Y. M. C. A. for, vii: 302-310;
  • Crown Princess of Sweden's work for, vii: 308;
  • Peace Treaty provisions for repatriation of, [xii: 216].
  • Austria-Hungary,
    • captured by Serbs,
      • description of, iii: 395;
      • humane treatment by Serbs, iii: 400;
    • total lost in War, iii: 404.
  • French,
    • diary describing life in German prison, iii: 300;
    • total lost in War, iii: 404.
  • German,
    • captured in Somme battle, iii: 60;
    • in battle of Cambrai, iii: 82;
    • in St. Mihiel drive, iii: 99, v: 71, 207;
    • during Allied drive, July—Nov., '18, iii: 103;
    • total in War, iii: 404;
    • at Cantigny, v: 33;
    • taken by A. E. F. in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 56;
    • first capture by A. E. F., v: 113;
    • clothed by U. S. Salvage Service, v: 331;
    • captured in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 394;
    • total captured by A. E. F., [xii: 288].
  • Russian,
    • sufferings of, in German prison camp, iii: 300;
    • total lost in War, iii: 404.
  • Turkish,
    • captured by British in Palestine campaign, ii: 94, iii: 199;
    • total lost in War, iii: 404.
  • United States,
    • first captured by Germans, iii: 84;
    • total lost in War, iii: 404;
    • work of American Red Cross for, vii: 37-39, 71.
    • See also
      • under battle or campaign;
      • countries.
• Prize courts, Peace Treaty provision for decisions of, [xii: 263].
• Profiteering, [xii: 55];
  • U. S. meat-packers' profits before and during War, [xii: 56].
• Prohibition,
  • U. S. war-time act passed, July 7, '17, i: 390;
  • Russian government forbids sale of vodka, iii: 265, vi: 135;
  • voluntary abstention urged in England by Lloyd George, '14, vi: 2-3;
  • use of vodka substitutes in Russia, vi: 138;
  • imposed by Bela Kun's government in Hungary, vi: 325.
• Propaganda, see
  • Allies;
  • Germany.
• Property rights, of Allied nationals confiscated by Germany, Peace Treaty provisions for restitution of, [xii: 236-240].
• Protopopoff, Russian Minister of Interior,
  • in German employ, ii: 59, vi: 143;
  • causes Rumanian entry into War for German interest, ii: 59;
  • gains power at court through Rasputin, vi: 143;
  • reactionary policy, vi: 143;
  • surrenders to Duma during Revolution, March, '17, vi: 153.
• Provence II, French cruiser sunk by U-boat, Feb. 26, '16, iv: 376.
• Pruitt, Corp. John H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390.
• Prussia,
  • war with Denmark, 1864, i: Intro. vii, 41;
  • autocratic form of government, i: 29;
  • assumes leadership of German states under Bismarck, i: 40;
  • population in 1860, i: 40;
  • Seven Weeks' War against Austria, 1866, i: 41;
  • representation in Imperial Bundesrat, ii: 71;
  • traditional policy of force, i: 150;
  • controlling share in government of German Empire, i: 156;
  • King of, powers as German Emperor, i: 156;
  • relations with Great Britain, stages in evolution of, i: 168;
  • Prussianization of Germany, i: 258;
  • plan of imperial development, ii: 1;
  • see also Germany.
• Przasnyz,
  • captured by Germans, Feb. 24, '15, i: 378, iii: 131;
  • recaptured by Russians, Feb. 27, '15, i: 378.
• Przemysl,
  • invested by Russians, Sept. 16, '14, i: 376, iii: 123-124;
  • Russians forced to raise siege, Oct. 12, '14, i: 376, iii: 125;
  • reinvested by Russians, Nov. 12, '14, i: 376, iii: 127, xi: 16;
  • captured by Russians, Mar. 22—23, '15, i: 378, iii: 134, 292-293, xi: 16;
  • number of Austrians surrendering, i: 378, iii: 134, 293;
  • recaptured by Austro-German forces, June 1—2, '15, i: 380, ii: 234, iii: 136.
• Pskov, captured by Germans, Feb. 24, '18, i: 393.
• Psychological tests, for gauging intelligence of army recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351.
• Psycho-physiological tests, for determining fitness of recruits for specific duties, viii: 351-356.
• Putnik, Field-Marshal, Commander-in-Chief of Serbian army, iii: 150.
• Pys, evacuated by Germans, Feb. 24, '17, iii: 64.

• [Q]
• "Q" ships, British decoys for U-boats, iv: 296.
• Quebec,
  • not enthusiastic for War, vi: 26;
  • failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 30;
  • move for secession from Dominion, vi: 33, 36;
  • Draft Boards defeat conscription by blanket exemptions, vi: 36;
  • draft riots, vi: 36;
  • see also Canada.
• Queen, British battleship at Dardanelles, iv: 33.
• Queen Elizabeth, British dreadnought at Dardanelles, ii: Intro. xv, iv: 31.
• Queen Mary,
  • British cruiser blown up at Jutland, iv: 110, 258;
  • in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.
• Queenstown, Ireland, base for U. S. destroyer and subchaser detachment, iv: 357.
• Quennemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.
• Quien, Gaston, betrayer of Edith Cavell, x: 352.
• Quinn, Jim, citation for D. S. C., July 18, '18, v: 171.