Harper's Pictorial Library of the World War, Volume XII

by Unknown

• [R]
• R-34, British dirigible,
  • crosses Atlantic, viii: 245;
  • similarity to Zeppelin, viii: 254.
• Races, European rivalries, i: 21.
• Rada, Central Council of Ukraine, formed after Russian revolution, vi: 243.
• Radio, see Wireless.
• Radoslavov, Vassil, Bulgarian Premier,
  • heads patriotic organization, Narodni Savetz, vi: 341;
  • statement of Bulgarian war demands, vi: 341;
  • German sympathies, vi: 343;
  • resigns, June 17, '18, vi: 346.
• Raemakers, Louis, Dutch cartoonist of the War, ix: 190.
• Rafa, Turks defeated by British at, Jan., '17, iii: 192.
• Raids,
  • see
    • Air raids;
    • Naval raids.
• Raikes, Lieut.-Com. Robert H. T.,
  • commander of British submarine E-54,
  • battle with German U-boats, iv: 212.
• Railroads,
  • German ambition for Calais-Persia route, ii: 2;
  • Russian military, iii: 105;
  • Petrograd-Berlin, iii: 111;
  • Transylvanian, cut by Rumanians, iii: 218;
  • Orsova, taken by Germans in Wallachian campaign, iii: 221;
  • Cernavoda-Constanza, captured by Teuton allies, Oct., '16, iii, 221;
  • in Trentino, iii: 230;
  • in Isonzo sector, iii: 239;
  • in Uganda, iii: 255;
  • in Transcaucasia, iii: 260;
  • number of troop trains needed to move a U. S. division, v: 20;
  • French, available for A. E. F. use, v: 110;
  • St. Mihiel-Metz, cut, Sept. 12, '18, v: 206;
  • German lines of communication in occupied territory, v: 215;
  • Mézières-Sedan, key to German lines of communication on Western Front, v: 216, 387;
  • built by Engineer Corps, A. E. F., in France, v: 333, 334, 403, [xii: 283];
  • equipment sent to France from U. S., v: 403, [xii: 95], [xii: 286];
  • war functions, viii: 283;
  • collapse of Russian system, under war stress, viii: 283;
  • work of German railroads during War, viii: 283-285;
  • narrow-gauge, at the front, viii: 302;
  • see also Bagdad Railway.
• Railway Artillery Reserve,
  • U. S., formation, v: 305;
  • units composing, v: 305;
  • engagements on Western Front, v: 306-308;
  • see also U. S. Army, Artillery.
• Rainbow (42nd) Division, see U. S., Army.
• Rambucourt, on Toul sector, v: 116.
• Ramscappelle, German success at, Oct. 30, '14, iii: 40.
• Ramsey, British patrol boat, sunk by German auxiliary cruiser Meteor, iv, 197.
• Ramsgate, bombarded by German destroyers, Nov. 25, '16, i: 389.
• Range-finder, telescopic, structure and use of, viii: 9.
• Range-finding, see
  • Artillery;
  • Hydrophones;
  • Microphone;
  • Phonotelemeter.
• Rapallo Conference, iii: 84.
• Rappes, Bois des, captured by 3rd Div., Oct., '18, v: 85.
• Rasputin, Gregory,
  • influence over Czarina and Russian court, vi: 141;
  • assassinated, '16, vi: 141;
  • influence places Protopopov in power, vi: 143;
  • biography, ix: 345-347.
• Ravaruska,
  • Russian success in battle of, Sept. 4—10, '14, iii: 122;
  • captured by Austro-German forces, June 20, '15, iii: 136.
• Rawlinson, Gen., commander of British Fourth Army, ii: 214, iii: 371.
• Raynal, Major, defender of Fort Vaux, iii: 55, 313.
• Read, Maj.-Gen. George W., commander,
  • 30th Div., June, '18, v: 146;
  • commands 2nd Corps, v: 290, 382, 394;
  • biography, ix: 223-224.
• Read, Lieut.-Com., pilots N-C-4, first airplane across Atlantic, viii: 240.
• Rebais, Germans beaten back at, in first Marne battle, iii: 32.
• Reconstruction of devastated war areas, German obligations under Peace Treaty, [xii: 223].
• Reconstruction of disabled,
  • American help for vocational training of French disabled, vii: 79, 92-95;
  • program of European belligerents, vii: 175;
  • in U. S. Army, vii: 175-186, 210-216, 222, 233-239;
  • importance of first aid, vii: 178;
  • treatment of shell-shock, vii: 179;
  • percent. of injured returned to service, vii: 180;
  • system of vocational training for U. S. service men, vii: 180-182, 210-216, 236-239;
  • educational personnel for training of U. S. service men, vii: 180, 185;
  • care of blinded U. S. service men, vii: 182, 213;
  • correcting speech defects in U. S. military hospitals, vii: 182, 213;
  • work of U. S. dental officers, vii: 210;
  • in civilian industries, vii: 240-245;
  • mechanical treatments for injured limbs, viii: 381-384;
  • artificial arms for war cripples, viii: 384-388;
  • artificial legs for war cripples, viii: 388-390;
  • remaking shell-torn faces, viii: 390;
  • artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391;
  • see also
    • Medical science;
    • Surgery.
• Recouly, Raymond,
  • account of first Marne battle, ii: 182-186;
  • account of Verdun battle, ii: 186-189.
• Recreation, for service men, see
  • Entertainment;
  • Sports.
• Recruiting, see under country.
• Red Army,
  • in Russia, organized by Trotzky, vi: 185;
  • in Munich, raised by Munich Soviet, vi: 300;
  • in Hungary, under Communist Government, vi: 326.
• Red Cross:
  • American,
    • relief work in Italy, ii: 250, vii: 42, 82;
    • Henry P. Davison, Chairman of War Council, vii: 1;
    • war-time activities, summary, vii: 1;
    • amount of contributions to, vii: 1;
    • increase in membership, vii: 1;
    • personnel in France, vii: 1;
    • Clara Barton, mother of, vii: 12;
    • peace time activities, vii: 14;
    • war organization, vii: 15-27;
    • raising war funds, vii: 15-27;
    • total relief expenditures, vii: 27;
    • range of activities, vii: 29;
    • location of base hospitals, vii: 30;
    • location of ambulance companies, vii: 30-31;
    • sanitary service, vii: 31-32;
    • nursing personnel, vii: 33;
    • canteen service, vii: 33, 42, 47-49, 54, 57;
    • auxiliary activities for service men's comfort, vii: 34;
    • recruiting services of nation's womanhood, vii: 34;
    • home service work, vii: 35;
    • services abroad, vii: 35-40;
    • hospital work in France, vii: 37, 45;
    • work for American prisoners in Germany, vii: 37-39, 71;
    • relief activities in England, vii: 40, 45;
    • with the Navy, vii: 41;
    • relief work among belligerents during U. S. neutrality, vii: 43-46;
    • hospital work in Germany, vii: 45;
    • hospital work in Austria-Hungary, vii: 45;
    • relief for Serbia, vii: 45, 84;
    • stories of overseas service with fighting men, vii: 47-72;
    • work for wounded, vii: 49-54, 56, 60-64;
    • ambulance service at the front, vii: 49-51;
    • tales of wounded, vii: 51-54;
    • hotels for service men in Paris, vii: 54;
    • supplying delicacies to wounded, vii: 56;
    • huts, vii: 59;
    • entertainment, vii: 60;
    • as bureau of information, vii: 62-64;
    • helping doughboys shop in France, vii: 64;
    • department store for overseas service men, vii: 66;
    • production of surgical dressings, vii: 67;
    • production of nitrous oxide, vii: 68;
    • baths and laundries behind the lines, vii: 70;
    • Children's Bureau, activities for welfare of child war sufferers, vii: 72, 76-79, xi: 85-90;
    • relief among Allied civilians, vii: 73-85;
    • relief among French refugees, vii: 73;
    • fight against tuberculosis in France, vii: 75;
    • education of French disabled, vii: 79;
    • relief for Belgian refugees, vii: 82;
    • relief in Rumania, vii: 84;
    • work in Palestine, vii: 84;
    • Institute for the Blind, vii: 259;
    • letters of appreciation from refugee children, xi: 60;
    • Junior American Red Cross, activities, xi: 90-93;
    • help by Boy Scouts, xi: 108;
    • letter from "Chinese citizen boy," xi: 179.
  • International, in Switzerland, vi: 380;
    • World League of, vii: 3;
    • history of development, vii: 4-14;
    • Florence Nightingale, first field nurse, vii: 11;
    • U. S. becomes member, vii: 14.
• Red Cross Nurse, poem by Edith Thomas, vii: 279.
• "Red Monday," during Russian Revolution, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 150.
• "Red Week," rioting during, in Italy, June, '14, vi: 114.
• "Reds," see Bolshevism.
• Reeves, Col. Ira L., mlitary superintendent, A. E. F. University at Beaune, vii: 283.
• Refrigerating plants, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 403.
• Refugees, see War relief.
• Regan, 2nd Lieut. Patrick, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.
• Reichstag, German,
  • limitations as legislative body, i: 71;
  • composition and powers, i: 156.
• Reims (Rheims),
  • abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375;
  • re-occupied by French, Sept. 15, '14, i: 376;
  • Cathedral bombarded by Germans, iii: 74, vi: 97;
  • attacked by Crown Prince, June, '18, iii: 95;
  • description of surrounding country, v: 43;
  • gateway between Germany and France, v: 215.
• Reiter's Morganlied, German air, xi: 335.
• Relief, see War relief.
• Religion,
  • diversity of, obstacle to world federation, i: 25;
  • work of Y. M. C. A. with troops overseas, vii: 283-285.
• Remington self-loading rifle,
  • description, viii: 89;
  • see also Rifles.
• Remonville,
  • location, v: 217;
  • captured by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.
• Remounts,
  • construction of depots for, by A. E. F., v: 333;
  • procuring of, for A. E. F., v: 399.
• Renault tank,
  • description, viii: 156;
  • see also Tanks.
• Rennenkampf, Gen.,
  • commander of Russian forces invading East Prussia, '14, ii: 24, 227, iii: 110;
  • driven out of East Prussia by Hindenburg, ii: 25, 229, iii: 116;
  • Ludendorff's account of retreat, ii: 355;
  • see also
    • East Prussia;
    • Tannenberg, battle of.
• Renner, Dr.,
  • becomes Austrian Chancellor, '19, vi: 319;
  • Bolshevik uprising against, vi: 321;
  • conciliatory attitude at Peace Conference, vi: 321.
• Renwick, George, description of Munich under Red Terror, vi: 301.
• Repair shops, U. S. Ordnance, in France, v: 350.
• Reparation, by Germany, Peace Treaty provisions, [xii: 217-225].
• Reparation Commission, formation and functions, [xii: 158], [xii: 219-221].
• Repatriés, returned French exiles, xi: 75.
• Repington, Colonel,
  • military correspondent of London Times,
  • exposes British shell shortage, May, '15, ii: 174.
• Replacement system, plan for A. E. F., '17, v: 102, 399.
• Respirators,
  • number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324;
  • utility as defense against poison gas, viii: 174-178;
  • see also Chemical warfare.
• Responsibility for the War, see Germany, Responsibility for War.
• Retreats, famous examples of, in history, iii: 280.
• Return, The, poem by John Freeman, ix: 331.
• Reval, seized by Germans, Feb. 24, '18, i: 393.
• Reventlow, Count Ernst Zu, condemnation of democratic rule in Germany, vi: 284.
• Reville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.
• Revolver, use as military weapon, viii: 117.
• Reynolds, Col. C. R., Chief Surgeon, Second Army, v: 346.
• Rheims, see Reims.
• Rhine River,
  • French strategy in regard to, ii: 8;
  • German fortifications on, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, [xii: 189];
  • Peace Treaty provisions for international control and navigation, [xii: 250-253].
• Ribot, Alexandre, succeeds Briand as French Premier, '17, vi: 103.
• Rice, Brig.-Gen. John H., Chief Ordnance Officer, A. E. F., v: 350.
• Richthofen, Capt. Baron Manfred Freiherr von, career as aviator, x: 253-255.
• Rickenbacker, Capt. Eddie, career as aviator, x: 259-264.
• Rieka, Slav name of Fiume, vi: 365.
• Rifles,
  • type used by A. E. F., description and reasons for adoption, v: 347, viii: 96, 102-105;
  • U. S. production figures, v: 347, [xii: 284];
  • types, viii: 84, 88-105;
  • Browning automatic, viii: 84;
  • automatic, difference from machine-gun, viii: 88;
  • importance of rapid fire, viii: 88;
  • self-loading, compared with machine-gun, viii: 88;
  • principal self-loading types, viii: 89-91;
  • Remington, viii: 89;
  • Sjorgen, viii: 89;
  • Winchester, viii: 89;
  • rifle fire and artillery compared, viii: 92;
  • range of military rifle, viii: 92;
  • "danger zone" in rifle fire, viii: 93;
  • advantages of sharp-nosed bullet, viii: 93;
  • comparison to gas engine, viii: 94;
  • British service rifles, description, viii: 95;
  • Lee type, viii: 95;
  • Enfield-M type, viii: 95;
  • French service rifle, description, viii: 95;
  • German Mauser, description, viii: 95;
  • sighting devices, viii: 96-102;
  • definition of "bore," viii: 111;
  • definition and purpose of "rifling," viii: 111.
• Rifle lights, viii: 75.
• "Rifling" of gun, definition and purpose, viii: 111-112.
• Riga, occupied by Germans, Sept. 3, '17, i: 390, iii: 147, iv: 136.
• Riga,
  • Gulf of, description, iv: 136-137;
  • German naval operations in, '15—'17, iv: 137-138;
  • battle of, and capture of dominating islands by Germans, Oct. 12—18, '17, iv: 137-138.
• Rintelen, Capt. Franz von, German agent in U. S., i: 315.
• Ritchings, Lieut.-Col. Arthur, rise from constable to lieutenant-colonel, x: 378.
• River Clyde, British transport at Gallipoli, iii: 168, iv: 39.
• Riviera, A. E. F. leave area, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 269.
• Rizzo, Commander Luigi,
  • sinks Austrian battleships in motor-boat attack, iv: 370;
  • sinks Austrian battleships, Wien and Monarch, in Trieste harbor, x: 290.
• Road to France, The, poem by Daniel M. Henderson, vi: 131.
• Roads, construction by A. E. F. in France, v: 334, 403.
• Robb, 1st Lieut. George S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
• Robeck, Vice-Adm. de, succeeds Vice-Adm. Carden in command of Allied fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 32.
• Roberts, Lieut. E. M., record as aviator, x: 249-252.
• Roberts, Corp. Harold W., American tank driver, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402, xi: 386.
• Robertson, Gen. Sir William,
  • appointed British Chief of General Staff, ii: Intro. xviii;
  • biography, ix: 184-186.
• Rockenbach, Brig.-Gen. Samuel D., commander U. S. Tank Corps, v: 314.
• Rockwell, Kiffin, member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed in Vosges, iii: 391.
• Rodman, Admiral, biography, ix: 293-295.
• Rodzianko, Michael V., President of Russian Duma, vi: 150.
• Rogers, Maj.-Gen. H. L., Chief Quartermaster of A. E. F., v: 332.
• Rohrbach, Paul, German publicist, on Anglo-German rivalry, vi: 251.
• Romagne, captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 14, '18. v: 250.
• Romagne-sous-Montfaucon, American cemetery at, v: 403.
• Romani, Turks defeated by British at, Aug., '16, iii: 192.
• Romanoffs,
  • see
    • Nicholas II;
    • Russia, Royal family.
• Romorantin, U. S., aircraft plant at, v: 313.
• Ronchères, captured by 3rd Div., July 28, '18, v: 188.
• Roosevelt, Capt. Archie, war record, x: 238.
• Roosevelt, Capt. Kermit, war record, x: 241.
• Roosevelt, Lieut. Quentin,
  • record as aviator, x: 241-249;
  • killed in air fight, x: 245-249.
• Roosevelt, Theodore,
  • fight against "big business," i: 293;
  • against U. S. neutrality, i: 299;
  • temperament contrasted with that of Pres. Wilson, i: 299;
  • probable course of action if President during War, i: 302;
  • pro-German sentiments in '14, i: 309;
  • statement on Lusitania sinking, i: 320;
  • statement on universal military training, Nov., '15, i: 326;
  • attacks Pres. Wilson's note asking belligerents for statement of war aims, i: 337.
• Roosevelt, Lieut.-Col. Theodore, Jr.,
  • commands 26th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 126;
  • at Sedan, Nov. 7, '18, v: 269;
  • war record, x: 241.
• Roosevelt, Mrs. Theodore, Jr.,
  • "Y" worker in Bordeaux, vii: 267;
  • in charge of Aix-les-Bains leave area, vii: 269.
• Root-Takahira agreement, '08, i: 57.
• Rosenwald, Julius, member, Advisory Commission of U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116].
• Rossetti, Lieut.-Col. R.,
  • sinks Austrian warship Viribus Unitis in Pola harbor, x: 297-303.
• Rosyth,
  • advance base for British battle cruisers, iv: 91, 94;
  • meeting place for arranging surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.
• Roulers, German base in France, ii: 86.
• Rowlatt, Justice, author of "Black Cobra Bill" of India, '18, vi: 78.
• Royal Air Force, British, see Great Britain, Air Service.
• Royal Edward, British transport sunk, Aug. 13, '15, i: 381.
• Royal families, see country.
• Roye, captured by Allies, Aug. 27, '18, i: 397, ii: 157.
• Rozyshche, captured by Russians, June, '16, iii: 144.
• Rue, training area for 27th Div., '18, v: 286.
• Ruggles orientator, for testing aviators, viii: 356-358.
• Ruhleben, German prison camp, American "Y" work at, vii: 303.
• Rule Britannia, British patriotic song, xi: 333.
• Rumania,
  • gains independence from Turkey, i: 92;
  • intervention in Second Balkan War, '13, i: 206;
  • declares war on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386;
  • Germany declares war on, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386;
  • Turkey declares war on, Aug. 29, '16, i: 386;
  • Bulgaria declares war on, Sept. 1, '16, i: 386;
  • reasons for entry into War, ii: 59, iii: 214, vi: 348-349;
  • betrayed by Russia, ii: 59, iii: 221, vi: 349;
  • natural resources, ii: 59;
  • invades Transylvania, ii: 60, iii: 217, vi: 313, xi: 28;
  • conquered by Teuton forces under Mackensen and Falkenhayn, ii: 60, iii: 218-224, vi: 349, xi: 29;
  • topography, iii, 214;
  • failure of Allied support, iii: 214;
  • army, training and equipment, iii: 215;
  • strategy of campaigns, iii: 216;
  • Bucharest captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222;
  • government moved to Jassy, Nov., '16, iii: 223, vi: 349;
  • prisoners of war, iii: 404;
  • total casualties, iii: 404, vi: 353, [xii: 289];
  • civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405;
  • attacks Hungarian republic, '19, vi: 326;
  • race problems, vi: 348;
  • policy of neutrality, vi: 348;
  • secret treaty with Allies as war price, iii: 349;
  • suffering under Teuton invasion, vi: 349, 353;
  • struggle with Russian Bolsheviki in Bessarabia, vi: 350-352;
  • signs peace treaty with Central Powers, May 7, '17, vi: 352;
  • peace terms imposed by Germany, vi: 352;
  • conditions after armistice, Nov., '18, vi: 353;
  • royal family, ix: 399-402;
  • debt to U. S., [xii: 18];
  • money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
  • value of property loss, [xii: 26];
  • war cost, Aug., '16—Oct., '18, [xii: 107];
  • rise in national debt, [xii: 114];
  • Peace Conference delegates, [xii: 180];
  • former treaties with Germany abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, [xii: 232];
  • area, '19, [xii: 279];
  • population, '19, [xii: 279].
• Rumania, poem by George Edward Woodberry, vi: 347.
• Rumanian National Hymn, xi: 329.
• Rumanian Relief Committee of America, vii: 109.
• Rumeli Medjidieh Battery,
  • Fort at Gallipoli, iv: 45;
  • bombarded by Allied fleet, iv: 45.
• Rupel, Greek fortress, seized by Bulgars, May, '16, iii: 207.
• Rupert Brooke, poem by Moray Dalton, vii: 285.
• Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, army commands, iii: 10, 61.
• Ruroede, Carl, leader in German passport frauds in U. S., x: 333.
• Russell, Bertrand, British philosopher,
  • dismissed from Cambridge University for supporting conscientious objectors, vi: 8;
  • on effects of War, vi: 11.
• Russell, British battleship sunk in Mediterranean, Apr. 27, '16, i: 385.
• Russia:
  • Army,
    • mobilization, July 31, '14, i: 375, iii: 264;
    • German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4;
    • man-power available, ii: 27;
    • lack of resources to equip manpower, ii: 27-28;
    • shortage of ammunition, ii: 231, iii: 264;
    • machine-gun equipment, ii: 232;
    • artillery equipment deficient, ii: 232;
    • collapse of, v: 113, vi: 157, 164;
      • Ludendorff on, ii: 340;
      • Gen. Denikin's report, iii: 146, 267-270;
    • organization and strength, iii: 104;
    • weaknesses, iii: 105;
    • Czar takes personal command, Sept. 8, '16, iii: 140;
    • leading commanders pledge support to Republican Government, Mar., '17, iii: 145;
    • vice in, iii: 267;
    • causes of demoralization, iii: 268;
    • balloting substituted for fighting, iii: 268;
    • desertions, iii: 269, vi: 157, 164;
    • Bolshevist propaganda in, iii: 269, vi: 157, 164;
    • Cossack cavalry, strength, vi: 146;
    • fraternization with enemy, vi: 157, 161;
    • Kerensky abolishes death penalty, vi: 157;
    • Red Army raised by Trotzky, vi: 185;
    • for military operations, see
      • Russian Front;
      • battle or campaign.
  • Casualties,
    • total in War, iii: 404;
    • civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 406;
    • money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
    • battle deaths, [xii: 288].
  • Coal, production, '13—'17, [xii: 48].
  • Cost of living, percent. rise during War, Intro. x.
  • Declarations of war,
    • pledge of aid to Serbia against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114;
    • by Germany against, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375;
    • by Austria against, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375;
    • on Bulgaria by, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382;
    • on Turkey by, Oct. 30, '14, i: 376;
    • reception by populace, iii: 264, vi: 134-135;
    • ultimatum to Bulgaria, Oct. 4, '15, vi: 343.
  • Food,
    • shortage, vi: 141, 144, 145;
    • potato crop, [xii: 47].
  • • Asiatic expansion, i: 20;
    • seizure of Port Arthur from China, i: 20;
    • gains freedom of action in Black Sea, 1871, i: 47;
    • world position in '14, i: 62;
    • ambitions in Near East checked by Congress of Berlin, i: 93;
    • German influence, i: 95, 240;
    • Entente Cordiale with France, 1891, i: 98;
    • member of Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106;
    • settlement of Persian question with Great Britain, '07, i: 104;
    • Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107;
    • Balkan policy, i: 114;
    • pledge of aid to Serbia against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114;
    • negotiations in attempt to prevent the War, i: 126-129;
    • hatred of Germany, i: 242;
    • German view of, i: 242;
    • betrayal of Rumania by German agents in Government, ii: 59, iii: 221, vi: 349;
    • imperialistic ambitions, vi: 132;
    • treachery of Government exposed by Milyukov, Nov., '16, vi: 142;
    • secret treaties made public by Trotzky, vi: 183;
    • Soviet Government makes peace with Germany, vi: 183-185;
    • relations of Soviet with Allies, vi: 187-188;
    • hostility to Ukrainian nationalistic aspirations, vi: 241;
    • treaty with Japan, '16, vi: 386;
    • for relations with Finland, see Finland.
  • Foreign policy,
    • inadequate for war needs, ii: 27-28;
    • hampered by lack of port facilities, iii: 161;
    • chaotic condition during War, [xii: 82].
  • Industries,
    • war enthusiasm, Aug., '14, iii: 264, vi: 134-135;
    • prohibition of vodka, iii: 265, vi: 135;
    • revolutionary outbreaks before War, vi: 132-134;
    • Socialists oppose War, vi: 134;
    • attack of Duma on War Office for inefficiency, Aug., '15, vi: 136;
    • Minister of War Sukhomlinov arrested and disgraced, vi: 136;
    • request for new ministry refused by Czar, '15, vi: 136;
    • Duma dissolved, Sept., '15, vi: 136;
    • peace sentiment, '15, vi: 138;
    • Lenin advocates defeat of Russia, vi: 140;
    • Stürmer succeeds Goremykin as Prime Minister, vi: 140;
    • Duma reconvenes, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140;
    • attack of Socialist Cheidze on Government, vi: 140;
    • influence of Rasputin at Court, vi: 141;
    • Rasputin murdered, vi: 141;
    • Stürmer becomes Foreign Minister, July, '16, vi: 142;
    • Stürmer dismissed under accusations of corruption and treachery, vi: 142;
    • repressive policy of Protopopov, Minister of Interior, '17, vi: 143;
    • Golytsin succeeds to Premiership, '17, vi: 143;
    • threats of revolt in Duma, Feb., '17, vi: 144;
    • Revolution starts in Petrograd, Mar., '17, vi: 145;
    • Duma disobeys Czar's order of dismissal, Mar., '17, vi: 146;
    • leaders and policies at start of Revolution, vi: 148;
    • revolutionary scenes in Petrograd, Mar. 11—15, '17, vi: 148-156;
    • Czar disregards appeals for liberal ministry, vi: 150, 151;
    • Red Monday, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 150-153;
    • arrest of ministers of old régime, vi: 153;
    • reform vs. revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 153-157;
    • Council of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates formed, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 155;
    • Provisional Government under Prince Lvov formed by Duma, Mar. 14, '17, vi: 155;
    • Czar abdicates, Mar. 15, '17, vi: 156;
    • struggle between Provisional Government and Soviet on war policy, vi: 158-160;
    • fall of Liberal ministry and formation of coalition cabinet, vi: 160;
    • peasant societies, vi: 160;
    • statement of policy by coalition Government, vi: 161;
    • Bolshevist uprising suppressed, July, '17, vi: 161-165;
    • Kerensky becomes virtual dictator, vi: 165;
    • rivalry between Kerensky and Kornilov for power, vi: 167-171;
    • Moscow Conference, vi: 167;
    • Kornilov rebellion fails, vi: 169;
    • Kerensky declares Russia a Republic, Sept. 15, '17, vi: 171;
    • Bolshevist revolution overthrows Kerensky, Nov., '17, vi: 171-181;
    • Lenin becomes President of Council of People's Commissaries, vi: 181;
    • Trotzky becomes Commissary of Foreign Affairs, vi: 181;
    • Bolshevist program, vi: 181;
    • opposition of middle classes to Bolshevik rule, vi: 181;
    • Constituent Assembly dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185;
    • Congress of Soviets substituted for Constituent Assembly, vi: 185;
    • reign of terror under Bolshevist régime, vi: 187.
  • Internal politics,
    • Black Sea fleet bombards Bosphorus forts, iv: 49;
    • strength of Black Sea fleet, iv: 50;
    • development, iv: 364;
    • strength of Baltic fleet, iv: 364;
    • war record, iv: 364-366;
    • part in Revolution, iv: 366, vi: 164.
  • Navy,
    • Brest-Litovsk Treaty ends war with Central Powers, Mar., '18, ii: 63, 273, vi: 183;
    • armistice with Germany signed, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113;
    • movement for peace by radicals and conservatives, '15, vi: 138;
    • Soviet demands immediate Socialist peace conference, vi: 161;
    • nature of Bolshevik peace propaganda, vi: 171-175;
    • Versailles Treaty, provisions on, Russo-German relations, [xii: 205];
    • treaties with Germany abrogated by Versailles Treaty, [xii: 232].
  • Peace negotiations,
  • Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
    • military, iii: 105;
    • Petrograd-Berlin line, iii: 111;
    • importance of Warsaw as junction, iii: 138;
    • Brest-Litovsk line, military importance, iii: 138;
    • collapse under war stress, viii: 283.
  • Railroads,
    • see also Nicholas II.
  • Royal family, xi: 145-149;
    • currency inflation by Bolsheviki, [xii: Intro. xiii];
    • financial position at start of War, [xii: 1];
    • loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14—Jan., '17, [xii: 2];
    • debt to U. S., [xii: 18];
    • money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
    • value of property loss, [xii: 26];
    • average daily cost, [xii: 106];
    • total cost, Aug., '14—Oct., '17, [xii: 107];
    • taxation, [xii: 109];
    • loans, [xii: 113];
    • rise in national debt, [xii: 113-114].
  • War cost,
• Russian Front,
  • German analysis of strength and strategic importance, Aug., '14, ii: 12-16;
  • strategic plans of Russia and Central Powers, ii: 22, iii: 109-110;
    • Gen. Gourko's explanation, ii: 225;
  • Russian invasion of Galicia, '14—'15, ii: 22-24, 26, iii: 118-124, 127, 132-134;
  • Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, ii: 23, iii: 121;
  • operations in East Prussia, '14, ii: 24, iii: 110-116;
    • Gen. Gourko's account, ii: 227-229;
    • Ludendorff's account, ii: 353-357;
  • battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116;
  • campaigns in Poland, ii: 25, 26, 229, iii: 116-120, 124-127, 128-132, 137-141;
    • Ludendorff's account,ii: 361-365;
  • Przemysl, siege and capture by Russians, ii: 26, iii: 123, 125, 127, 134, 292, xi: 16;
  • successful Teuton counter-offensive in Galicia under Mackensen, May, '15, ii: 26, 233, iii: 135-137, 294-296, vi: 258, 311;
    • Ludendorff's account, ii: 360;
  • Warsaw, German attacks on and capture, ii: 26, iii: 128-130, 131, 138;
  • Brusiloff's offensive in Galicia, '16, ii: 42-44, 235, iii: 141-145;
  • Russian collapse, '17, ii: 54, iii: 146, v: 113, vi: 157, 164;
    • Ludendorff on, ii: 340;
    • Gen. Denikin's report, iii: 267-270;
  • campaigns in Caucasus and Armenia, ii: 91-92, iii: 260-263, vi: 331, xi: 29;
  • capture of Erzerum, Feb. 16, '16, ii: 91, iii: 262-263;
  • effect of invasion of East Prussia on first Marne battle, ii: 227;
  • reasons for weakness of Russian fortresses, ii: 230;
  • Przemysl recaptured by Teuton forces, June 1—2, '15, ii: 234, iii: 136;
  • Lemberg recaptured by Austrians, June 22, '15, ii: 234, iii: 137;
  • topography, iii: 106-109;
  • last Russian offensive in Galicia, July, '17, iii: 146;
  • battle experiences on, iii: 316;
  • activities of A. E. F. against Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187, 193;
  • description of Russian trenches, viii: 123;
  • see also
    • East Prussia;
    • Galicia;
    • Mazurian Lakes;
    • Poland.
• Russky, Gen., commander of Russian forces invading Galicia, iii: 119.
• Ruthenians,
  • clash with Poles for control of eastern Galicia, vi: 217, 248;
  • cultural freedom under Austrian rule, vi: 241;
  • attempts at forced Russification during Russian occupation of Galicia, vi: 243.
• Ryan, Michael J., Irish-American delegate to Peace Conference vi: 66.

• [S]
• Saarbrücken, British air raid on, Oct. 25, '17, i: 392.
• Saarburg, occupied by French, Aug. 17, '14, i: 375.
• "Sacred Egoism," Italian foreign policy of, vi: 120.
• "Sacred Way, The," highway to Verdun, iii: 50.
• Sag paste, developed by U. S. Chemical Warfare Service as protection against mustard gas, v: 324.
• Saïd Pasha Zagloul, Egyptian Nationalist leader, vi: 70.
• Sailly-Saillisel, objective in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58.
• St. Benoit, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 13, '18, v: 211.
• St. Dunstan's Home for British blind, vii: 259.
• St. Etienne, captured by 71st Brig., Oct. 8, '18, v: 257.
• St. Gobain,
  • German defensive system captured by Allies in last drive, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52;
  • Germans bombard Paris from Forest of, iii: 88, viii: 45-47.
• St. Louis, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
• St. Maurice Ridge, captured by 27th Div., v: 296.
• St. Mihiel,
  • occupied by Germans, Sept. 26, '14, i: 376, iii: 37, v: 199;
  • recaptured and salient wiped out by A. E. F., Sept. 12—15, '18, ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, xi: 46;
    • Pershing's report, v: 384-386;
  • strategic importance of A. E. F. operations, ii: 84, v: 200, 208, 384, 385-386;
  • strength of A. E. F, and French troops attacking, Sept., '18, iii: 99, v: 203, 385, 386;
  • German prisoners captured in operations against, Sept., '18, iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 208, 212, 386;
  • German artillery captured at, Sept., '18, iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 212, 386;
  • Allied casualties in reduction of salient, iii: 99, v: 71, 212, 386;
  • topography of salient, v: 65, 199;
  • list and disposition of A. E. F. and French divisions in drive against, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386;
  • strength of German troops defending sector, Sept., '18, v: 201, 208;
  • strength and activities of Allied air service in drive against, Sept., '18, v: 206, 309, 386;
  • effect of victory on A. E. F. morale, v: 386.
• St. Nazaire, debarkation and embarkation port for A. E. F., v: 339, 396.
• St. Pierremont, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.
• St. Quentin,
  • German base in France, ii: 86;
  • Germans break through British lines at, Mar., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197, iii: 86-91;
    • Philip Gibbs's account, iii:381-390;
  • unsuccessful French attacks on, Mar., '17, iii: 68;
  • captured by British, iii: 101.
• St. Quentin Canal, part of Hindenburg Line defenses, v: 292, 301.
• St. Remy, captured by 26th Div. in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12, '18, v: 69, 212.
• Saionji, Marquis, Japanese statesman,
  • causes fall of Terauchi Cabinet, vi: 388;
  • personal sketch, ix: 92.
• Sakharoff, Gen.,
  • Russian commander on Galician Front, iii: 142;
  • sent to defend Rumania against German invasion, '16, iii: 221, 223.
• Salandra, Antonio, Italian Premier,
  • pro-Ally policy brings Italy into war against Germany, ii: 236-239, vi: 123-126;
  • Cabinet of, forced to resign, June, '16, vi: 127.
• Salonika Campaign,
  • Maj.-Gen. Maurice on general military aspects of, ii: Intro. xix;
  • Allies fail to defend Rumania, ii: 62;
  • Allies' reasons for undertaking, iii: 201-202;
  • attitude of Greece on Allied occupation of Greek territory, iii: 202, 206;
  • strategy and military operations, iii: 202-213;
  • Allies land first troops, Oct. 3, '15, iii: 202;
  • Allied strength, Oct., '15, iii: 202;
  • Allies driven by Bulgars across Greek frontier, Oct.—Nov., '15, iii: 204-205;
  • Uskub captured by Bulgars, Oct. 9, '15, iii: 204;
  • Allies fortify Salonika position, iii: 205;
  • Bulgars occupy Greek territory, May, '16, iii: 207;
  • Gen. Sarrail proclaims martial law in Salonika, iii: 207;
  • Allies increase forces, May—Aug., '16, iii: 207;
  • Monastir captured by Allies, Nov. 19, '16, iii: 208-210;
  • Gen. d'Esperey succeeds Gen. Sarrail in command of Allied armies, iii: 212;
  • Allied and Bulgarian strengths, Sept., '18, iii: 212;
  • final Allied offensive crushes Bulgaria and forces surrender, Sept.—Oct., '18, iii: 212-213.
• Salvage service,
  • British, activities of, ii: 131;
  • A. E. F., activities of, v: 331, viii: 345-348;
  • general functions, xi: 308-313.
• Salvation Army,
  • war work, vii: 379-400;
  • tales of experiences in war service, vii: 379-393;
  • "Ma" Burdick, soldiers' friend, vii: 384;
  • care of soldiers' graves in France, vii: 391;
  • home service, vii: 393;
  • huts and hostel service, vii: 395;
  • clothing bureau, vii: 397;
  • work with A. E. F., vii: 397;
  • as soldiers' forwarding agency, vii: 399;
  • employment bureaus, vii: 399;
  • finances, vii: 400.
• Samoa, German,
  • captured by New Zealanders, vi: 38;
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Samogneux, captured by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48.
• Samouprava, Serbian journal, denounces terms of Italian secret treaty with Allies, vi: 361.
• Sampler, Sgt. Samuel H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
• Samsonoff, Gen.,
  • commander of Russian forces invading East Prussia, defeated and killed in battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 228, iii: 111-116;
  • Gen. Gourko's account of fate, ii: 228;
  • Ludendorff's account of fate, ii: 355;
  • see also Tannenberg, battle of.
• San, battle of the, May 15—17, '15, iii: 136.
• San Diego, U. S. cruiser sunk by mine, iv: 216.
• San Francisco, U. S. cruiser used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.
• San Giovanni di Medua, concentration of Serbian refugees at, iii: 284.
• Sanders, Gen. Liman von, head of German Mission in Turkey, iii: 164.
• Sandlin, Pvt. Willie, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
• Sanitation,
  • Red Cross Sanitary Service, vii: 31-32;
  • Division of Sanitation, U. S. Army Medical Corps, war-time activities, vii: 191, 253;
  • prevention of infectious diseases among troops, viii: 392-397;
  • making drinking water safe for army, viii: 394-396;
  • taught by movies in war zone, xi: 89;
  • see also
    • Disease;
    • Infection.
• Sanniyat, British repulsed at, in attempt to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 185.
• Santos-Dumont, development of aircraft by, xi: 221-223.
• Sapieha, Prince Eustace, attempted coup d'état against Pilsudski fails, vi: 222.
• Sarajevo, see Serajevo.
• Sarrail, Gen.,
  • commands a French Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184;
  • defender of Verdun, '14, ii: 188, iii: 303;
  • commander of French forces at Salonika, iii: 62, 202.
• Sarre, battle of the, Aug. 18, '14, iii: 18.
• Sarre Basin, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, [xii: 189-194].
• Save River, Austrians cross in invading Serbia, Aug. 12, '14, iii: 151.
• Savoy, neutralized zone of, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, [xii: 262].
• Sawelson, Sgt. William, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
• Saxony, Spartacide revolt in, Feb., '19, vi: 299.
• Sayville wireless station, taken over by U. S. Govt., July 8, '15, i: 381.
• Sazonov, Serge,
  • resigns as Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, July 23, '16, vi: 142;
  • biography, ix: 98-99.
• Scandinavia, neutrality, vi: 392.
• Scapa Flow,
  • British naval base, iv: 93;
  • German warships interned at, iv: 143.
• Scarborough, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.
• Scarpe sector, British drive on, Aug., '18, ii: 158.
• Scharnhorst, German cruiser,
  • in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66;
  • sunk in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70, 72, xi: 308;
    • eye-witness account, iv: 82.
• Scheidemann, Philip,
  • leader of German Social-Democratic majority, vi: Intro. xii;
  • member of Ebert Government, Nov., '18, vi: 277;
  • elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292;
  • biography, ix: 135-138.
• Scheldt River,
  • Belgian claims to Dutch territory at mouth of, vi: 89;
  • strategic position, vi: 375.
• Schleswig,
  • Danish attitude toward, vi: 393;
  • plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty for, vi: 394, [xii: 204].
• Schlieffen, Gen. Count von, author of plan of German campaigns, Aug., '14, ii: 345.
• Schmidt, Adm., German commander in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.
• Scholz, Walter, accomplice in German plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 371.
• School,
  • of the soldier, xi: 159;
  • of the squad, xi: 161.
• Schools, general educational program,
  • for A. E. F. at army centers and European universities, v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290;
  • for children in war zones, xi: 65-66;
  • U. S. Army training schools, see U. S., Army.
• Schwab, Charles M., biography and war service, ix: 332-334.
• Science, in the War,
  • Field-Marshal Haig's tribute, ii: 124;
  • displaces importance of military strategy, viii: Intro. vii.
• Scots Wha Hae wi' Wallace Bled, Scottish national song, xi: 331.
• Scottish Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service, vii: 101.
• "Scrap of paper," Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement on Belgian neutrality, i: 146.
• Seaplanes, see Aeronautics.
• Sea Scouts, British, coast guard duty, xi: 94.
• Sea tanks, Italian, description, iv: 272.
• Sebastopol, importance as seaport, ii: 28.
• Secours National,
  • American Committee of the, organization and activities, vii: 105;
  • see also War relief.
• Sector, defined, v: 14.
• Sedan,
  • key-point in German lines of supply, ii: 87;
  • A. E. F. advance on, Nov., '18, iii: 103, v: 92, 269, 391, xi: 53;
  • see also Mézières-Sedan railroad.
• Sedd-el-Bahr,
  • fort on Gallipoli, ii: 30, iv: 24, 42;
  • see also Gallipoli Campaign.
• Seeadler, career as German raider, iv: 198.
• Seed-Time, poem by Josephine Preston Peabody, vii: 283.
• Seeger, Alan, poet-soldier, x: 142.
• Seibert, Sgt. Lloyd M., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
• Seicheprey, German raid on A. E. F. lines at, Apr. 20, '18, v: 28, 122, xi: 43.
• Seitz, Karl, Austrian president, advocates union with Germany, vi: 322.
• Seleucia, ruins of ancient Greek capital, in Mesopotamia, iii: 331.
• "Self-determination," not recognized in Europe before War, i: 16.
• Seligman, Prof. Edwin R. A., on the cost of the War, [xii: 105-114].
• Selivanoff, Gen., commands Russians besieging Przemysl, iii: 132.
• Selle, battle of the, Aug. 19, '14, iii: 18.
• Semenoff, Gen., Cossack commander under Kolchak, vi: 192.
• Semmer, Marcelle, French heroine, story of, x: 181.
• Send Out the Army, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.
• Senegalese, description as fighters, x: 116.
• Senlis, German atrocities at, iii: 334-337.
• Senussi, Moslem league, invades Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190.
• Septsarges Wood, fighting at, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.
• Serajevo,
  • Archduke Francis Ferdinand and consort murdered at, i: 111, vi: 306, xi: 4;
  • attacked by Serbians, Sept., '14, iii: 153.
• Serapeum, Turkish attack near, in advance on Suez, iii: 190.
• Serbia,
  • Balkan ambitions in conflict with Austrian interests, i: 110, vi: 306, 354-357, 363;
  • Austria charges with responsibility for murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: 112, 246;
  • Austrian ultimatum to, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375;
  • conciliatory reply to Austrian ultimatum, i: 113;
  • Russian pledge of aid against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114;
  • Austria declares war on, July 28, '14, i: 115, 243, 375;
  • Austrian reasons for war against, i: 243, ii: 27, 33;
  • anti-Austrian societies, i: 244;
  • declares war on Germany, Aug. 9, '14, i: 375;
  • Bulgaria declares war on, Oct. 14, '15, i: 382;
  • conquest of, by Teutonic allies, ii: 32-36, iii: 148-160, 281-286, 393-400, vi: 357-358, xi: 18;
  • Allies refuse aid against conquest by Central Powers, ii: 35, iii: 156, 393, 400;
  • Allies prevent attack by, on Bulgaria, ii: 36, iii: 156;
  • unprepared for war, iii: 148, vii: 146;
  • lack of artillery and ammunition, iii: 148, 393;
  • size, organization, and fighting qualities of army, iii: 148, vii: 144;
  • topography, iii: 150;
  • generalship during War, iii: 150;
  • typhus epidemics, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148;
  • retreat into Albania, '15, iii: 158-160, 281-286, 400, vi: 357-358, vii: 151-158;
  • army and government take refuge at Corfu, iii: 160, 286;
  • effect of defeat on Allied cause, iii: 160;
  • casualties during retreat into Albania, iii: 284, vi: 358;
  • American and Allied relief work in, iii: 398, vii: 109, 144-168;
  • prisoners of war, iii: 404;
  • total war casualties, iii: 404, [xii: 288];
  • early history, vi: 354;
  • Austrophile policy, vi: 355;
  • Russophile policy, vi: 355;
  • anti-Austrian expressions by press, vi: 356;
  • clash with Italy over Fiume and eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 360-363, 364-370;
  • statement of war aims, vi: 363;
  • letters of appreciation for American relief, vii: 158-166;
  • debt to U. S., [xii: 18];
  • money equivalent of man-power lost, [xii: 25];
  • value of property loss, [xii: 26];
  • war cost, July, '14—Oct., '18, [xii: 107];
  • rise in national debt, [xii: 114];
  • delegates to Peace Conference, [xii: 180];
  • see also Jugoslavs.
• Serbia, poem by Florence Earle Coates, vi: 353.
• Sergy,
  • captured by 42nd Div., July, '18, v: 59, 188;
  • Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192.
• Serieux Farm, captured by 181st Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.
• Seringes-et-Nesles,
  • captured by 42nd Div., v: 59, 188;
  • Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192.
• Serre, evacuated by Germans, Feb. 24, '17, iii: 64.
• Services of Supply (S. O. S.), see U. S., Army.
• Seven Weeks' War, between Prussia and Austria, 1866, i: 41.
• Severn, British monitor,
  • in attack on German cruiser Königsberg, iv: 195, 282;
  • description, iv: 281.
• Seydlitz, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
• Shabatz, Austrians cross into Serbia at, Aug., '14, iii: 151.
• Shantung,
  • Germany gains forced concessions in, 1897, i: 82;
  • Japan's desire for, iv: 367, vi: 382, 385;
  • Japanese demands for, at Peace Conference, [xii: 160];
  • German rights in, transferred to Japan by Peace Treaty, [xii: 209];
  • see also Kiau-Chau.
• Shell-shock, treatment, vii: 179, viii: 368-369.
• Shells, see Ammunition.
• Shipping,
  • British position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282;
  • German position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282;
  • U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283;
  • controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;
  • list of American ships attacked by German U-boats, i: 356;
  • list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357;
  • list of sinkings by German raider Emden, iv: 189;
  • tales of heroic captains of merchant ships, x: 322-324;
  • value of tonnage sunk, [xii: 26];
  • statistics on world tonnage, Aug., '14—Dec., '17, [xii: 91];
  • statistics on losses, Aug., 14—Dec., '17, [xii: 92];
  • neutral, chartered by U. S. for war service, [xii: 98];
  • war-time increase in neutral, [xii: 100];
  • Peace Treaty provisions for replacement by Germany of Allied shipping destroyed, [xii: 222];
  • Peace Treaty provisions on privileges to be granted to Allied shipping by Germany, [xii: 230];
  • see also Germany, Blockade of; Submarine Warfare.
• "Shock" troops, German, viii: 144.
• Shotgun, use in modern warfare, viii: 114-116.
• Shrapnel,
  • compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287, viii: 8;
  • invention, viii: 72;
  • description, viii: 72;
  • manufacture, viii: 72-74;
  • see also Ammunition.
• Siam,
  • delegates to Peace Conference, [xii: 180];
  • German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, [xii: 208].
• Siberia,
  • Russian expansion in, i: 20;
  • early history, vi: 189;
  • relations with Russia, vi: 189;
  • movement for autonomy, vi: 189;
  • Bolsheviki suppress Duma, vi: 189;
  • anti-Bolshevik elements form All-Russian Government at Omsk, vi: 191;
  • "Coöperatives," nature of, vi: 191;
  • Gen. Horvath sets up bourgeois government at Harbin, vi: 192;
  • Czecho-Slovak prisoners in, form anti-Bolshevik army, vi: 192;
  • Vladivostok captured by Czecho-Slovaks, June, '18, vi: 192;
  • unofficial Allied intervention, vi: 192;
  • intervention in, by U. S. troops, vi: 192-193;
  • reactionary factions gain control, vi: 193;
  • Kolchak makes himself dictator, vi: 194;
  • anarchy and civil war, vi: 194;
  • Japanese policy in regard to, vi: 386;
  • American Y.M.C.A. in, vii: 293.
• Sibert, Maj.-Gen. William L., commander of first American forces in France, June, '17, v: 106.
• Sidi Ahmed, heads Moslem forces invading Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190.
• Sidi Barrani, occupied by British, Feb., '16, iii: 191.
• Siebs, Paul, share in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 373.
• Siegfried Line, see Hindenburg Line.
• Signalling,
  • means of, viii: 322;
  • work of U. S. Army Signal Corps in France, viii: 322-329;
  • use of pigeons in, viii: 328;
  • see also U. S. Army, Signal Corps.
• Silesia, Upper, awarded to Poland by Peace Conference pending plebiscite, vi: 226.
• Silistria, retaken by Bulgaria, vi: 344.
• Silver, rise in value, due to War, [xii: 32].
• Sims, Adm. William Snowden, biography, ix: 291-293.
• Sinai Desert, Turkish advance through, against Suez, iii: 191.
• Sinn Fein, see Ireland.
• Sirius, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.
• Siwa, captured by British, Feb. 5, '17, iii: 191.
• Sixtus, Prince, of Bourbon-Parma, letter of Emperor Charles to, making peace offer to Allies, Mar., '17, ii: 63, vi: 315.
• Sjorgen self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89.
• Skinker, Capt. Alexander R., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
• Skobelev, Minister of Labor in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet, vi: 160.
• Skoda howitzers, viii: 22;
  • see also Artillery.
• Skoropadski, Gen., Cossack dictator in Ukraine, vi: 247.
• Slack, Pvt. Clayton K., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
• Slang, soldiers', expressions of, xi: 362.
• Slavs,
  • distribution and culture, i: 238;
  • in Austro-Hungarian empire, vi: 306-307;
  • antagonism to Latins, vi: 359;
  • antagonism to Teutons, vi: 360;
  • see also
    • Jugoslavs;
    • Pan-Slavism;
    • Russia;
    • Serbia.
• Slovaks, see
  • Bohemia;
  • Czechoslovakia.
• Smile, Smile, Smile, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.
• Smith, Lieut.-Col. Frederick E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
• Smith, Maj.-Gen. W. R., commander, 36th Div., July, '18, v: 196.
• Smith-Dorrien, Gen. Sir Horace,
  • commander of British Second Corps, ii: 162, 174;
  • Viscount French's criticism of, for fighting Le Cateau battle, Aug. 26, '14, ii: 162-164, 174;
  • Sir Henry Newbolt's account of stand at Le Cateau, ii: 174-182;
  • Viscount French's praise of, for stand at Le Cateau, iii: 28.
• Smoke screen, uses in naval warfare, iv: 311.
• Smoke shells, use in covering infantry advance, ii: 126.
• Smokeless powder, see Ammunition.
• Smuggling of war supplies into Germany, [xii: 100].
• Smuts, Gen. Jan Christaan,
  • sent by Peace Conference on mission to Hungary, vi: 326;
  • biography, ix: 187-190;
  • advocate of League of Nations, ix: 190, [xii: 155].
• Sneezing gas, use in chemical warfare, viii: 171.
• Snowden, Philip,
  • British Labor Party leader, indorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12;
  • defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17.
• Socialism,
  • fallacy of, i: Intro. xi;
  • Socialists, see under country.
• Soissons,
  • occupied by Germans, May 29, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93;
  • Allied drive against, in Aisne-Marne counter-offensive, July 18—21, '18, v: 130, 158-183;
  • recaptured by French, Aug. 2, '18, v: 188.
• Soldau,
  • captured by Russians, Aug., '14, iii: 111;
  • recaptured by Germans, Aug., '14, iii: 114.
• Soldier, The, poem by Rupert Brooke, x: facing p. 1.
• Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils,
  • in Germany, rise, vi: 280, 283;
  • dissolution ordered by Central Council of Delegates, Dec., '18, vi: 283.
• Soldiers' Committees, in Russia, cause of army demoralization, iii: 268.
• Soldiers' Councils, of Austria,
  • vote against soviet form of government, Apr. 10, '19, vi: 320;
  • seize control of Vienna, Apr. 18, '19, vi: 321.
• Soldier's creed, xi: 170.
• Soldiers' songs, xi: 335-339.
• Somme, battles of:
  • July—Sept., '16, ii: 44-47, 148, iii: 55-62, 63, 64, xi: 24;
    • Allies' aims, ii: 44, iii: 55;
    • battle line at start, ii: 46;
    • results, iii: 56, 61, 63;
      • Haig's report, ii: 46-47;
    • loss of German morale, ii: 47;
    • effect on battle of Verdun, ii: 47, iii: 61, 63, 314;
    • British artillery at, ii: 126;
    • Foch in command of French, ii: 148;
    • Inter-Allied Conference decides on unified offensive, Mar., '16, iii: 55;
    • Allied man-power, iii: 55;
    • amount of ammunition used, iii: 56;
    • description of initial bombardment by John Buchan, July 1, '16, iii: 57;
    • Allies' first objectives, iii: 58;
    • Maurepas captured by French, iii: 58;
    • Pozières captured by British, iii: 59;
    • Thiepval stormed by British, iii: 59;
    • Combles evacuated by Germans, iii: 59;
    • works of tanks at, iii: 59, 64;
    • Germans captured, iii: 60;
    • extent of battle area, iii: 61;
    • casualties, German and Allied, iii: 61;
    • a "blood-bath" for Germans, iii: 63;
    • effect on Germany, iii: 63;
    • importance, iii: 63.
  • Mar.—Apr., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197, iii: 86-91;
    • Philip Gibbs's account of German break through British lines, iii: 381-390;
    • German method of attack, iii: 88;
    • Albert captured by Germans, iii: 89;
    • results in establishment of Allied unity of command under Foch, iii: 89;
    • British casualties, iii: 390.
• Sommerance, captured by 1st Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.
• Sommerville sector, held by Americans, '17, v: 111.
• Song of the Dardanelles, poem by D'Annunzio, ix: 343.
• Sonnino, Baron Sidney,
  • advocates Italy's entry into War on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 120, 123;
  • becomes Italian Foreign Minister, vi: 120;
  • insists on fulfillment of secret treaty with Allies, vi: 362, 366;
  • policy at Peace Conference, vi: 369;
  • biography, ix: 82-85.
• Sothern, E. H., helps organize Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.
• Souchez, captured by French, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46.
• Souchon, Adm., Commander of German cruisers Goeben and Breslau, iv: 14.
• South Africa, Union of,
  • forces under Gen. Botha conquer German Southwest Africa, '14—'15, iii: 253-255, vi: 50;
  • strength of army, iii: 405;
  • war casualties, iii: 405;
  • formation after Boer War, vi: 47;
  • British policy in, vi: 47;
  • political parties and policies, vi: 47-49;
  • Gen. Botha leader of loyal Afrikander Party, vi: 47;
  • Unionists, vi: 47;
  • Gen. Hertzog organizes Nationalist Party, vi: 47-49;
  • Nationalists oppose participation in War, vi: 49;
  • Boer rebellion under Maritz and De Wet suppressed by Botha, '14, vi: 49-50;
  • parliamentary elections of '15 show strong anti-British sentiment, vi: 50-52;
  • Nationalists' attitude prevents conscription, vi: 52;
  • Nationalists send delegation to Peace Conference to plead for independence, vi: 52;
  • war cost, Aug., '14—Mar., '19, [xii: 107];
  • rise in public debt, [xii: 114];
  • delegates to Peace Conference, [xii: 179].
• South Pacific Islands, German,
  • acquired by Australia, '18, [xii: 279];
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Southwest Africa, German,
  • conquered by Allies, iii: 253-255, vi: 50;
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Soviet, see
  • Bavaria;
  • Bolshevism;
  • Hungary;
  • Russia;
  • Saxony;
  • Spartacides.
• Spad biplane, viii: 194.
• Spahis, description, xi: 189.
• Spain,
  • as a naval power, i: 28;
  • loss of colonial empire, i: 35;
  • international position in '14, i: 62;
  • policy of neutrality during War, vi: 370;
  • growing dislike for Germans, vi: 371;
  • war-time prosperity, vi: 372;
  • German propaganda in, [xii: 101].
• Spartacides, German,
  • beginnings, vi: 260;
  • leaders, vi: 278;
  • excluded by Ebert from Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 278;
  • urge social revolution, vi: 279;
  • allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280-281;
  • program rejected by Central Council of Delegates, Dec., '18, vi: 283;
  • plan revolution against government of Majority Socialists, vi: 283;
  • insurrection of Jan., '19, vi: 287-290;
  • Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, vi: 289;
  • defeated in elections for National Assembly, Jan., '19, vi: 290;
  • instigate labor strikes, vi: 294;
  • establish Soviet in Munich, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300-301;
  • establish Soviet in Leipzig, Feb., '19, vi: 299;
  • second Berlin insurrection suppressed by Noske, Mar., '19, vi: 299-300;
  • see also Germany, Internal politics.
• Spee, Adm. Count Maximilian,
  • commander of German Far East Squadron, strategy of operations, iv: 59-62;
  • defeats British in battle off Coronel, Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-69;
  • biography, ix: 306-309.
• Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348.
• Spheres of influence, of Great Powers, i: 18.
• Spies,
  • German, in United States, x: 326-348, 350;
  • in England, x: 348;
  • the "spy mill," x: 355;
  • disclosure of tank secret by Mata-Hari, x: 360;
  • dynamiting of Canadian railroad bridge, x: 368;
  • plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 369-377;
  • within French lines, x: 379.
• Spires of Oxford, poem by Winifred M. Letts, xi: 210.
• Spitaals-Bosschen, captured by 91st Div., Oct. 31, '18, v: 279.
• Sports, in A. E. F.,
  • at Winchester Camp, vii: 288;
  • in Army of Occupation, vii: 293;
  • general athletic program under Y. M. C. A., vii: 313-317.
• Springfield rifle,
  • standard arm of U. S. troops before War, v: 347;
  • reason for abandonment during War and adoption of British type, v: 347, viii: 96;
  • comparison of new U. S. type with, viii: 102-105;
  • see also Rifles.
• Spruce, use in aircraft construction, viii: 308.
• Srpska Narodna Himna, Serbian national anthem, xi: 328.
• Stage Women's War Relief, organization and activities, vii: 343-349.
• Stanislau,
  • captured by Austrians, Feb., '15, iii: 132;
  • recaptured by Russians, Mar., '15, iii: 132;
  • recaptured by Austrians, June, '15, iii: 136.
• Star shells, iv: 334, viii: 334.
• Star-spangled Banner, American national anthem, xi: 325.
• Stark, Col. Alexander, Chief Surgeon, First Army, v: 346.
• Stefanik, Gen., member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.
• Stenay, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
• Stern, Lieut.-Col. Sir A. G., share in development of tanks, viii: 155.
• Stock Exchange, New York, effect of War on, [xii: 32].
• Stokes, Anson Phelps, Secretary of Yale University, educational survey of A. E. F., vii: 281.
• Stokes mortar, use as "artillery of accompaniment," viii: 141.
• Stone, Lieut.-Com. A. J., inventor of "Y" gun for launching depth bombs, iv: 332.
• Stonne, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268.
• Storage tanks built by A. E. F. Engineers in France, v: 334.
• Storstad, S. S., Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229.
• Strassburg, German cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
• Strategy, of the War,
  • Maj.-Gen. Maurice on, ii: Intro. vii-xxiv;
  • Allied miscalculation of German strength, Aug., '14, ii: Intro. vii;
  • British policy of combined land and naval attack, ii: Intro. viii;
  • factors in formation of British military policy, ii: Intro. viii;
  • importance of Eastern and Western theaters of war compared, ii: Intro. x-xxiii, 11-14, 87-90;
    • Field-Marshal French's opinion, ii: 171-172;
  • Lloyd George favors aggressive campaign against Austria, ii: Intro. x, xx;
  • comparative advantages for Allies of Dardanelles and Austrian campaigns, ii: Intro. xii;
  • advantageous position of Central Powers, ii: Intro. xiii;
  • comparison of, in World War with that of Civil War, ii: Intro. xiii;
  • value of Mesopotamian campaign, ii: Intro. xvi, 87-90;
  • reasons for British campaign in Palestine, ii: Intro. xviii, xxi, 87-90;
  • British position in secondary theaters of war, '17, ii: Intro. xix;
  • advisability of Salonika expedition, ii: Intro. xix;
  • Allies' problem, ii: Intro. xxi;
  • Allies at strategical advantage, Aug., '18, ii: Intro. xxiii;
  • general German war plans, '14, ii: 1-6, iv: 4-6, viii: 133;
  • French plans, '14, ii: 6-11;
  • German mistake in attacking France instead of Russia first, Aug., '14, ii: 11-16;
  • probable results of a vigorous German offensive against Russia in '14, ii: 13;
  • economic strategy, Allied blockade and German U-boat warfare, ii: 16-22;
  • absence of unified Allied plan prior to '16, ii: 40;
  • German battle positions compared with Allied, ii: 41;
  • Allied plan for overcoming German advantage of position, ii: 41;
  • German plans for '17, ii: 53;
  • Allied plans for '17, ii: 54;
  • reasons for German offensive of '18 and choice of front, ii: 63-69, 288;
  • object of war, ii: 68;
  • choice of Picardy front by Germans for final drive, '18, ii: 69;
  • importance of Amiens, ii: 69;
  • German operations in final drive, spring, '18, ii: 70-80, 97;
  • Foch's defense against German drive, spring, '18, ii: 76, 77;
  • theories of Foch on, ii: 80-82, 103-110, 137;
  • destruction of opposing army the essential, ii: 80;
  • of Foch, in Allied counter-offensive, July—Nov., '18, ii: 82-87, 97, v: 213;
  • Allied, in Turkey, ii: 87-94;
  • causes for failure of German war plans, ii: 99;
  • German in '14, compared with that in wars of 1866 and 1870, ii: 115;
  • necessity of frontal attacks on Western Front, ii: 116;
  • Field-Marshal Haig's theories on, ii: 118-120;
  • war of position on Western Front, ii: 148;
  • task of Allied reserves during German offensive, '18, ii: 151;
  • Russian war plans, explained by Chief of Staff Gen. Gourko, ii: 225;
  • Germans defeated in open warfare, '18, ii: 288-290;
  • importance of Bagdad railway, ii: 290;
  • defined, iv: 1;
  • relation of naval, to land, iv: 2;
  • offensive defined, iv: 4;
  • essentials of naval, iv: 4;
  • criticism of Allied lack of action in Mediterranean, iv: 13;
  • British and German aims in North Sea, iv: 86;
  • Lord Fisher's criticism of British, iv: 140;
  • German alternatives, '17—'18, v: 3;
  • old-fashioned studies useless in present War, v: 40;
  • see also
    • campaign, engagement, or front;
    • Foch;
    • Germany;
    • Tactics.
• Strauss, Rear-Adm. Joseph, in command of U. S. mine laying operations, iv: 328.
• Stretchers, improved types, viii: 377.
• Strong, Maj.-Gen. Frederick S., commander 40th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.
• Strong, Dr. Richard P., in charge of U. S. typhus relief in Serbia, iii: 398, vii: 148.
• Strumnitza, French headquarters established at, Oct., '15, iii: 204.
• Stryj, captured by Germans June 1, '15, iii: 136.
• Strypa River, crossed by Russians June 8, '16, iii: 144.
• Sturdee, Vice-Adm. Sir Frederick, British commander at Battle of Falklands, iv: 69, ix: 308.
• Stürgkh, Carl, Austrian Premier, killed, Oct. 21, '14, vi: 312.
• Stürmer, Boris,
  • Russian cabinet member, German agent, ii: 59;
  • succeeds Goremykin as Premier, vi: 140;
  • becomes Foreign Minister, vi: 142;
  • dismissed from office under charges of treason, vi: 142.
• Stuttgart, bombed by French airmen, Sept. 22, '15, i: 382; Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
• Sub-chaser No. 28, experiences when disabled at sea, iv: 352-354.
• Sublime Porte, name for Turkish Foreign Office, i: 90.
• Submarines,
  • development and early history, iv: 201-205, xi: 241-245;
  • voyage of German commerce submarine Deutschland across Atlantic, iv: 214, x: 271-274;
  • life aboard, iv: 235-239;
  • greatest achievement of War, viii: Intro. viii;
  • description, viii: 264-266;
  • see also name of submarine.
• Submarine warfare,
  • Lansing's proposal for regulation of, i: 281, 327;
  • comment of London Times on Lansing proposal, i: 282;
  • German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282;
  • Germany announces blockade of Great Britain, effective Feb. 18, '15, i: 314, 358, ii: 21, iv: 217, vi: 256;
  • controversy between U. S. and Germany over, i: 317-326, 328-335, 339, iv: 223;
    • chronological summary, with list of ships sunk, Aug., '14—Apr., '16, i: 357-361;
  • President Wilson's "Strict accountability" note, i: 317;
  • American ship William P. Frye sunk, Jan. 28, '15, i: 319;
  • Falaba sunk, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218;
  • American tanker Gulflight torpedoed, May 1, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218;
  • German warning to neutrals to keep off Allied ships, May 1, '15, i: 319;
  • Lusitania sunk, May 7, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 220;
    • Lord Mersey's official report, i: 362-365;
  • controversy between U. S. and Germany on Lusitania sinking, i: 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 358-361;
  • American steamer Nebraskan attacked, May 25, '15, i: 320;
  • Arabic sunk, Aug. 19, '15, i: 323, 360, iv: 223;
  • Germany pledges to warn before sinking, i: 325, 361;
  • Hesperian torpedoed, Sept. 4, '15, i: 325;
  • controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary over sinking of Ancona, Nov. 8, '15, i: 326, 361, iv: 223;
  • Germany to sink armed merchantmen without warning, Mar. 1, '16, i: 327;
  • British passenger steamer Sussex sunk, Mar. 24, '16, i: 328, 361, iv: 223, xi: 20;
    • survivor's description, x: 281-288;
  • U. S. threatens to sever relations with Germany over Sussex sinking, i: 329-331, 361;
  • German apology for Sussex sinking, i: 333;
  • activities of U-53 off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334;
  • freighter Marina sunk, Oct. 28, '16, i: 334;
  • Arabia sunk, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334;
  • Germany declares unrestricted warfare, Feb. 1, '17, i: 339, 344, ii: 22, 272, iv: 223, vi: 265, xi: 35;
    • Ludendorff's account of decision, ii: 306-307;
  • Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of reasons for unrestricted warfare, i: 344;
  • U. S. severs diplomatic relations with Germany over, Feb. 3, '17, i: 344-345;
  • U. S. merchantmen ordered armed, i: 347;
  • American steamer Algonquin sunk without warning, Mar. 2, '17, i: 348;
  • influence of unrestricted warfare in forcing U. S. into War, i, 348, 368, ii: 53;
  • President Wilson's speech before Congress, stating case against Germany and asking for declaration of war, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355;
  • list of American ships attacked, i: 356;
  • list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357;
  • Persia sunk, Dec. 30, '15, i: 361, iv: 224;
  • effectiveness, ii: Intro. xvii, 22, 54, iv: 239;
  • German purpose in, ii: 22, 53, iv: 7-8, 140;
  • British drive against German submarine bases, '17, ii: 56;
  • Ludendorff on failure of ruthlessness, ii: 308;
  • efforts to sink U. S. troopships, ii: 318;
  • methods of combating, iv: Intro. xi, 284-287, 304-317, 324-334, viii: 17-20, 266-282, 343-344, xi: 239;
  • North Sea mine barrage, iv, Intro. xi, 324-330, viii: 274;
  • Aboukir, Cressy, and Hogue sunk by U-9, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280;
  • exploits of British submarine E-9, iv: 207;
  • exploits of British submarines in Dardanelles, iv: 209-212;
  • Laconia sunk, Feb. 25, '17, iv: 225;
  • Belgian Relief ship Storstad torpedoed, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229;
  • Alnwick Castle sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230;
  • hospital ships sunk without warning, iv: 232;
  • Belgian Prince sunk July 31, '17, iv: 232;
  • use of air- and sea-planes for detecting U-boats, iv: 284-287;
  • net traps, iv: 305-307, 308, viii: 274;
  • torpedoes, description and method of use by U-boats, iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-248;
  • depth-bombs as anti-submarine weapon, iv: 307, 312, 317, 330-332, viii: 281-282, xi: 239;
  • nets across British Channel, iv: 307, viii: 274;
  • use and description of sound-detecting devices for locating U-boats, iv: 308-310, viii: 17-20, 279-281;
  • zigzagging, iv: 310;
  • smoke screen, iv: 311;
  • camouflaging ships, iv, 311, viii: 343;
  • arming merchant ships, iv: 314, viii: 278;
  • U. S. transport Tuscania torpedoed, iv: 336;
  • U. S. transport Covington sunk, July, '17, iv: 337;
  • U. S. transport Mount Vernon torpedoed, Sept. 5, '17, iv: 337;
  • U. S. transport Antilles torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, iv: 337;
  • U. S. transport Finland torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337;
  • U. S. transport President Lincoln sunk, May 31, '18, iv: 337, 340;
  • U. S. destroyer Cassin torpedoed, iv: 343;
  • U. S. destroyer Jacob Jones sunk, Dec. 6, '17, iv: 346;
  • Italian cruisers Amalfi and Garibaldi sunk, iv: 369;
  • French cruiser Léon Gambetta sunk by Austrian U-boat, iv: 373;
  • French cruiser Provence II sunk, Feb. 26, '16, iv: 376;
  • French battleship Danton sunk, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376;
  • French anti-submarine campaign, iv: 378;
  • first attack on American convoy, June 22, '17, v: 107;
  • effect on British food supply, vi: 10;
  • effectiveness of destroyers in combating, viii: Intro. viii;
  • fantastic proposals for fighting U-boats, viii: 266-274, 276-278;
  • account of experiences by survivor of a rammed U-boat, x: 295-297;
  • value of tonnage sunk, [xii: 26];
  • see also
    • Germany, Blockade of;
    • Shipping.
• Sudanese, defeated by British, May, '16, iii: 191.
• Suez Canal,
  • neutralized, 1888, i: 16;
  • construction of, by French, 1869, i: 48;
  • Great Britain gains control, 1875, i: 48;
  • importance, ii: 27;
  • German designs on, ii: 27;
  • Turkish operations against, ii: 31, iii: 189-192.
• Suffolk, Adm. Craddock's flagship in West Atlantic, iv: 63.
• Suffren, French battleship,
  • at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
  • mysterious disappearance, iv: 376.
• Sugar,
  • shortage in England, [xii: 34];
  • method of war-time distribution in U. S., [xii: 46];
  • war-time shortage, [xii: 138].
• Sugar Equalization Board, U. S., functions, [xii: 46].
• Sukhomlinov, Russian Minister of War, arrested and disgraced, '15, vi: 136.
• Summerall, Maj.-Gen. Charles P.,
  • placed in command of Fifth Corps, Oct. 12, '18, v: 83, 250, 391;
  • as brigadier-general commands 1st Div. at Soissons, July, '18, v: 167;
  • at St. Mihiel, Sept., 318, v: 202;
  • tribute to, by Frederick Palmer, v: 235;
  • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 391.
• Sunshine (40th) Division, see U. S., Army.
• Supplies, lines of, to field armies, ii: 69.
• Support, line of, definition and description, v: 12.
• Supreme Naval Council, Allied, formed, Dec. 4, '17, i: 393.
• Supreme War Council, Allied, formed, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392, iii: 84.
• Surgery,
  • early history, vii: 4-6;
  • in U. S. Army, vii: 219-224;
  • use of X-ray in war surgery, vii: 221, viii: 373-376;
  • war-time evolution in methods, viii: 361-365;
  • treatment of head wounds, viii: 365;
  • treatment of face wounds, viii: 366;
  • treatment of body wounds, viii: 366;
  • treatment of blood vessel lesions, viii: 366;
  • treatment of nerve-cord lesions, viii: 366;
  • treatment of fractures, viii: 367;
  • new method of amputation, viii: 367;
  • prevention of gas gangrene, viii: 367;
  • prevention of tetanus infection, viii: 367;
  • Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, xi: 289;
  • artificial arms, viii: 384-388;
  • artificial legs, viii: 388-390;
  • use of ambrine in treatment of burns, viii: 390;
  • reconstructing mutilated faces, viii: 390;
  • artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391;
  • see also
    • Infection;
    • Medical Science;
    • Reconstruction of disabled;
    • U. S. Army, Medical Service.
• Surveillance, line of, definition and description, v: 12.
• Sussex, British passenger steamer,
  • sunk by U-boat, Mar. 24, '16, i: 328, 361, iv: 223, xi: 20;
    • survivor's description, x: 281-288;
  • U. S. threatens to sever diplomatic relations with Germany over sinking of, i: 329-331, 361;
  • German apology for sinking, i: 333.
• Suvla Bay, at Gallipoli,
  • Allied landing at, Aug. 7, '15, i: 381, iii: 173;
  • see also Gallipoli Campaign.
• Suwalki,
  • Russians cross into East Prussia near, iii: 111;
  • captured by Germans, iii: 116;
  • evacuated by Germans, Oct. 9, '14, iii: 118.
• Schwarzlose automatic pistol, description, viii: 90.
• Sweden,
  • international position in, '14, i: 62;
  • policy of neutrality, vi: 394;
  • relations with Finland, vi: 395;
  • Crown Princess of, work for war prisoners, vii: 395.
• Swierzynski, Joseph,
  • forms Polish cabinet, vi: 219;
  • declares Poland republic, vi: 219.
• Swift, British destroyer, account of night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.
• Swift, Maj.-Gen. Eben, commands 82nd Div., June, '18, v: 143.
• Swiftsure, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.
• Swinton, Maj.-Gen. E. D.,
  • on development and war functions of tanks, ii: 273-290;
  • conceives idea of tank as war weapon, Oct., '14, ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256.
• Switch position, defined, v: 16.
• Switzerland,
  • system of citizen army, i: Intro. xii;
  • international position, '14, i: 62;
  • policy of armed neutrality during War, i: 140, vi: 379;
  • antagonism between French and German elements, vi: 379-380;
  • implication of Intelligence Dept. of General Staff in unneutral conduct, vi: 380;
  • Foreign Minister Hoffman forced out of office by neutralist sentiment, vi: 380;
  • Gustave Ador heads Foreign Office, vi: 380;
  • Red Cross activities, vi: 380;
  • Geneva designated as seat of League of Nations, vi: 382, [xii: 183].
• Sydney, Australian cruiser, destroys German raider Emden, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185-190.
• Synchronizers, for timing machine-gun fire through airplane propeller blades, viii: 86, 190-192, 208-210, 214.
• Syria,
  • placed under French control by secret treaties of '16—'17, vi: 334;
  • area and population, [xii: 279].

• [T]
• Tachometer, aero engine revolution counter, viii: 218.
• Tactics,
  • battle of maneuver and of line compared by Foch, ii: 108;
  • new French plan of defense, June, '18, ii: 208;
  • trench warfare and "war of movement," compared by German military critic, ii: 259;
  • German method of attack by infiltration, iii: 386, v: 17-19;
  • French trench defensive organization, v: 12-17;
  • parallel of resistance, v: 12;
  • line of resistance, v: 12;
  • line of surveillance, v: 12;
  • line of support, v: 12;
  • center of resistance, v: 14;
  • adaptation of American divisional organization to French scheme of defense, v: 19-21;
  • elements of limitation in offensives, v: 23;
  • American patrolling activities, v: 27, 117;
  • use of gas-projector batteries by Germans, v: 28;
  • value of villages in stabilized warfare, v: 31;
  • method of overcoming machine-gun nests, v: 39;
  • von Hutier's method of surprise attack, v: 41, viii: 143-145;
  • Gen. Gouraud's system of defense against attack by infiltration, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148;
  • A. E. F. training for open warfare, v: 114;
  • new German tactics in drive of Mar., '18, v: 161;
  • use of masked machine-gun fire in defensive, v: 287;
  • see also Strategy;
    • Trench warfare;
    • battle or campaign.
• Taft, William Howard, statement on U. S. action on Lusitania sinking, i: 320.
• Tagliamento River,
  • reached by Austro-Germans in invasion of Italy, Nov., '17, ii: 58, iii: 248;
  • see also Italian Front.
• Tailly, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.
• Talaat Bey, Turkish Minister of Interior, responsibility for Armenian massacres, vi: 332.
• Talley, Sgt. Edward R., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
• Tanine, Turkish newspaper, comment on Dardanelles expedition, vi: 330.
• Tanks,
  • Field-Marshal Haig on effectiveness, ii: 123-124;
  • use in Allied counter-offensive, July 18, '18, ii: 210, 281;
  • development, description, and battle uses, v: 314, viii: 140-143, 148-161, xi: 251-264;
    • Maj.-Gen. Swinton on, ii: 273-290;
  • German opinion of value, ii: 273-274;
  • invention suggested by American farm tractors, ii: 274, xi: 256;
  • purpose in development of, ii: 275, viii: 140-141, xi: 253-256;
  • Maj.-Gen. Swinton conceives idea for, ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256;
  • fore-runners of idea, ii: 276;
  • British experimentation, '15—'16, ii: 277, viii: 155, xi: 257;
  • origin of word "tank," ii: 277;
  • first quantity production begun by British, Feb., '16, ii: 277;
  • first use in action at battle of the Somme, Sept., '16, ii: 277, iii: 59, viii: 141, xi: 251-253;
  • successful surprise attack at battle of Cambrai, Nov. 20, '17, ii: 280, 283, iii: 80, viii: 142,156;
    • Philip Gibbs's description, iii: 337-340;
  • use in Allied retreat, Mar.—June, '18, ii: 280;
  • British "Whippets," ii: 280, viii: 148, xi: 262;
  • use in Allied attack at Hamel, July 4, '18, ii: 281, 282;
  • lead in Allied surprise attack at Amiens, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281;
  • use by Allies in second battle of Cambrai, Sept. 27—Oct. 10, '18, ii: 281;
  • first time manned by Americans, Sept. 29, '18, ii: 281;
  • development by French, ii: 282, viii: 152-155, xi: 257;
  • German type, ii: 282, viii: 159;
  • effectiveness compared with field artillery, ii: 283;
  • saving of war material in use, ii: 284;
  • casualty rate among troops attacking with, ii: 284;
  • in drive against Soissons, July, '18, v: 177;
  • number in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 223, 388;
  • number of U. S. tanks in France, v: 350;
  • value as infantry support, viii: 141-143;
  • tank vs. machine gun, viii: 150-151;
  • decisive factor in smashing German trench system, viii: 150-152, xi: 261;
  • uses in peace times, viii: 151;
  • French invention for crushing barbed-wire entanglements, viii: 153;
  • Boirault machine, viii: 153;
  • French electric tank, viii: 155;
  • French "baby" Renaults, viii: 156, xi: 260;
  • British and French types compared, viii: 156;
  • U. S. types, viii: 158;
  • requirements for successful tank, viii: 158;
  • future possibilities, viii: 160;
  • account of an American tank-man, x: 58-62;
  • German method of defense against, xi: 264;
  • account of battle between, xi: 265-266;
  • sensation of riding in, xi: 269-270;
  • for U. S. Tank Corps, see U. S., Army.
• Tannay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268.
• Tannenberg, battle of,
  • Hindenburg crushes Russian armies invading East Prussia, Aug., '18, ii: 24-25, iii: 112-116.
  • Gen. Gourko's account, ii: 228-229;
  • Ludendorff's comments on,ii: 353-354;
• Tardenois salient,
  • strategic aspects, with description of terrain, ii: 210-212, v: 42-43, 58;
  • see also Marne, battles of, July, '18.
• Tarnopol, captured by Russians, Sept. 27, '14, iii: 120.
• Tatarli, captured by Allies, Oct., 15, iii: 204.
• Taube airplanes, record flights by, viii: 206.
• Taxation,
  • in paying for cost of War, [xii: 108-114];
  • see also under each country.
• Tchitcherin, Russian Soviet Commissary for Foreign Affairs, vi: 187.
• Tear gas,
  • see
    • Chemical warfare;
    • Chlorpicrin;
    • Zylyl bromide.
• Teleferica, Italian aerial cableway in the Alps, viii: 303-306.
• Telegraphy,
  • development and use of wireless, in the War, viii: 315-318, 320-322;
  • U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323, 325.
• Telephones,
  • development and use of wireless, in the War, viii: 316-320;
  • U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323-326.
• Terauchi, Count, Japanese Prime Minister,
  • militarist policy, vi: 386-388;
  • biography, ix: 90.
• Tereschenko, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet, vi: 160.
• Teschen, dispute between Poland and Czechoslovakia for possession of, vi: 400.
• Tetanus, causes and treatment of, in army, vii: 253, viii: 367, xi: 287.
• Teutonic Allies, see Central Powers.
• Thann, captured by French, Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.
• Theatricals, for service men, see Entertainment.
• Thenault, Capt., French commander of Lafayette Escadrille, iii: 391.
• There Will Come Soft Rains, poem by Sara Teasdale, ix: 274.
• These Be the Days That Call for Men, poem by John Trotwood Moore, iii: Intro. x.
• Thetis, British cruiser blown up at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262, 264.
• "They shall not pass," French watchword at Verdun, ii: 189, iii: 304, xi: 21.
• Thiaucourt,
  • captured by 2nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 68, 206, 210;
  • American cemetery at, v: 400.
• Thiaumont,
  • captured by Germans, June 23, '16, i: 386, iii: 55, 313;
  • recaptured by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.
• Thiepval,
  • Allied objective in Somme battle, iii: 58;
  • stormed by British, Sept, 26, '16, iii: 59.
• Thomas, Albert, French Socialist leader, on French labor during War, ii: 373-382.
• Thomas, J. H., British labor leader, conference with Lloyd George on strike by "Triple Alliance," vi: 22.
• Thrasher, Leon, U. S. citizen killed in sinking of Falaba by U-boat, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319.
• Three Emperors' League, 1872, i: 95.
• Thuringen, German battleship, crew first to mutiny, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.
• Tiger, British cruiser,
  • hit at battle of Jutland, iv: 108;
  • in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.
• Tilsit, occupied by Russians, Aug. 24, '14, iii: 111.
• Timber, war uses, viii: 306-309.
• Tirailleurs, description, xi: 191.
• Tirgu-jiuly, Rumanians defeated at, by Germans, iii: 221.
• Tirpitz, Adm. Alfred von,
  • share in developing German navy, iv: 363, ix: 301;
  • biography, ix: 298-306;
  • submarine policy, ix: 302.
• Tisza, Count Stephan,
  • Hungarian Premier, attitude on War, vi: 306;
  • political opposition to, '16, vi: 311;
  • Rumanian policy assailed in Parliament, vi: 313;
  • biography, ix: 144-147.
• T. N. T., see Trinitrotoluol.
• Togoland,
  • conquered by Allies, Aug.,'14, iii: 252;
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• "Tommy Atkins," nickname for British soldier, origin, vi: 230;
  • description as fighting-man, xi: 181-189.
• Torcy,
  • location, v: 37, 133;
  • Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. fighting at, v: 192;
  • captured by First Corps, July 18, '18, v: 383.
• Torpedoes,
  • description and use, iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-258;
  • device for launching from air, iv: 335.
• Toul,
  • headquarters of First Army, Aug., '18, v: 193;
  • important fortified city, v: 199.
• Toul sector, taken over by A. E. F., Jan. 19, '18, v: 115.
• Tours,
  • A. E. F. Air Service Training School at, v: 313;
  • headquarters of S. O. S., v: 332.
• Towers, Commander, in command of N-C flying boats on trans-Atlantic flight, viii: 240.
• Townshend, Gen. Sir Charles,
  • besieged in Kut-el-Amara by Turks, iii: 183, 318-320, xi: 29;
  • forced to surrender Apr. 29, '16, iii: 183, 319, xi: 29;
  • biography, ix: 194.
• Tracer bullets, viii: 211.
• Tractors, artillery,
  • U. S., number in use in France, v: 350;
  • supplant horses, viii: 40.
• Transloy-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar.,'17, iii: 66.
• Transports,
  • Ludendorff's account of German efforts to sink U. S. troopships, ii: 317-318;
  • account by Adm. Gleaves of first expedition of U. S. troops to France, June,'17, iv: 157-162;
  • list of ships carrying U. S. troops across Atlantic for first time, June,'17, iv: 160;
  • equipment and escort of, by U. S. Navy, iv: 160, 165;
  • transportation of A. E. F. overseas, with statistics on number of troops carried and number and nationality of troopships and convoys used, iv: 162-165 , v: 285, 379, [xii: 94-95], [xii: 283];
  • British, statistics on troops carried, iv: 239;
  • U. S., attacked by submarines, accounts of, iv: 335-343.
• Transvaal, see South Africa, Union of.
• Transylvania,
  • invasion of, by Rumanians, Aug.,'16, ii: 60, iii: 217-218;
  • desire for possession cause of Rumania's entry into War, iii: 214, vi: 349;
  • topography of frontier, iii: 214;
  • Rumanians defeated and expelled from, by Falkenhayn, Sept.—Oct.,'16, iii: 220;
  • attitude of inhabitants to Rumanian invasion, vi: 313.
• Trawlers,
  • use in patrol and minesweeping, iv: 292;
  • battle with submarine, iv: 294.
• Treaties,
  • Allied agreement not to make separate peace, i: 146;
  • treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and Germany, Mar.,' 18, ii: 63, 273, vi: 183, 268;
  • Quadruple Treaty (Treaty of London) between Italy and Allies, price for Italian participation in War, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361;
  • Trotzky publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183, ix: 118;
  • secret agreements among Allies for partition of Turkey, '16—'17, vi: 334;
  • agreement between Rumania and Allies as price for Rumanian entry into War, '16, vi: 349;
  • treaty of Bucharest between Rumania and Central Powers, May,'17, vi: 352;
  • pre-War agreements between Germany and Allies revived by Treaty of Versailles, [xii: 231];
  • agreements among Central Powers abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, [xii: 232];
  • treaties between Germany and Rumania abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, [xii: 232];
  • treaties between Germany and Russia abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, [xii: 232];
  • see also
    • Alliances;
    • Peace Treaty with Germany, Versailles, '19.
• Trebizond, captured by Russians, Apr. 18,'16, ii: 92, iii: 263.
• Treitschke, Heinrich von,
  • German historian, exposition of Kultur, i: 66;
  • theory of supremacy of State, i: 148;
  • biography, i: 174;
  • philosophy compared with Carlyle's, i: 175;
  • theory of German greatness, i: 175;
  • hatred for England, i: 175;
  • summary of political philosophy, i: 177;
  • American student's recollection of, i: 178.
• Trench Duty, poem by Siegfried Sassoon, ix: 282.
• Trench feet, viii: 396.
• Trench warfare,
  • adoption by Germans after retreat from Marne, Sept., '14, ii: Intro. vii, 11, iii: 37, viii: 134, xi: 12, 253;
  • opposed by Field-Marshal French, ii: 171;
  • compared with "war of movement" by German military critic, ii: 259;
  • description of German trench system, ii: 275, viii: 124-130;
  • use of barbed wire as defensive barrier, ii: 276, viii: 136, 152;
  • value of tanks in, ii: 276, viii: 140-143, 150, 161;
  • use of machine guns in, ii: 288, viii: 134-136;
  • life in, iii: 286, x: 65-71, xi: 171-173;
  • French defensive system, v: 12-17;
  • night fighting, viii: 74;
  • reasons for adoption in place of open warfare, viii: 123;
  • kinds of trenches, viii: 123;
  • description of Russian trenches, viii: 123;
  • disadvantages of trenches as defensive system, viii: 129;
  • "pill-boxes," viii: 130-132;
  • use of artillery in, viii: 132-133, 136-141;
  • see also
    • Barbed wire;
    • Machine gun;
    • Tanks.
• Trentino, see Italian Front.
• Trepov, Russian Premier, forced to resign, '17, vi: 143.
• Treves,
  • bombed by French airmen, Sept. 13, '15, i: 382;
  • Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.
• Trevier, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.
• Trieste,
  • unsuccessful Italian offensives against,' 16—'17, ii: 52, 246, iii: 246, xi: 26;
  • promised by Allies to Italy as war prize, vi: 122, 361;
  • American troops landed at, to preserve peace between Italians and Jugoslavs, vi: 366;
  • sinking of Austrian battleships Wien and Monarch in harbor of, by Italians, x: 290.
• Trinitrotoluol (T. N. T.),
  • composition and explosive properties, viii: 6;
  • American output of, [xii: 285].
• Triple Alliance, of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,
  • formation, 1882, i: 95;
  • terms, i: 95;
  • military strength, i: 95;
  • solidity of union between Germany and Austria, i: 208;
  • Italian position in, i: 255;
  • French estimate of, ii: 4;
  • repudiated by Italy, ii: 48, vi: 115;
  • see also Foreign policy, under name of country.
• Triple Entente, of France, Russia, and Great Britain, formation, i: 98, 106;
  • not a treaty-bound alliance, i: 103, 218;
  • Franco-Russian treaty of July,'12, i: 107;
  • Anglo-French agreement for united action against "third power," Nov., '12, i: 107, 220;
  • attitude to outbreak of War, i: 129;
  • agreement not to make separate peace, Aug. 4,'14, i: 146;
  • German estimate of military effectiveness, ii: 2;
  • see also Foreign policy, under name of country.
• Tripoli,
  • Turkish territory in north Africa, seized by Italy, i: 109;
  • town in Syria, captured by Allies, Oct.,'18, iii: 199.
• Tritton, Sir William, share in developing tank as fighting machine, viii: 155, xi: 257.
• Triumph, British battleship.
  • at Gallipoli, iv: 31;
  • sunk by U-boat, May 26, '15, iv: 50.
• Trois Fontaines, conference between Marshal Foch and Secretary Baker at, Oct. 4, '18, [xii: 285].
• Tronsol Farm, captured by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.
• Trophies of War, Peace Treaty provisions for return of, by Germany, to France, [xii: 225].
• Trotzky, Leon,
  • becomes Commissary of Foreign Affairs of Soviet Russia, Nov., '17, vi: 181;
  • publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183;
  • as Minister of War raises Red Army, vi: 185;
  • biography, ix: 116-119;
  • bibliography, ix: 119.
• Troubridge, Adm.,
  • takes charge of Serb refugees at Medua, iii: 284;
  • in command of British naval forces in Mediterranean, Aug., '14, iv: 13.
• Trugny Wood, evacuated by Germans, July 24, '18, v: 186.
• Tsing Tau, see Kiau-Chau.
• Tuilerie Farm, captured by 42nd Div., Oct., 15, '18, v: 252.
• Turkestan, Republic of,
  • established, Jan., '18, [xii: 279];
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Turkey:
  • Army,
    • Germanization under von der Goltz, i: 207;
    • organization, iii: 164;
    • Liman von Sanders appointed to reorganize, vi: 330;
    • for military operations, see
      • Caucasus;
      • Gallipoli Campaign;
      • Mesopotamian Campaign;
      • Palestine;
      • Suez Canal.
  • Casualties,
    • total in War, iii: 404;
    • money equivalent of manpower lost, [xii: 25];
    • battle deaths, [xii: 288].
  • Declarations of war,
    • renewal of age-old struggle between Europe and Asia, i: 11;
    • by Russia against, Oct. 30, '14, i: 376;
    • by France and Great Britain against, Nov. 5, '14, i: 378;
    • Holy War declared against Allies, Nov. 17, '14, i: 376, ii: 31, vi: 330, xi: 14;
    • by Italy against, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381;
    • on Rumania, Aug. 29, '16, i: 386;
    • diplomatic relations with U. S. severed, Apr. 20, '17, i: 390;
    • strategic victory for Germany, ii: Intro. viii, 27-28;
    • welcomed by Russia, vi: 134;
    • welcomed by Turkish press, vi: 330.
  • Foreign relations,
    • extraterritorial rights for foreigners withdrawn, i: 18;
    • continuance as European Power assured by Paris Conference, 1856, i: 39;
    • international position, '14, i: 63;
    • subjugation and misrule of Christian races, i: 89-93, iv: 17-18;
    • settlement of Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 93;
    • pre-War relations with Germany, i: 98, 207, vi: 328-330;
    • strategic importance as Germanic ally, ii: Intro. viii, 27-28, 87-90;
    • Dardanelles closed, Sept.,'14, ii: 28;
    • escape of German cruisers Goeben and Breslau into Turkish waters and their purchase by Turkey, iv: 14-17, vi: 330;
    • Allied agreements for partition, vi: 334;
    • Demotika ceded to Bulgaria, vi: 344;
    • dispute with Bulgaria, '18, vi: 345.
  • Internal affairs,
    • form of government, i: 90;
    • constitution proclaimed, 1839, i: 92;
    • Young Turk revolution, '08, i: 109;
    • Armenian massacres, iii: 405, vi: 331-333;
    • war sentiment, vi: 330;
    • Arab revolt, '16, vi: 333.
  • Navy,
    • purchase of German cruisers Goeben and Breslau, iv: 16-17, vi: 330;
    • strength, iv: 50.
  • Peace negotiations, capitulation, and armistice with Allies, Oct. 31, '18, ii: 94, vi: 334.
  • Prisoners of war, iii: 404.
  • War cost,
    • Nov., '14—Oct., '19, [xii: 107];
    • rise in national debt, [xii: 114].
• Turner, Corp. Harold L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
• Turner, 1st Lieut. William S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
• Turner, William Thomas, captain of torpedoed Lusitania, i: 362.
• Turtle, submarine used in American Revolution, iv: 201.
• Tuscania, U. S. transport torpedoed, Feb. 5, '18, i: 393, iv: 336.
• Tutrakan, captured by Bulgarians, Sept. 6, '16, iii: 218.
• Typhoid,
  • U. S. Army statistics, vii: 195;
  • immunization against, vii: 246, 253, viii: 393;
  • manufacture of anti-typhoid vaccine, viii: 393.
• Typhus, epidemic of, in Serbia, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148.
• Tyulen, Russian submarine, captures Turkish transport in Black Sea, iv: 366.

• [U]
• U-9, German submarine, sinks British cruisers Aboukir, Cressy, Hogue, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205.
• U-15, first German submarine sunk in War, iv: 305.
• U-29, German submarine, rammed by British battleship Dreadnought, Mar., '15, iv: 305.
• U-53, German submarine, activities off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334, iv: 216.
• U-58, German submarine, captured by U. S. destroyers Fanning and Nicholson, iv: 349.
• U-117, German submarine, activities off U. S. coast, '18, iv: 216.
• U-boats,
  • see
    • Submarines;
    • Submarine warfare.
• Udine,
  • bombed by Austrian airmen, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382;
  • captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247.
• Uhlans, German cavalry, description, xi: 196.
• Ukraine,
  • early history, vi: 239-241;
  • pre-War movement for independence, vi: 241-243;
  • Russian attempts at suppression of nationalist feeling, vi: 243;
  • autonomy proclaimed, June 24, '17, vi: 243;
  • movement for establishment of federal Russia, vi: 244;
  • struggle with Bolsheviki, vi: 244-246, 248;
  • conclusion of separate peace with Germans at Brest-Litovsk, vi: 246-247;
  • revolt against German domination, '18, vi: 247-248;
  • war with Poland for possession of Cholm, vi: 248;
  • population and area, [xii: 279].
• Ulianov, Vladimir, see Lenin, Nicolai.
• Ulster, see Ireland.
• Uniforms, military,
  • invisibility of French, ii: 286;
  • invisibility of German, ii: 286;
    • description by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 272.
• United Kingdom, see Great Britain.
• United States:
  • Army,
    • morale, i: 369, v: Intro. xii, 9, 71-72;
    • National Army ordered mobilized, Aug. 13, '17, i: 390;
    • strength in France, Mar., '18, ii: 66, v: 380;
    • nearing end of offensive force at Armistice, ii: 98;
    • A. E. F. put at disposal of Foch by Pershing, Mar. 28, '18, ii: 152, v: 120, 380;
    • transportation overseas,
      • with statistics on rate and means of, iv: 10-12, v: 106, 128, 284, [xii: 94-95], [xii: 283];
    • Ludendorff's opinion of fighting qualities, ii: 326;
    • first contingent arrives in France, June 26, '17, iii: 83, iv: 162, v: 106;
    • first shot fired against Germans, Oct. 23, '17, iii: 84, v: 112;
    • first American prisoners captured by Germans, Nov. 3, '17, iii: 84, v: 112;
    • on Italian Front, iii: 249, v: 394;
    • total strength, iii: 403, [xii: 280-282];
    • strength overseas, iii: 403, 405, v: 128, [xii: 280-282], [xii: 287];
    • combat value, v: 4;
    • training in France, v: 6-12, 100, 102-106, 107-108, 111-113, 114-119, 233, 312, 314, 325, 327, xi: 171-173,
      • Pershing's report on arrangements with French and British, v: 373-378;
    • see also under each Division;
    • living conditions in France, v: 8;
    • first divisions enter front lines, Jan., '18, v: 10;
    • supplies for,
      • with statistics on quantity consumed and methods of procurement, v: 11, 110, 115, 285, 328-332, 396-398, 400, [xii: 283-284],
      • see also under U. S. Army, Services of Supply;
    • size and organization of division, v: 19-21, 108, [xii: 282], [xii: 287];
    • size and organization of regiment, v: 20, 108, 281, xi: 163;
    • adaptation of American divisional organization to French system of trench warfare, v: 21;
    • offensive spirit, v: 22, 26, 29;
    • patrolling activities at the front, v: 27, 117;
    • distribution of A. E. F. divisions in battle area, June, '18, v: 41, 141-147;
    • combat units in France organized into First Army under tactical command of Pershing, Aug., '18, v: 64, 192, 384;
    • Pershing arrives overseas, June, '17, v: 97;
    • General Staff, A. E. F., organization and personnel, v: 98-102;
    • training of officers, with statistics, v: 100, 102-104, 108, 312, 325, [xii: 280], [xii: 282];
    • general educational program for A. E. F. at army centers and European universities, v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290;
    • organization of corps, v: 109;
    • number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions, Sept., '18, v: 197;
    • number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions, Nov. 1, '18, v: 253;
    • divisions serving in Allied armies, v: 254, 279, 373-379, 393;
    • American soldier's attitude towards British soldier, v: 288;
    • air service training schools, in U. S. and overseas, v: 312, [xii: 285];
    • tank schools, v: 314;
    • gas warfare training, v: 325, 327;
    • statistics on health and disease in v: 344, 402, vii: 179, 193-195,
    • see also under U. S. Army, Medical Service;
    • rifle equipment, description and reasons for adoption of type, v: 347, viii: 96, 102-105;
    • Pershing's message to each member of A. E. F., v: 353;
    • list of A. E. F. divisions, with histories, v: 354-372;
    • replacement (depot) divisions, v: 368-372, 399;
    • Pershing's official report on A. E. F. operations, v: 373-404;
    • on Russian Front against Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187, 193;
    • return of A. E. F. to U. S., v: 395;
    • procuring of remounts, v: 399;
    • A. E. F. mail service, v: 402;
    • system of keeping records of A. E. F., v: 402;
    • military justice in, v: 403;
    • punishments in, v: 403;
    • intelligence tests for recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351;
    • training camps in U. S., number and system of instruction, xi: 155-165, [xii: 282];
    • soldier's equipment, xi: 167-168;
    • pay, xi: 168;
    • cantonment construction, [xii: 125], [xii: 282];
    • statistics on participation in War, [xii: 280-289];
    • total battles fought by A. E. F., [xii: 280], [xii: 287];
    • total days in battle, [xii: 280], [xii: 287];
    • number of troops in battle, [xii: 280], [xii: 287];
    • total of ordnance and prisoners captured, [xii: 288];
    • for branches and units, see below;
    • for detail of military operations, see name of battle or campaign.
    • Adjutant General's Department, functions, v: 402.
    • Air Service,
      • record in France, v: 309-313, [xii: 285-286];
      • losses, v: 309;
      • number of enemy planes and balloons shot down by, v: 309;
      • strength at the front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 309, [xii: 285-286];
      • strength and activities of balloon companies, v: 311-312;
      • growth, v: 312, [xii: 285];
      • total personnel, v: 312, [xii: 285];
      • training schools, v: 312, [xii: 285];
      • dependence on Allies, Pershing's report, v: 401;
      • types of aerial navigating instruments, viii: 217-221;
      • work of aerial photographers, viii: 228-235;
      • airplane production, [xii: 285];
      • types of aero squadrons, [xii: 286];
      • for N-C flying boats and dirigibles, see U. S., Navy.
    • Artillery,
      • first shot of War fired by A. E. F., Oct.27, '17, i: 392, iii: 84, v: 112;
      • dependence of A. E. F. on French and British for, v: 111, 348, 401, [xii: 284];
      • heavy artillery (Coast Artillery Corps), battle activities in France, v: 303-308;
      • organization and units of Railway Artillery Reserve, v: 305;
      • Naval Batteries on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 42-45;
      • anti-aircraft batteries, v: 308;
      • trench mortar battalions, v: 308;
      • number of cannon and trench mortars at the front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350;
      • description of types of field guns, viii: 22-28;
      • description of types of heavy guns, viii: 36-42;
      • description of prospective 121-mile range gun, viii: 48-51;
      • production figures, [xii: 284];
      • captured by A. E. F., [xii: 288].
    • Chemical Warfare Service,
      • organization and activities, v: 321-327, viii: 179-187;
      • poison gases used, v: 321-322;
      • experimentation and development, v: 323-324;
      • gas masks and other defense equipment issued to A. E. F., v: 324;
      • gas shell production, v: 325, viii: 186;
      • gas defense training, v: 325;
      • duties of gas officer, v: 325;
      • deloading and examination of unexploded German shells, v: 325-326;
      • use of poison gas by artillery and infantry, v: 326;
      • activities of A. E. F. gas troops, v: 327;
      • invention of Lewisite, deadliest poison gas, viii: 172;
      • poison gas production at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 179-187;
      • daily output compared with German, French, British, viii: 179.
    • Dental Corps, organization and activities, vii: 209-210.
    • Engineer Corps,
      • heroic stand by A. E. F. engineer troops against German break through British lines, Mar., '18, iii: 89, v: 123;
      • organization and activities overseas, v: 332-336, 399-400, [xii: 283], [xii: 287];
      • construction of barracks, v: 332, 400;
      • construction of hospitals, v: 332, 400;
      • construction of docks, v: 332, 400, [xii: 283];
      • railroad construction, v: 333, 334, 400, [xii: 283];
      • insuring clean water supply for A. E. F., v: 333;
      • construction of refrigerating plants, v: 333, 400;
      • construction of bakeries, v: 333, 400;
      • activities of Forestry Division, v: 334, 400, [xii: 287];
      • work with combat troops, v: 335;
      • Pershing's tribute to, v: 336;
      • road construction in France, v: 400.
    • Graves Registration Service, see U. S. Army, Quartermaster Corps.
    • Inspector General's Department, functions of, v: 402-403.
    • Judge Advocate General's Department, functions of, v: 403.
    • Medical Service,
      • war-time organization and activities, v: 336-347, 402, vii: 175-239, 245-254;
      • field hospitals and medical work at the front, v: 337-338, vii: 178, 230-233, 249-254;
      • evacuation hospitals, v: 338, vii: 178, 251;
      • hospital trains, v: 339, vii: 199, 251, viii: 380;
      • hospital construction in France, 340-342;
      • A. E. F. base hospitals, v: 340, 400;
      • "Hospital Centers," v: 341, 400;
      • capacity of A. E. F. hospitals, v: 342;
      • statistics on patients treated in A. E. F. hospitals, v: 342, 352, 402;
      • statistics on personnel, v: 343-344, vii: 177, 201-203;
      • statistics on disease and wounded, v: 344, 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209;
      • procurement of supplies for use overseas, v: 344, vii: 222-224;
      • volunteer organizations co-operating with, v: 344, vii: 187-189, 219, see also Red Cross;
      • organization in France, v: 345-346;
      • letter of commendation from Pershing, v: 346;
      • total number of hospital patients treated during War, v: 352;
      • number of hospitals and patients treated in U. S., v: 352, vii: 201;
      • venereal disease, statistics on, and methods of combating, v: 402, vii: 208-209;
      • physical reconstruction of disabled and mutilated, vii: 175-176, 180-186, 210-216, 233-239,
      • see also Reconstruction of disabled;
      • war-time mobilization of medical profession of U. S., vii: 187-189, 203, 219-222;
      • Medical Reserve Corps and Volunteer Medical Service Corps, vii: 187, 203;
      • work of women physicians, vii: 188;
      • system of war-time organization, vii: 191, 203;
      • activities of Division of Sanitation, vii: 191-196;
      • construction of hospitals in U. S., vii: 196-198;
      • number of patients returned from overseas for treatment in U. S., vii: 200;
      • army nurses, number and organization, vii: 203;
      • work of Division of Laboratories and Infectious Diseases in control of communicable diseases, vii: 203-209;
      • functions of Division of Medicine, vii: 216-219;
      • testing mentality of recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351;
      • classification of soldiers by vocations, vii: 216-217;
      • physical examination of drafted men, vii: 217, [xii: 281];
      • treatment of special diseases and injuries, vii: 218, 222;
      • training of personnel, vii: 222, 225.
    • Military Police, see U. S. Army, Provost Marshal General's Department.
    • Motor Transport Corps, organization and functions, v: 328, 351, 401.
    • Nurse Corps, organization and personnel, vii: 203.
    • Ordnance Department,
      • functions and war-time activities, v.: 347-351, 401 [xii: 284-285];
      • size of personnel at start of War, v: 347;
      • reasons for adoption of type of rifle used by A. E. F., v: 347, viii: 96, 102;
      • rifle production figures, v: 347, [xii: 284];
      • statistics of ammunition and explosive production, v: 350, [xii: 284-285];
      • artillery production figures, v: 350, [xii: 284];
      • see also under U. S. Army, Artillery;
      • machine-gun production, v: 350, [xii: 284];
      • number of tanks sent to the front, v: 350;
      • mobile repair shops, v: 350, viii: 294-298;
      • supply bases and workshops, v: 350;
      • strength of A. E. F. personnel, v: 350;
      • letter of praise from Pershing, v: 351.
    • Provost Marshal General's Department, functions, v: 403.
    • Quartermaster Corps,
      • organization and functions, v: 328-332, 400, [xii: 283];
      • growth of personnel in France, June, '17—Dec., '18, v: 328;
      • scope of duties, v: 328, 400;
      • methods of procuring supplies, v: 328;
      • supply depots in France, v: 329-330;
      • amount of bread consumed by A. E. F., v: 330;
      • statistics on oil and fuel for A. E. F., v: 331;
      • Salvage Service, activities of, v: 331, 400, viii: 345-348;
      • delousing facilities for A. E. F., v: 331;
      • acquisition of burial grounds for A. E. F. dead and care of graves (Graves Registration Service), v: 331, 400;
      • A. E. F. expenditures, v: 332;
      • statistics on issue of blankets and clothing, [xii: 283].
    • Salvage Service, see U. S. Army, Quartermaster Corps.
    • Services of Supply (S. O. S.),
      • establishment and functions, iii: 83, v: 328-352;
      • coördination of procurement and distribution of supplies for A. E. F., v: 396-397;
      • purchasing activities overseas, v: 397;
      • reclassification system for A. E. F., v: 399;
      • personnel, Nov. 11, '18 v: 401;
      • see also under U. S. Army,
    • Signal Corps,
      • activities in France, v: 317-320, 401, viii: 322-331, xi: 303-308, [xii: 283], [xii: 286-287];
      • A. E. F. telephone and telegraph system at the front and behind the lines,
      • statistics on personnel, v: 317;
      • American women operators with A. E. F., v: 317;
      • organization of field signal battalions, v: 317;
      • devices for communication used at the front, v: 318, viii: 322;
      • "listening-in" and detection of enemy codes, v: 319;
      • work of Photographic Division in making moving-pictures of War, v: 319-320, viii: 329-331;
      • laying of cable across English Channel, v: 320, 401;
      • supplying A. E. F. with field glasses, viii: 326;
      • supplying A. E. F. with wrist-watches, viii: 327;
      • use of pigeons as messengers, viii: 328-329.
    • Tank Corps,
      • man British tanks in action for first time, Sept. 29, '18, ii: 281;
      • organization, v: 314;
      • tank schools overseas, v: 314;
      • American tanks in action, v: 315-316, 401;
      • number of tanks sent to the front, v: 350;
      • dependence on French and British, v: 401.
    • Transportation Corps, functions, v: 400.
    • Veterinary Corps, activities, vii: 225-227.
    • First Army, formation, Aug. 10, '18, v: 64, 192-195, 384;
      • reorganized and divided into First and Second Armies, Oct. 9, '18, v: 83, 246, 274;
      • drive against and reduction of St. Mihiel salient, Sept. 12—15, see St. Mihiel;
      • Meuse-Argonne drive, see Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
    • Second Army, formation, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 274;
      • operations in direction of Briey Iron Basin and Metz, v: 274-279, 390, 393;
      • casualties, v: 279.
    • Third Army (Army of Occupation),
      • formation, Nov. 14, '18, v: 280, 395;
      • occupation of Coblenz bridgehead, v: 394-395.
    • First Corps,
      • operations in Allied counter-offensive in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 56, 383;
      • shifted to Toul sector, Aug. 13, '18, v: 62;
      • in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12—15, '18, v: 65, 202, 386;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 78, 90, 91, 92, 220, 388, 390, 391;
      • reaches heights opposite Sedan, Nov. 6, '18, v: 92;
      • formation, Jan., '18, v: 109.
    • Second Corps,
      • breaks through Hindenburg Line in co-operation with British, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 87, 393;
      • prisoners captured, v: 87, 393;
      • formation, v: 382.
    • Third Corps,
      • operations in valley of the Vesle in Allied counter-offensive, Aug., '18, v: 62, 383;
      • transferred to Verdun region, Sept., '18, v: 62, 384;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 78, 90, 219, 260, 388, 390, 391;
      • in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
    • Fourth Corps,
      • in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 206, 386;
      • co-operation in Meuse-Argonne attack, Sept., '18, v: 220;
      • forms part of Second Army, v: 275;
      • in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
    • Fifth Corps,
      • in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 69, 202, 386;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 90, 92, 219, 388, 390, 391.
    • Sixth Corps, part of Second Army, v: 275.
    • Seventh Corps, in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
    • 1st Division,
      • training in France, v: 6-12, 106-108, 111-117;
      • transferred from Lorraine to relieve French on Montdidier front, Apr., '18, v: 29, 121, 380;
      • captures Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 31-34, 124-128, 380;
      • in drive on Soissons flank in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July 18—22, '18, v: 53-56, 130, 158-182, 382;
      • casualties during operations in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 55, 181;
      • captures Berzy-le-Sec, July 21, '18, v: 55, 180, 383;
      • in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12—15, '18, v: 65-70, 202, 211, 386;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 80-81, 83, 88, 91-92, 231, 234, 237, 240-246, 248-250, 268-270;
      • relieved in Meuse-Argonne by 42nd Div., Oct. 12, '18, v: 83, 248;
      • record march for relief of 80th Div. and advance on Sedan, Nov. 5—7, '18, v: 91, 92, 269;
      • arrival and organization in France, v: 106-108, 109;
      • enters front-line trenches for first time, Oct., '17, v: 111;
      • artillery unit fires first shot of War for A. E. F., Oct. 23, '17, v: 112;
      • casualties in Cantigny sector, Apr. 25—July 7, '18, v: 128, 141;
      • in support of French in Montdidier-Noyon defensive, June, '18, v: 129, 139;
      • makes first capture of German guns by A. E. F., July 18, '18, v: 174;
      • casualties in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 211;
      • tribute to bravery from a German colonel, v: 246;
      • captures Sommerance, Oct. 11, '18, v:248;
      • casualties in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 248;
      • citation for record in Meuse-Argonne by Pershing, v: 248;
      • summary of history, v: 355;
      • units composing, v: 355;
      • total casualties, v: 355;
      • prisoners and war material captured, v: 355;
      • in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
    • 2nd Division,
      • training in France, v: 6-12, 119;
      • goes into front line position on Marne salient, June 4, '18, v: 37, 132, 136;
      • in battle of Belleau Wood, June 6—26, '18, v: 39, 129, 135-139, 192, 382;
      • captures Bouresches, June 6, '18, v: 39, 138, x: 8-9;
      • in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July 18—22, '18, v: 55, 130, 158-182, 382;
      • captures Vierzy, July 18, '18, v: 55, 174;
      • in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12—15, '18, v: 65-70, 202, 210, 386;
      • operations in Champagne as part of Gouraud's French Fourth Army, Oct. 1—6, '18, v: 79, 241, 254-258, 393;
      • captures Blanc Mont, Oct. 5, '18, v: 79, 241, 257, 393;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 88, 90, 92, 95, 262-270, 274, 391;
      • capture of and drive through Landres-St. George, Nov. 1, '18, v: 90, 262-263;
      • arrival and organization in France, v: 108;
      • captures Vaux, July 1, '18, v: 138, 382;
      • casualties in Marne offensive, July, '18, v: 179;
      • prisoners and guns captured in Marne offensive, v: 179;
      • captures Beaumont, v: 266;
      • summary of history, v: 355;
      • units composing, v: 355;
      • total casualties, v: 355;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 355;
      • in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
    • 3rd Division,
      • repulses German attempts to cross Marne at Château-Thierry, May 31—June 3, '18, v: 35, 132-135, 381, xi: 43;
      • in second battle of the Marne, July 15—29, '18, v: 52-53, 56, 143, 148-153, 183-186, 187-188, 382, 383, x: 381-387;
      • stand of 38th Inf. Regt. against German attempts to cross Marne, July 15, '18, v: 2, 150-153, x: 381-387;
      • captures Jaulognne Jaulgonne and Chartèves during second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 56, 383;
      • in reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 211;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 80-81, 83, 85, 231, 233-234, 237, 239, 241, 245, 247-248, 250-252, 389;
      • arrival in France, v: 128;
      • occupies Château-Thierry, July 21, '18, v, 184;
      • casualties during battles in Marne salient, June—July, '18, v: 188;
      • summary of history, v: 356;
      • units composing, v: 356;
      • total casualties, v: 356;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 356;
      • in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
    • 4th Division,
      • in Aisne-Marne Allied counter-offensive, July 18—Aug. 12, '18, v: 60, 61-62, 130, 168, 183, 184, 191, 383;
      • in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 69, 202, 212, 386;
      • reaches Vesle River in pursuit of Germans, Aug., '18, v: 62, 191;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 219, 220, 224, 226, 228, 236, 239, 245, 246, 248, 250, 252, 388;
      • arrival in France, v: 128;
      • training in France, v: 143;
      • casualties during Aisne-Marne offensive, July—Aug., '18, v: 191;
      • summary of history, v: 356;
      • units composing, v: 356;
      • total casualties, v: 356;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 356;
      • in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
    • 5th Division,
      • in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 210, 386;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 85, 90, 92-95, 248, 250, 262, 264, 270-272, 391;
      • captures Cléry-le-Grand, Nov. i, '18, v: 90, 262;
      • captures Cléry-le-Petit and Doulcon, Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264;
      • forces crossing of Meuse in Meuse-Argonne battle, Nov. 3—5, '18, v: 92-94, 264, 270;
      • captures Mouzay, Nov. 9, '18, v: 94, 272;
      • captures Dun-sur-Meuse, Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391;
      • arrival and training in France, v: 128;
      • enters trenches in the Vosges, June, '18, v: 128, 381;
      • casualties in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 210;
      • captures Cunel and clears Bois de la Pultière, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250;
      • position at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 272;
      • summary of history, v: 357;
      • units composing, v: 357;
      • total casualties, v: 357;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 357;
      • in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
    • 6th Division,
      • arrival and training overseas, v: 197;
      • summary of history, v: 357;
      • units composing, v: 357;
      • casualties, v: 357.
    • 7th Division,
      • arrival and training in France, v: 198;
      • starts first offensive as part of Second Army, Nov. 10, '18, v: 277, 279;
      • summary of history, v: 357;
      • casualties, v: 357;
      • units composing, v: 358.
    • 8th Division,
      • summary of history, v: 368;
      • in Siberia, v: 368;
      • in Germany, v: 368;
      • units composing, v: 368.
    • 26th Division,
      • arrival and training in France, v: 6-12, 108, 117-118;
      • raided by Germans at Seicheprey, Apr. 20, '18, v: 28, 122;
      • goes into position on Marne sector, July 9, '18, v: 46, 138;
      • in second battle of the Marne, July 15—24, '18, v: 56, 58, 130, 155, 168, 183, 184-186, x: 76-78;
      • in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 211, 386;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 86-87, 220, 252, 270-272, x: 78-79;
      • goes into Toul sector, Apr., '18, v: 120;
      • casualties in second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 186;
      • summary of history, v: 358;
      • units composing, v: 358;
      • total casualties, v: 358;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 358.
    • 27th Division,
      • organization and training in U. S., v: 196, 281-284, 358;
      • arrival and training in France, v: 196, 284-286;
      • war record, v: 358, 393;
      • with Gen. Byng's Third British Army, July, '18, v: 286;
      • operations with British in Flanders, July—Aug., '18, v: 286-290;
      • breaks through Hindenburg Line with British Fourth Army, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 290-297, 393;
      • casualties in assault of Hindenburg Line, v: 295;
      • return to U. S., v: 299;
      • commendation from Field-Marshal Haig, v: 299;
      • total casualties, v: 358;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 358.
    • 28th Division,
      • in second battle of the Marne and pursuit of Germans across Vesle River, July—Aug., '18, v: 53, 56, 60, 62, 130, 153-154, 183-184, 188, 190, 383;
      • praise by Pershing and Degoutte, v: 191-192;
      • drives Germans from the Vesle to the Aisne, Aug.—Sept., '18, v: 62, 260, 383-384;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 218, 220-221, 225, 227, 229, 231, 237-239, 241, 243, 388;
      • arrival in France, v: 128;
      • training in France, v: 143;
      • sent to Marne sector as reserve to French army defending road to Paris, June, '18, v: 143, 153;
      • casualties in second Marne battle, July 15—21, '18, v: 184;
      • captures Aprémont, Sept. 28, '18, v: 229;
      • captures Le Chêne Tondu, Oct. 4, '18, v: 239;
      • captures Châtel Chehery, Oct. 7, '18, v: 243;
      • operations as part of Second Army in direction of Metz and Briey, Nov., '18, v: 274-279;
      • summary of history, v: 358;
      • units composing, v: 359;
      • total casualties, v: 359;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 359.
    • 29th Division,
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive,
      • Sept.—Oct. '18, v: 74, 86, 244, 246, 252;
      • captures Etraye ridge, Oct. 23, '18, v: 86, 252;
      • organization and arrival in France, v: 146, 359;
      • casualties in Meuse-Argonne battles, v: 253;
      • summary of history, v: 359;
      • units composing, v: 359;
      • total casualties, v: 359;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 359.
    • 30th Division,
      • arrival and training in France, v: 146, 300;
      • with British in Belgium, July—Aug., '18, v: 286, 300;
      • summary of organization, v: 300, 359;
      • breaks through St. Quentin Tunnel sector of Hindenburg Line, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 301-303, 393; casualties, v: 359;
      • units composing, v: 360;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 360.
    • 31st Division,
      • history, v: 368;
      • units composing, v: 368.
    • 32nd Division,
      • drives Germans to Vesle in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July—Aug., '18, v: 60-61, 62, 130, 188-190, 383;
      • captures Cierges, July 31, '18, v: 60, 188;
      • captures Fismes, Aug. 6, '18, v: 61, 189;
      • captures Juvigny, Aug. 30, '18, v: 62, 258-259, 384;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 80, 83-85, 231, 237, 240-241, 245, 247-248, 250, 252, 389;
      • captures Gesnes, Oct. 5, '18, v: 81, 240;
      • captures Bantheville, Oct. 18, '18, v: 84-85, 252;
      • arrival in France, v: 119, 360;
      • casualties in Marne offensive, July—Aug., '18, v: 190;
      • captures Romagne, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250;
      • summary of history, v: 360;
      • units composing, casualties, v: 360;
      • in Army of Occupation, 360, 395.
    • 33rd Division,
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 83, 219, 224-225, 228, 230, 234, 236, 244, 246, 388;
      • arrival and training in France under British, v: 144, 260;
      • attack on Hamel with Australians, July 4, '18, v: 144, 260;
      • with British in attack near Amiens, Aug., '18, v: 260;
      • summary of history, v: 360;
      • units composing, v: 360;
      • casualties, v: 360;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 360.
    • 34th Division,
      • summary of history, v: 368;
      • units composing, v: 369.
    • 35th Division,
      • in First Army reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 66, 203;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231, 388;
      • arrival and training in France, v: 128, 197;
      • captures Charpentry and Baulny, Sept. 27, '18, v: 227;
      • unsuccessful attack on Exermont, Sept. 29, '18, v: 231;
      • summary of history, v: 361;
      • units composing, v: 361;
      • casualties, v: 361;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 361.
    • 36th Division,
      • arrival in France, v: 196;
      • operations with French Fourth Army in Champagne, Oct., '18, v: 254, 257-258, 393;
      • casualties in Champagne, v: 258;
      • summary of history, v: 361;
      • units composing, v: 361;
      • total casualties, v: 361;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 361.
    • 37th Division, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 78-79, 219, 224, 227, 229-231, 388;
      • operations in Belgium, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 83, 279-280, 393;
      • arrival in France, v: 145;
      • casualties in Belgian campaign, v: 280;
      • summary of history, v: 361;
      • units composing, v: 362;
      • total casualties, v: 362;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 362.
    • 38th Division,
      • organization and summary of history, v: 369;
      • units composing, v: 369.
    • 39th Division (5th Depot),
      • organization and summary of history, v: 198, 369;
      • units composing, v: 369.
    • 40th Division (6th Depot),
      • organization and summary of history, v: 197, 369;
      • units composing, v: 370.
    • 41st Division (1st Depot),
      • organization and summary of history, v: 109, 370;
      • units composing, v: 370.
    • 42nd Division,
      • arrival and training in France, v: 6-12, 21, 109, 118, 142;
      • in the Vosges (Baccarat) sector, v: 21, 28, 118, 142;
      • joins French Fourth Army in Champagne defensive, July, '18, v: 44-51, 129-130, 142-143, 155-158;
      • in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July 25—Aug. 2, '18, v: 56, 58-61, 130, 186-189, 383;
      • takes Forêt de Fère and crosses Ourcq in pursuit of Germans, July 26—28, '18, v: 58-59, 187, 383;
      • captures Sergy, Seringes-et-Nesles, and Hill 212, July 28, '18, v: 59, 188;
      • in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 211, 386;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 83-84, 88, 91-92, 220, 248, 250-252, 262, 269, 390;
      • capture of Côte de Châtillon, Oct. 14—16, '18, v: 84, 250-252;
      • reaches heights opposite Sedan, Nov. 6, '18, v: 92, 269;
      • casualties in Marne offensive, July—Aug., '18, v: 189;
      • summary of history, v: 362;
      • units composing, v: 362;
      • total casualties, v: 362;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 362;
      • in Army of Occupation, v: 395.
    • 76th Division,
      • summary of history, v: 196, 370;
      • units composing, v: 370.
    • 77th Division,
      • drives Germans from the Vesle to the Aisne after second Marne battle, Aug.—Sept., '18, v: 62, 190, 260, 383-384;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26—Nov. 11, '18, v: 74, 78-79, 81, 85, 88, 90-92, 95, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231-234, 239, 241-243, 246-247, 250, 252, 262-266, 268-270, 388, 391, [xii: 288];
      • outflanks German positions at Champigneulle in Meuse-Argonne drive, Nov. 1—2, '18, v: 88, 263;
      • arrival and training in France, v: 141;
      • isolation and rescue of "Lost Battalion," Oct. 2—7, '18, v: 231, 239, 241-243;
      • capture of St. Juvin, Oct. 12, '18, v: 250;
      • attack on Grand Pré, Oct. 16, '18, v: 252;
      • summary of history, v: 362;
      • units composing, v: 363;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 363;
      • casualties, v: 363.
    • 78th Division,
      • as reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 210;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 85, 91, 220, 252, 262, 264, 266, 268, 391;
      • captures Briquenay, Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 264;
      • arrival and training in France, v: 144;
      • casualties in Meuse-Argonne drive, v: 268;
      • summary of history, v: 363;
      • units composing, v: 363;
      • total casualties, v: 363;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 363.
    • 79th Division,
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 78-80, 219, 224-226, 228, 230-231, 262, 265, 270-272, 388;
      • captures stronghold of Montfaucon, Sept. 27, '18, v: 78-79, 225;
      • organization and arrival in France, v: 196, 363;
      • captures Nantillois, Sept. 28, '18, v: 228;
      • summary of history, v: 363, casualties, v: 363;
      • units composing, v: 364;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 364.
    • 80th Division,
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Nov., '18, v: 74, 78, 83, 88, 91, 219, 224, 226-227, 230, 234, 237, 239, 241, 245-246, 248, 262-268, 388, 391;
      • captures Buzancy, Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 264;
      • arrival and training in France, v: 144;
      • battle for Brieulles-sur-Meuse, Sept. 27—28, '18, v: 226-227;
      • capture of Bois des Ogons, Oct. 4—5, '18, v: 237, 239;
      • repulsed in attacks on Madeleine Farm, Oct. 6, '18, v: 241;
      • Madeleine Farm captured, Oct. 9, '18, v: 245;
      • unsuccessful attacks on Cunel, Oct. 10—11, '18, v: 246, 248;
      • captures Beaumont with 2nd Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266;
      • casualties in Meuse-Argonne drive, v: 268;
      • summary of history, v: 364;
      • units composing, v: 364;
      • total casualties, v: 364;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 364.
    • 81st Division,
      • arrival and training in France, v: 197;
      • operations in direction of Briey and Metz as part of Second Army, v: 274-278;
      • captures Grimancourt, Nov. 10, '18, v: 277;
      • position at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 278;
      • summary of history, v: 364;
      • units composing, v: 364;
      • casualties, v: 364;
      • prisoners captured, v: 364.
    • 82nd Division,
      • in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. '18, v: 65, 68, 71, 202, 208, 386;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18,
      • v: 74, 83, 241-242, 246-248, 251-252, 390;
      • arrival and training in France, v: 143;
      • composite character, v: 143;
      • summary of history, v: 143, 365;
      • units composing, v: 365;
      • casualties, v: 365;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 365.
    • 83rd Division,
      • summary of history, v: 146, 371, 399;
      • units composing, v: 371.
    • 84th Division,
      • summary of history, v: 198, 371, 399;
      • units composing, v: 371.
    • 85th Division,
      • summary of history, v: 197, 371;
      • units composing, v: 371.
    • 86th Division,
      • summary of history, v: 372;
      • units composing, v: 372.
    • 87th Division,
      • summary of history, v: 198, 372;
      • units composing, v: 372.
    • 88th Division, summary of history, v: 198, 365;
      • units composing, v: 365;
      • casualties, v: 365.
    • 89th Division,
      • in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 70, 202, 210, 386;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 90, 92, 95, 220, 252, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270, 274, 391;
      • organization and arrival in France, v: 146, 365;
      • in Army of Occupation, v: 274, 366, 395;
      • summary of history, v: 365;
      • units composing, v: 366;
      • casualties, v: 366;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 366.
    • 90th Division,
      • in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 208-210, 386;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 90, 92, 95, 220, 252, 262, 264, 272, 274, 391;
      • arrival and training in France, v: 196;
      • casualties in St. Mihiel drive, v: 210;
      • captures Stenay, Nov. 10, '18, v: 272;
      • in Army of Occupation, v: 274, 366, 395;
      • summary of history, v: 366;
      • units composing, v: 366;
      • total casualties, v: 366;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 366.
    • 91st Division,
      • as reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 66, 203;
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.—Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231, 232, 246, 388;
      • transferred to Belgium under French Sixth Army, Oct., '18, v: 83, 279, 393;
      • operations in Belgium, Oct.—Nov., '18, v: 83, 279, 393;
      • organization and arrival in France, v: 196, 366;
      • captures Spitaals-Bosschen, Oct. 31, '18, v: 279;
      • captures Audenarde, Nov. 2, '18, v: 279;
      • summary of history, v: 366;
      • units composing, 367;
      • casualties, v: 367;
      • prisoners and guns captured, v: 367.
    • 92nd Division (colored),
      • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 233;
      • organization and arrival in France, v: 145, 367;
      • summary of history, v: 367;
      • units composing, v: 367;
      • casualties, v: 367.
    • 93rd Division (colored), summary of history, v: 367;
      • units composing, v: 367;
      • casualties, v: 368.
  • Casualties, in submarine warfare during neutrality, i: 357;
    • first time in War, Nov., '17, i: 392, v: 113;
    • total in War, iii: 404;
    • total dead, iii: 404, [xii: 280];
    • number wounded, iii: 404, v: 344, [xii: 280];
    • prisoners or missing, iii: 404;
    • in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 71, 212, 386;
    • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26—Nov. 11, '18, v: 393, [xii: 280];
    • on Russian Front, v: 394;
    • total deaths overseas, classified according to cause, v: 402;
    • battle deaths, v: 402, [xii: 280], [xii: 289];
    • deaths from disease, v: 402, vii: 179, 195, [xii: 280];
    • money equivalent of manpower lost, [xii: 25];
    • see also U. S. Army, Medical Service.
  • Coal, production, '13—'17, [xii: 47];
    • war-time shortage, [xii: 48];
    • conservation measures under Fuel Administration, [xii: 48-50];
    • extent of mining operations, [xii: 50];
    • production compared with other staples, [xii: 50];
    • waste in use, [xii: 51];
    • Fuel Administration priority list, [xii: 75];
    • production for '18—'19, [xii: 146].
  • Conscription, Franklin Lane on lessons taught by, i: 370;
    • Conscription Act passed, Apr. 28—May 18, '17, i: 390, iii: 83, [xii: 280-281];
    • health statistics of drafted men, vii: 217, [xii: 281-282];
    • total number of registrants, [xii: 280-281];
    • number inducted into service, [xii: 280-281].
  • Cost of living,
    • high prices most striking economic effect of War, [xii: Intro. vii];
    • "index numbers" as measure of price changes, [xii: Intro. vii];
    • comparison of index numbers, '13—'19, [xii: Intro. vii-viii];
    • chart of price movements in U. S. and England since 1780, [xii: Intro. viii-x];
    • rise in, '14—'18, [xii: Intro. x], [xii: 56-59];
    • existing high prices not due to scarcity, [xii: Intro. x-xi];
    • currency inflation, [xii: Intro. xiii], [xii: 143];
    • chart showing relation of, to money in circulation, '14—'18, [xii: Intro. xiii];
    • high prices as breeder of Bolshevism, [xii: Intro. xiii-xiv];
    • purchasing power of wages, '13—'18, [xii: Intro. xiv];
    • remedies proposed for reducing high cost of living, [xii: Intro. xiv-xv], [xii: 147];
    • standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuations in, [xii: Intro. xv];
    • scarcity as cause of high prices, [xii: 39], [xii: 142];
    • "fair price" lists, [xii: 54];
    • profiteering, [xii: 55], [xii: 143];
    • meat-packers' profits before and during War, [xii: 56];
    • present, compared with Civil War prices, [xii: 57], [xii: 75];
    • rise in clothing prices, [xii: 58], [xii: 142], [xii: 145];
    • government price-fixing, [xii: 59];
    • monthly price changes, '12—'18, [xii: 60];
    • analysis of, by Council of National Defense, [xii: 142-148];
    • relation between wages and prices in estimating, [xii: 142];
    • housing problem, [xii: 142];
    • curtailed production since Armistice, [xii: 142];
    • food consumption statistics, [xii: 142];
    • influence of War on prices, [xii: 143];
    • food supply statistics, '18—'19, [xii: 143-144];
    • reasons for high food prices, [xii: 144];
    • reduction in shoe output for '19, [xii: 146];
    • coal production, '18—'19, [xii: 146];
    • reduction in iron and steel production, '19, [xii: 147];
    • reasons for high cost of living, summarized by Council of National Defense, [xii: 147];
    • see also
      • Prices;
      • U. S., Food.
  • Council of National Defense,
    • activities of General Medical Board of, vii: 187-189;
    • creation by Congress, '16, [xii: 115];
    • duties, [xii: 116];
    • members, [xii: 116];
    • Advisory Commission of, pre-War activities, [xii: 117];
    • committees, [xii: 122];
    • distinguished membership of committees, [xii: 122];
    • non-partisanship of, [xii: 124];
    • expenses, [xii: 124];
    • work of Field Division, [xii: 124];
    • results of activities, [xii: 124];
    • War Industries Board established, [xii: 125];
    • cantonment construction, [xii: 125];
    • share in victory, [xii: 126];
    • analysis of causes of and remedies for high cost of living,[xii: 142-148].
  • Declarations of war,
    • transition from neutral to belligerent, i: 300-308;
    • impelling causes for, i: 301, 341, 348, 368, ii: 53;
    • effect of '16 Presidential campaign on, i: 305;
    • diplomatic relations with Germany severed, Feb. 3, '17, i: 344-345, 389;
    • text of President Wilson's speech before Congress asking for declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355;
    • text of declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 6, '17, i: 355;
    • Franklin Lane on effects of entry into War on American life, i: 366-373;
    • diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungary severed, Apr. 8, '17, i: 389;
    • diplomatic relations with Turkey severed, Apr. 20, '17, i: 390;
    • declaration of war on Austria-Hungary, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393;
    • effect on final result of War, ii: 220, iii: 83;
      • a German military critic's view, ii: 273;
    • Ludendorff's comments on, ii: 341;
    • effect on French, ii: 387;
    • effect on British, vi: 11;
    • see also under Submarine warfare.
  • Employment Service, war-time activities, [xii: 67].
  • Food,
    • Herbert Hoover appointed Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390;
    • position of U. S. as producer, '17, [xii: 35];
    • wheat production vs. consumption, 1890—1914, [xii: 35];
    • corn production vs. consumption, 1890—1914, [xii: 35];
    • voluntary rationing, [xii: 35];
    • exports to Europe before and during War, [xii: 36], [xii: 135];
    • conservation, [xii: 37], [xii: 40], [xii: 141];
    • war-time increase in production, statistics, [xii: 37];
    • increased production more important than conservation, [xii: 38];
    • crop acreage, '10—'18, [xii: 38];
    • crop yields, '10—'18, [xii: 39];
    • Hoover's report on European relief, [xii: 42];
    • war-time government control, [xii: 46], [xii: 59], [xii: 140];
    • Sugar Equalization Board, functions, [xii: 46];
    • war-time sugar distribution, [xii: 46];
    • potato crop, [xii: 47];
    • "fair price" lists, [xii: 54];
    • functions of Food Administration, [xii: 59], [xii: 140];
    • statistics on quantity and prices, June, '18—June, '19, [xii: 61-65];
    • price comparisons, '13—'19, [xii: 64];
    • wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17—July 1, '18, [xii: 141];
    • consumption statistics, [xii: 142];
    • production statistics, '18—'19, [xii: 143];
    • wheat production, '18—'19, [xii: 143];
    • meat production, '18—'19, [xii: 144];
    • corn crop, '18, [xii: 144];
    • reasons for high prices, [xii: 144];
    • see also under U. S., Cost of living.
  • Food Administration, see under U. S., Food.
  • Foreign relations,
    • policy of isolation, i: 50;
    • abandonment of policy of isolation, i: 52-58;
    • early relations with China and Japan, i: 53;
    • African interests, i: 54;
    • Congo policy, i: 54;
    • armed expeditions sent beyond borders, 1836—1861, i: 54;
    • intervention in Cuba, i: 56;
    • "open door" policy in China, i: 57;
    • Root-Takahira agreement, '08, i: 57;
    • Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58;
    • policy in Venezuelan controversy with Germany, '02, i: 86;
    • participation in European conferences, i: 86;
    • participation in Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86;
    • German plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88;
    • arbitration treaties, i: 103;
    • emergence from War as World Power, i: 371;
    • after-War mission, i: 372.
  • Fuel Administration, see under U. S., Coal.
  • German-owned property, extent, [xii: 33-34].
  • Industries during War,
    • regulations for conservation of leather by War Industries Board, [xii: 53];
    • duties and powers of War Industries Board, [xii: 72];
    • priority system, [xii: 73-75];
    • distribution of war contracts, [xii: 74];
    • response to war needs, [xii: 115];
    • creation of Council of National Defense, [xii: 115];
    • duties of Council of National Defense, [xii: 116];
    • pre-War movement for industrial preparedness, [xii: 117];
    • pre-War activities of Advisory Commission, Council of National Defense, [xii: 118];
    • committees of Council of National Defense, [xii: 122];
    • organization and personnel of War Industries Board, [xii: 125];
    • share in final victory, [xii: 126];
    • see also under U. S., Council of National Defense, Labor.
  • Labor,
    • women in war industries, [xii: 25];
    • war-time safeguards for workers, [xii: 66];
    • organizing for war production, [xii: 67];
    • Employment Service of Department of Labor, war-time activities, [xii: 67];
    • war-time strikes, [xii: 68];
    • importance in winning War, [xii: 68-69];
    • size of working population, [xii: 71];
    • immigration as source of labor supply, [xii: 71];
    • war-time dislocation, [xii: 71];
    • Mediation Commission for settling labor unrest, [xii: 71];
    • activities of Advisory Labor Council, [xii: 71];
    • Gen. Crowder's "Work or fight" order, [xii: 72];
    • women as railway workers during War, [xii: 84];
    • settlement of war-time disputes in shipyards, [xii: 94];
    • attitude to War, [xii: 121].
  • Marine Corps, strength, Nov. 11, '18, iii: 403;
    • in battle of Belleau Wood, June 6—26, '18, v: 39, 130, 135-139, 382, x: 1-10;
    • capture of Bouresches, June 6, '18, v: 39, 138, x: 8-9;
    • in second battle of the Marne, July 18—19, '18, v: 55, 130, 159, 167-170, 174-175, 178-179;
    • capture of Vierzy, July 18, '18, v: 55, 174-175;
    • in Champagne as part of Gouraud's French Fourth Army, Oct., '18, v: 79, 241, 255-257;
    • capture of Blanc Mont, Oct. 5, '18, v: 79-80, 241, 257;
    • in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 95, 262-263, 266, 270, 274;
    • arrival in France, v: 106, 108;
    • incorporated in 2nd Div., v: 108;
    • not in Château-Thierry battle of May 31—June 3, '18, as popularly supposed, v: 130, 135;
    • casualties at Belleau Wood, June, '18, v: 139;
    • name of Belleau Wood changed by French to Bois de la Brigade de Marine, v: 139;
    • casualties in second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 179;
    • in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. '18, v: 210;
    • in drive through Landres-St. George, Nov. 1, '18, v: 262-263;
    • force crossing of Meuse, Nov. 10, '18, v: 270, 274;
    • see also under U. S. Army, 2nd Division.
  • Navy,
    • Rear-Adm. Mayo on war-time accomplishments of, iv: Intro. vii-xiii;
    • supplying guns and gun crews for merchant ships, iv: Intro. viii, 314;
    • laying of North Sea mine barrage, iv: Intro. xi, 324-330;
    • anti-submarine coast patrol, iv: Intro. xii;
    • Naval gunners on Western Front, iv: Intro. xii, 323, v: 306, viii: 42-45;
    • transportation of A. E. F. to France, iv: Intro. xii, [xii: 94-95], [xii: 283];
      • account of first expedition across Atlantic, June, '17, by Adm. Gleaves, iv: 157-165;
    • lessons of the War, iv: Intro. xiii;
    • destroyer flotilla on anti-submarine patrol duty in war zone, iv: 157, 315-317, 343;
    • development of depth bomb by, iv: 307, 330;
    • strength of personnel before War and at armistice, iv: 317;
    • training of new personnel, iv: 317;
    • war-time expansion in ships and equipment, iv: 318-319;
    • repair of damaged interned German liners, iv: 319-321;
    • laying of oil pipe line across Scotland, iv: 322;
    • invention of "Y" gun for discharge of depth bombs, iv: 331;
    • development of aerial bombs for use by seaplanes against U-boats, iv: 332;
    • development of star shells for illuminating enemy positions in dark, iv: 334;
    • invention of torpedo plane, iv: 335;
    • adventures of transports in war zone, iv: 335-343;
    • capture of German submarine U-58, Nov. 18, '17, iv: 349;
    • Secretary Daniels' report on activities in European waters, iv: 356-359;
    • co-operation with British,
      • Secretary Daniels on, iv: 356;
      • tributes by Sir Eric Geddes and Adm. Beatty, iv: 359-361;
    • development and description of N-C flying boats, viii: 236-240;
    • N-C-4 first airplane to cross Atlantic, viii: 240;
    • types of dirigibles used by, viii: 245, 255-257.
  • Neutrality,
    • Dr. Eliot's summary of reasons for pro- and anti-German feeling, i: 270-273;
    • von Jagow's defense against anti-German criticisms, i: 273;
    • Maximilian Harden's views on, i: 274;
    • German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282;
    • position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283;
    • French opinion of, i: 287;
    • unpopular with all belligerents, i: 288;
    • British opinion of, i: 289;
    • Gabriel Hanotaux's views on, i: 290;
    • conflict of sympathies, i: 297;
    • psychology of, i: 297;
    • increasing pro-Ally sentiment, i: 299;
    • attitudes of Wilson and Roosevelt compared, i: 299, 302;
    • German violations against, i: 300;
    • transition from neutral to belligerent, i: 300-308;
    • effect of '16 Presidential campaign on, i: 305;
    • attitude of press, i: 309;
    • Austro-Hungarian protest of unfairness of, i: 309;
    • Maximilian Harden's views on American war prosperity, i: 310;
    • Bryan's statement on, Jan. 20, '15, i: 311;
    • controversy with Great Britain over British seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339;
    • controversy with Germany on submarine warfare, i: 317-326, 328-335, 339;
      • chronological summary with list of ships sunk, i: 357-361;
    • President Wilson's "Strict accountability" note to Germany, i: 317;
    • President Wilson's "Too proud to fight" statement, i: 320, v: 372;
    • controversy with Germany on Lusitania sinking, i: 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 358-361;
    • statements of Taft and Roosevelt on Lusitania sinking, i: 320;
    • note to Germany on "Freedom of the seas," July 21, '15, i: 322;
    • attitude of press on torpedoing of Arabic, i: 323;
    • controversy with Austria-Hungary on torpedoing of Ancona, i: 326, 361;
    • McLemore Resolution warning Americans not to travel on belligerent ships, i: 327;
    • McLemore Resolution defeated, i: 328;
    • note threatening severance of diplomatic relations with Germany over sinking of Sussex, Apr. 18, '16, i: 329-331;
    • issues of '16 Presidential campaign, i: 334;
    • controversy with Great Britain over British seizure of neutral mail, i: 335;
    • President Wilson asks belligerents to state war aims, Dec. 18, '16, i: 336;
    • Lansing's statement of problems of, i: 339;
    • diplomatic relations with Germany severed, Feb. 3, '17, i: 344-345, 389;
    • President Wilson orders U. S. merchantmen armed, i: 347;
    • American casualties from submarine warfare during, i: 357;
    • President Wilson issues proclamation of, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375;
    • see also
      • Germany, Blockade of;
      • Submarine warfare.
  • Peace Conference,
    • delegates sail for, Dec. 4, '18, i: 400;
    • list of delegates, [xii: 179];
    • for work of delegates at, see Peace Conference;
    • also under name of delegate.
  • Peace Treaty,
    • fight against, in Senate, [xii: 264-278];
    • Fall amendments to, defeated, Oct. 2, '19, [xii: 264];
    • ratification with original Lodge reservations defeated, Nov. 19, '19, [xii: 265-266];
    • text of original Lodge reservations, [xii: 265];
    • defeated in Senate for second time, Mar. 19, '20, [xii: 266-269];
    • President Wilson's opinion of Lodge reservations, [xii: 267];
    • text of revised Lodge reservations, [xii: 269];
    • efforts to declare peace by Congressional resolution, [xii: 271-278];
    • text of peace resolution introduced in House of Representatives, Apr. 1, '20, [xii: 271];
    • Knox resolution declaring peace with Germany passed by Congress, May 15—21, '20, [xii: 273-277];
    • text of original Knox resolution proposing separate peace with Germany and successors of Austria-Hungary, [xii: 273];
    • text of amended Knox resolution, [xii: 277];
    • President Wilson vetoes Knox resolution, [xii: 277];
    • text of President Wilson's veto message, [xii: 278].
  • Population,
    • European immigration, i: 37;
    • German immigration in 1882 and 1910, i: 75;
    • size, characteristics, and distribution of German element in, i: 79, 277-279;
    • ratio of increase in urban and rural, 1890—1910, [xii: 35].
  • Press,
    • attitude on neutrality, i: 309;
    • attitude on Lusitania sinking, i: 320;
    • attitude on torpedoing of Arabic, i: 323;
    • views on German indemnity, [xii: 24].
  • Prisoners of war, first captured by Germans, Nov. 3, '17, iii: 84, v: 112;
    • total lost in War, iii: 404.
  • Railroads, war-time operation under government control, [xii: 87-90];
    • reasons for government control, [xii: 88];
    • defects in management, [xii: 89];
    • equipment sent to France, [xii: 95];
    • pledge of maximum war-time service by, [xii: 121].
  • Shipping, war-time building program, with statistics, [xii: 92-94];
    • war losses, [xii: 94];
    • neutral tonnage chartered for war service, [xii: 98];
    • war-time cargo fleet, statistics on tonnage and shipments, [xii: 283], [xii: 286].
  • Trade, with Germany through neutrals, ii: 21;
    • increase in exports, '12—'17, [xii: 1];
    • luxury imports, [xii: 8-9];
    • decrease in luxury imports, '14—'18, [xii: 58];
    • hostility to trade with Germany, [xii: 99];
    • War Trade Board export license system, [xii: 99].
  • War cost, currency inflation, [xii: Intro. xiii], [xii: 28-31], [xii: 143];
    • loans floated in U. S. by foreign countries, Aug., '14—Jan., '17, [xii: 2];
    • sources and amounts of war-time taxation, [xii: 2-9], [xii: 109-111];
    • income taxes, with comparison of rates in England and France, [xii: 2-6];
    • criticisms of war tax law, [xii: 5-6];
    • President Wilson's tax program, [xii: 6-7];
    • luxury taxes, [xii: 7-9];
    • war-time prosperity, [xii: 9-10];
    • loans in early U. S. history, [xii: 10];
    • Liberty Loans, floating of, with statistics on amounts raised and number of subscribers, [xii: 10-16], [xii: 113], [xii: 126-135];
    • repayment of loans made to Allies, [xii: 11];
    • Liberty Loan subscriptions by Federal Reserve Districts, [xii: 12];
    • Liberty Loan subscriptions in New York City, [xii: 12];
    • comparison of war debt with pre-War national debt, [xii: 16], [xii: 113], [xii: 114];
    • hourly war expenditures, [xii: 16];
    • comparison of war cost with previous expenditures, [xii: 16];
    • distribution of war expenditures, [xii: 16];
    • amount of loans to Allies, [xii: 16], [xii: 18], [xii: 31];
    • short-term certificates of indebtedness, [xii: 16];
    • War Savings Stamps, amount raised by, [xii: 18], [xii: 134];
    • problem of liquidating national debt, [xii: 18];
    • accumulation of Europe's gold supply in U. S., [xii: 29];
    • credit expansion, [xii: 30];
    • pre-War cash reserves, [xii: 30];
    • transition from debtor to creditor nation, with statistics, [xii: 31];
    • daily, monthly, and total war cost, Apr., 17—June, '19, [xii: 106-108].
  • War Industries Board, see under U. S., Industries during War.
• Uruguay,
  • failure of soviet plot in, vi: 392;
  • delegate to Peace Conference, [xii: 180].
• Uskub,
  • captured by Bulgarians, Oct., '15, i: 382, iii: 158, 204;
  • recaptured by Allies, Sept., '18, iii: 213.

• [V]
• V-187, German destroyer sunk at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.
• Vaccine,
  • manufacture of anti-typhoid, viii: 393;
  • see also Disease.
• Vacuum tubes, in wireless telephony, viii: 318-320.
• Valenciennes, Germans use as gateway into France, v: 215.
• Valley, Count Arco, assassin of Kurt Eisner, vi: 298.
• Van, occupied by Russians, May 23, '15, iii: 262.
• Van Iersal, Sgt. Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.
• Vanquois, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
• Varennes, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
• Vaux,
  • town in Marne salient, location, v: 133;
  • captured by 2nd Div., July 1, '18, v: 138, 382.
• Vaux,
  • Fort, at Verdun, captured by Germans, June 7, '16, i: 385, iii: 54, 313;
  • evacuated by Germans, Nov. 2, '16, i: 388, iii: 62;
  • German efforts at capture repulsed, Mar., '16, ii: 189, iii: 52, 306;
    • description by French officer participating in defense, iii: 327-329;
  • Major Raynal, defender of, awarded Legion of Honor, iii: 313;
  • see also Verdun.
• Veles,
  • captured by Bulgarians, Oct. 28—29, '15, i: 382, iii: 158, 204;
  • recaptured by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.
• Velocity of projectiles, viii: 111.
• Vencheres Wood, captured by 179th Inf. Brig., Sept. 13, '18, v: 209.
• Vendieres, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 14, '18, v: 210.
• Venereal diseases, statistics on, and methods of combating in U. S. Army, v: 402, vii: 208-209.
• Venezuela, pro-German attitude during War, vi: 392.
• Vengeance, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.
• Venizelos, Eleutherios,
  • pro-Ally policy during Greek neutrality, iii: 202;
  • establishes revolutionary government in Crete, Sept., '16, iii: 210;
  • biography, ix: 76-82;
  • bibliography, ix: 81.
• Verdun,
  • strategic value and reasons for German campaigns against, i: 268, ii: 6, 13, 36-39, 188, 189, iii: 46, 302, v: 199, 215, xi: 21;
  • effect of battle of the Somme on German offensive against, ii: 47, iii: 61, 63, 314;
  • eliminated by Germans as scene of '18 offensive, ii: 67;
  • battles of, Feb., '16—Sept., '17, ii: 186-189, iii: 46-55, 61-62, 79, 302-315, 327-329, viii: 289-291, xi: 21-22;
  • comparison of German attack, Feb., '16, with tactics at first battle of the Marne, ii: 186;
  • "They shall not pass," French watchword of defense at, ii: 189, iii: 304, xi: 21;
  • Pétain commands defenders, Feb.—May, '16, ii: 189, iii: 50, 304;
  • Germans capture Fort Douaumont, Feb. 25, '16, ii: 189, iii: 48, 304-305;
  • German attacks on Fort Vaux repulsed, Mar., '16, ii: 189, iii: 52, 306,;
    • described by French officer taking part in defense, iii: 327-329;
  • German Crown Prince in command of attacking forces, iii: 47, 48, 303;
  • use of motor transports in defense of, iii: 50, viii: 289-291;
  • battles for Dead Man's Hill (Le Mort Homme), Mar.—May, '16, iii: 51, 53-54, 306-307, 308, 310-313;
  • Cumières captured and lost by Germans, May, '16, iii: 54, 312;
  • Gen. Nivelle appointed to command of French defenders, May, '16, iii: 54, 310;
  • Fort Vaux captured by Germans, June 7, '16, iii: 54, 313;
  • German efforts to capture Fort Souville defeated, iii: 55;
  • Thiaumont captured by Germans, June 23—24, '16, and recaptured by French, iii: 55, 313;
  • Nivelle's surprise attack, Oct., '16, iii: 61;
  • Fort Douaumont recaptured by French, Oct., '16, iii: 61;
  • Fort Vaux evacuated by Germans, Nov. 2, '16, iii: 62;
  • Gen. Mangin succeeds Nivelle as French commander at, Dec., '16, iii: 62;
  • Mangin launches successful offensive, Dec., '16, iii: 62;
  • final French victories regain all important positions, Aug.—Sept., '17, iii: 79;
  • Ludendorff's comment on German blunder at, iii: 302;
  • description of intensity of fighting at, by French participant, iii: 308;
  • Major Raynal, defender of Fort Vaux, awarded Legion of Honor, iii: 313;
  • freed from threat of further German attacks by suppression of St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 208.
• Verrieres, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.
• Versailles Treaty, see Peace Treaty with Germany.
• Very, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.
• Very pistol, use in signalling, v: 319.
• Vesle River,
  • Germans driven across, in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July—Aug., '18, v: 60-62, 188-191, 383;
  • Germans driven from, to the Aisne, Aug.—Sept., '18, v: 62, 260, 383-384.
• Vesnitch, Dr. M. R., Serbian diplomat, statement of Jugoslav attitude toward Italian aggrandizement, vi: 366.
• Veterinary, treatment of sick and injured animals in War, vii: 225-227, viii: 397-399.
• Vickers machine-gun,
  • use on airplanes, viii: 87;
  • U. S. production figures, [xii: 284].
• Victor Emanuel, King of Italy, biography, ix: 395-398.
• Victory Way, in New York City, [xii: 133].
• Vienna,
  • war-time privation in, vi: 312;
  • riots, '18, vi: 316;
  • after-War distress, vi: 318;
  • Bolshevik uprising suppressed, Apr., '19, vi: 320-321.
• Vierstaat Ridge,
  • captured by British and 27th Div., A. E. F., Sept. 1—2, '18, v: 290.
• Vierzy, captured by 2nd Div., July 18, '18, v: 55, 174.
• Vigneulles,
  • junction of 1st and 26th Divs. at, closes St. Mihiel salient,
  • Sept., '18, v: 69, 211, 212.
• Ville-devant-Chaumont, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.
• Villepigue, Corp. John C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
• Villers Wood, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 15, '18, v: 210.
• Villers-Cotterets, concentration of Allied forces near, for Marne counter-offensive, July, '18, ii: 154, v: 161.
• Villers-devant-Dun, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264.
• Villers-sous-Preney, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 14, '18, v: 210.
• Vilna, captured by Germans, Sept., '15, iii: 141.
• Vilosnes-sur-Meuse captured by 60th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271.
• Vimy Ridge,
  • captured by Canadians, Apr. 9, '17, iii: 70, 343-349;
  • strategic importance, iii: 343;
  • London Times' account of battle, iii: 346-348;
  • decorations for gallantry at, iii: 349.
• Vindictive, British cruiser,
  • at Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262;
  • sunk in Ostend Channel, iv: 279;
  • see also Zeebrugge Raid.
• Viribus Unitis, Austrian battleship sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, May 15, '18, i: 395, x: 297-303.
• Vive La France! poem by Charlotte H. Crawford, vi: 94.
• Viviani, René, French statesman, biography, ix: 19-21.
• Vladivostok,
  • seized by Czechoslovak troops, June, '18, vi: 192;
  • Allies send troops to, vi: 193;
  • see also Siberia.
• Vocational training,
  • for war cripples, American help for French disabled, vii: 79, 92-95;
  • for American disabled, vii: 180-182, 210-216, 236-239;
  • modern attitude on, viii: 387;
  • see also Reconstruction of disabled.
• Vodka,
  • war-time prohibition of, in Russia, iii: 265, vi: 135;
  • use of harmful substitutes for, vi: 138.
• Voisin bombing planes, viii: 223.
• Voldemaras, Prof., forms first independent Lithuanian cabinet, vi: 236.
• Vologodsky, Peter, head of liberal Siberian government at Omsk, vi: 191.
• Voormezeele, captured by 30th Div., Aug. 31—Sept. 1, '18, v: 300.
• Vosges Mountains,
  • military importance, ii: 6;
  • place in scheme of general French strategy, ii: 9;
  • French occupy passes of, Aug., '14, iii: 16;
  • French offensive in, Dec., '15, iii: 46;
  • as training area for A. E. F., v: 118, 197, see also under each Division.

• [W]
• Waalker, Sgt. Reider, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.
• Wacht am Rhine, Die, German national song, xi: 332.
• Wales, Prince of, personal sketch, ix: 395, xi: 150-152.
• Walker, Col. William H., head of U. S. poison-gas plant at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 181.
• Wallace, Gen., British commander in western Egypt, iii: 191.
• Wallachia, German offensive in, iii: 221.
• Walsh, Frank P.,
  • member of Irish-American delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 66;
  • biography, ix: 337-339.
• War,
  • as a simple art, iii: 137;
  • definition of, iv: 1;
  • desirability, v: Intro. x;
  • extent of modern, v: Intro. x;
  • German policy of, see Germany, Kultur, Militarism.
• War Babies' Cradle, organization and relief activities of, vii: 107, xi: 56.
• War Committee (or Council) of British Cabinet,
  • members, Nov., '14, ii: 198;
  • responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 200;
  • responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.
• War Industries Board, U. S., see U. S., Industries during War.
• War relief:
  • American,
    • plan of Stars and Stripes for adoption of French orphans, vii: 72, xi: 80;
    • Children's Bureau of American Red Cross, relief activities for Allied children, vii: 72, 76-79, xi: 85-90;
    • vocational training for French war cripples, vii: 79, 92-95;
    • beginnings of American relief work, vii: 85;
    • Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 85, 119, [xii: 136], [xii: 141];
    • Lafayette Fund, vii: 85;
    • Committee of Mercy, vii: 87;
    • American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 87, 91;
    • National Allied Relief Committee, vii: 87-90;
    • John Moffat's activities in early development of, vii: 87;
    • American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany, vii: 88, 96;
    • Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 88, 108;
    • French Heroes Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116;
    • benefit bazaars, vii: 90;
    • "Hero Land" bazaar, vii: 90;
    • American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 91, xi: 85;
    • American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92;
    • American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92;
    • War Relief Clearing House for France and Her Allies, vii: 95;
    • Le Bien-Être du Blessé, vii: 96;
    • French Tuberculosis War Victims' Fund, vii: 97;
    • American Committee of the Charities of the Queen of the Belgians, vii: 98;
    • for war blind, Permanent Blind Relief War Fund, vii: 99, 255-260;
    • Franco-American Committee for the Protection of Children of the Frontier, vii: 101, xi: 85;
    • American Committee of the Secours National, vii: 105;
    • Committee for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105, xi: 84;
    • aid for French victims of shell-shock and nervous derangements, vii: 106;
    • War Babies' Cradle, vii: 107, xi: 56;
    • relief work of American alumni of École des Beaux Arts, vii: 108;
    • relief for Serbia, vii: 109, 144-168;
    • relief for Rumania, vii: 109;
    • Commission for Relief in Belgium, organization and activities, vii: 116-144;
    • Millard Shaler, early organizer of Belgian relief, vii: 119;
    • Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 343-349;
    • for Jewish war sufferers, vii: 349-376;
    • Free Milk for France fund, vii: 376-379;
    • American Relief Administration for feeding newly liberated peoples, [xii: 141].
  • Belgian, Charities of the Queen of the Belgians, vii: 98.
  • British,
    • in Serbia, iii: 398;
    • Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, vii: 95;
    • British and Canadian Patriotic Fund, vii: 99;
    • British American War Relief Fund, vii: 99;
    • Scottish Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service, vii: 101;
    • Chelsea War Refugees Fund for Belgian refugees in England, vii: 106;
    • London Volunteer Motor Corps, vii: 107;
    • St. Dunstan's Home for blind, vii: 259.
  • Dutch, for Belgian refugees and interned soldiers, vii: 168-175.
  • French,
    • vocational training for disabled, vii: 92-95;
    • Le Bien-être du Blessé, vii: 96;
    • Secours National, vii: 105;
    • Committee for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105, xi: 84;
    • relief for victims of shell-shock and nervous derangement, vii: 106;
    • War Babies' Cradle, vii: 107, xi: 56.
    • See also
      • Knights of Columbus;
      • Red Cross;
      • Salvation Army;
      • Young Men's Christian Association.
• War Risk Insurance, Bureau of, for U. S. fighting men, vii: 176.
• War Savings Stamps, U. S., amount sold, [xii: 18], [xii: 134].
• War terms and soldier slang, definitions of, xi: 359-362.
• War Trade Board, U. S., see U. S., Trade.
• War Zone, see
  • Germany, Blockade of;
  • Submarine warfare.
• Warburg, Felix M., treasurer American Jewish Relief Committee, vii: 354.
• Ward, Pvt. Calvin, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.
• Warehouses,
  • location of great A. E. F. supply depots in France, v: 330;
  • construction of, by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400.
• Warfare,
  • see
    • Strategy;
    • Tactics;
    • Trench warfare.
• Warneford, Flight Sub-Lieut. R. A. J., brings down first Zeppelin, ii: 269, x: 223.
• Warrior, British cruiser sunk at Jutland, iv: 260.
• Warsaw, German attacks on and capture of, Aug. 5, '15, i: 381, ii: 26, iii: 128-130, 131, 138.
• Warspite, British warship at battle of Jutland, iv: 260.
• Washington Inn, for American officers in London, vii: 288.
• Wasted, poem, xi: 100.
• Watches, for A. E. F., viii: 327.
• Water supply,
  • for A. E. F., construction of facilities for, v: 333;
  • modern methods for making safe for use of armies, viii: 394-396.
• We Are Fred Karno's Army, British soldiers' song, xi: 338.
• Wearing of the Green, Irish patriotic air, xi: 334.
• Weather forecasting, importance of, in war, xi: 296-303.
• Weddigen, Lieut.-Com. Otto, commander of U-9, sinks British cruisers Aboukir, Cressy, and Hogue, iv: 205, x: 274-280.
• Wedell, Hans von, leader in German passport frauds in U. S., x: 333.
• Weimar, meeting place of German National Assembly, Feb., '19, vi: 291.
• Wekerle, Dr.,
  • succeeds Count Tisza as Premier of Hungary, vi: 314;
  • suppresses Jugoslav congress at Agram, Mar., '18, vi: 363.
• Welland Canal, German plot for destruction of, i: 318.
• Wellborn, Col., director of U. S. Tank Corps, v: 314.
• Wemyss, Sir Rosslyn, succeeds Jellicoe as British First Sea Lord, Dec. 26, '17, i: 393.
• West, Sgt. Chester H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.
• West Prussia, award to Poland by Peace Conference, vi: 226.
• Western Front,
  • establishment by Germans of trench lines from North Sea to Swiss border following first Marne battle, Sept., '14, ii: Intro. vii, 11, iii: 37, viii: 134, xi: 12, 253;
  • relative importance compared with Eastern theatre of war, ii: 11-14, 87-89;
    • opinion of Field-Marshal French, ii: 171;
    • Gen. Maurice on, ii: Intro. x-xxiv;
  • the vital front, ii: Intro. xxiii;
  • Allied retreat to the Marne, Aug.—Sept., '18, ii: 9, 166, 183, iii: 20-30;
  • German "strategic" retreat to Hindenburg Line, '17, ii: 53, iii: 66-70;
  • reasons for German offensive of Mar.—July, '18, ii: 65-67;
  • German strength, Mar., '18, ii: 65, 75, iii: 383, v: 120;
  • Allied strength Mar., '18, ii: 66;
  • choice of sector by Germans for great offensive of Mar., '18, ii: 67-69, 311, iii: 86;
  • great German offensive begun, Mar. 21, '18, ii: 70, 150, iii: 86, 359, v: 23, 120, 130, 380, vi: 270;
    • Ludendorff's account, iii: 308-316;
  • break through Allied line and rout of British Fifth Army near St. Quentin in great German drive, Mar., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-152, 190-197, iii: 86-91, v: 373;
    • account by Philip Gibbs, iii: 381-390;
  • German drive against Channel ports, Apr., '18, ii: 75, 153, iii: 91, 359-363;
  • German casualties in offensive of Mar.—Apr., '18, ii, 75;
  • German drive to the Marne, May—July, '18, ii: 76-79, 154, 320, iii: 92-96, v: 35, 41-53, 129, 130;
  • Allied counter-offensive and retreat of Germans out of France and Belgium, July 18—Nov. 11, '18, ii: 80-87, 154, 156-159, iii: 96-104, v: 72, 192, 213;
    • résume by Gen. Malleterre, ii: 209-216;
    • Ludendorff's account, ii: 324-326;
    • Ludendorff's account, ii: 331-340;
  • battle line, July 18, '18, ii: 82;
  • German bases in France captured in Allied counter-offensive, July—Nov., '18, ii: 86;
  • campaigns on, first phase, maneuvering for position, ii: 112;
  • second phase, war of attrition, ii: 112;
  • third phase, final stroke, ii: 113;
  • necessity for frontal attack on, ii: 116;
  • Foch's analysis of weakness of German position, July, '18, ii: 154;
  • Allied and German man-power, Oct., '18, ii: 159;
  • British man-power, Aug., '18, ii: 214;
  • British shell supply, Aug., '18, ii: 214;
  • military situation, Nov., '18, ii: 215;
  • general topography, iii: 2;
  • battle line, Jan., '15, iii: 41;
  • German prisoners and guns captured by Allies, July—Nov., '18, iii: 104;
  • A. E. F. deciding factor in last campaigns on, v: 23-25;
  • first American sector established, Aug., '18, v: 64, 192-193, 384;
  • American front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 95;
  • five major German offensives on, v: 96;
  • effect of Russian withdrawal from War on, v: 113;
  • German lines of defense and communications, v: 214-216;
  • for details of engagements or sectors, see name of battle, campaign, or sector.
• Wet, Gen. Christian de, leader of Boer rebellion against British, '14, vi: 50.
• Wettig, Carl, discloses German plot to blow up ships, x: 374.
• Wexford, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.
• Wheat,
  • production and imports by Germany, ii: 17;
  • government price-fixing in U. S., [xii: 59];
  • U. S. exports to Allies, July, '17—July,'18, [xii: 141];
  • statistics on production in U. S., '18—'19, [xii: 143];
  • see also Food.
• Where Do We Go From Here, Boys?, American soldiers' song, xi: 337.
• Whiddy Island, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.
• Whippets,
  • British baby tanks, ii: 280, viii: 148, xi: 262;
  • see also Tanks.
• Whitby, bombarded by German fleet, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.
• White Russia,
  • Republic of, established, May, '18, [xii: 279];
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Whittlesey, Major Charles W., commander of "Lost Battalion," isolation and rescue in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 2—7, '18, v: 231, 239, 241, 242, 243;
  • gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
• Why Did We Join the Army?, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.
• Wickersham, Geo. W., analysis of Peace Treaty with Germany, [xii: 170-178].
• Wickersham, 2nd Lieut. J. Hunter, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.
• Wien, Austrian battleship torpedoed by Italians in Trieste harbor, i: 393, x: 290.
• Wieringen, German Crown Prince's home at, after flight from Germany, vi: 278.
• Wilhelm, Kaiser, see William II.
• Wilhelmina, Queen of Netherlands, biography, ix: 401-405.
• Wilhelmshaven, revolt of German navy at, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.
• Willard, Daniel, chairman of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, [xii: 116].
• William I, becomes first German Emperor, Jan. 18, 1871, i: 44.
• William II, of Germany,
  • abdicates throne, Nov. 9, '18, i: 399, ii: 340, vi: 273;
  • conception of powers as Emperor, i: 73;
  • becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97, 185, ix: 358;
  • arrogance, i: 97;
  • visits Turkey, i: 98, 207;
  • famous speech at Tangier, Mar., '05, i: 99;
  • complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, July, '14, i: 133-136, 252;
  • interview in London Daily Telegraph declaring friendship for England, Oct. 28, '18, i: 186;
  • advice to troops to be "terrible as Huns," i: 186;
  • reprimanded by Reichstag and Bundesrat for Daily Telegraph interview, i: 189;
  • Lloyd George's opinion of, i: 189;
  • Kruger telegram supporting cause of Boers against Great Britain, Jan. 3, 1898, i: 192;
  • statement about "sharpness of German sword," ii: 161;
  • Ludendorff's estimate of weakness, ii: 317;
  • Supreme War Lord, ii: 331;
  • author of phrase "Yellow peril," vi: 248;
  • retirement to Amerongen after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 277;
  • biography and sketch of personality, ix: 355-367, xi: 139-141;
  • bibliography, ix: 367;
  • Peace Treaty provisions for trial for war guilt, [xii: 217].
• William of Wied, becomes ruler of Albania, i: 206.
• William P. Frye, American ship sunk by Germans, Jan. 28, '15, i: 319, 378.
• Wilson, Adm. Henry B., biography, ix: 295-296.
• Wilson, Gen., British representative on Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84.
• Wilson, Major, develops idea of tank as fighting machine, viii: 155.
• Wilson, William B., U. S. Secretary of Labor, on anti-war spirit of laboring classes, [xii: 65].
• Wilson, Woodrow,
  • assumes leadership of liberal Democrats, i: 295;
  • temperament contrasted with Roosevelt's, i: 299;
  • "Strict accountability" note to Germany on U-boat warfare, i: 317;
  • "Too proud to fight" statement, i: 320, v: 372, ix: 62;
  • opposition to McLemore Resolution, i: 327;
  • note to belligerents to state war aims, Dec. 18,. '16, i: 336;
  • "Peace without victory" speech, Jan., '17, i: 337, ix: 64;
  • speech before Congress asking for declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355;
  • effects of diplomacy, ii: 390;
  • position in Fiume dispute, vi: 369;
  • biography and personal sketch, ix: 55-69, xi: 131-135;
  • "Fourteen Points," ix: 67, [xii: 163-165];
  • bibliography, ix: 69;
  • stricken ill during tour for ratification of Peace Treaty, Sept., '19, [xii: 264];
  • opinion of Lodge reservations, [xii: 267];
  • message vetoing Knox Resolution, [xii: 278];
  • for relations with belligerents during neutrality,
    • see Germany, Blockade of;
    • Submarine warfare;
  • for work at Peace Conference, see Peace Conference.
• Winchester self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89.
• Windhoek, captured by British, May 12, '15, i: 380, iii: 255.
• Wire entanglements, see Barbed wire.
• Wireless,
  • use by A. E. F. Signal Corps, v: 317, 318-319;
  • development under war needs, viii: 315;
  • apparatus for generation and transmission of radio waves, viii: 315-318;
  • Goldschmidt alternator, viii: 316;
  • Alexanderson alternator, viii: 316-318;
  • use of vacuum tubes in wireless telephony, viii: 318-320;
  • types of aerials, viii: 320;
  • U. S. Navy wireless stations, location and method of operation, viii: 320-322.
• Wisloka River, battle between Germans and Russians on banks of, May, '15, iii: 136.
• Woevre River, Germans driven into plains of, by A. E. F. advance in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 94.
• Wold, Pvt. Nels, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.
• Wolf, seaplane-carrier German raider, activities, iv: 198.
• Women in War,
  • French munition workers, ii: 376;
  • Pershing's tribute, v: 404;
  • as Y. M. C. A. workers in Europe, vii: 267-271;
  • Russian Battalion of Death, x: 183-185, xi: 205-210;
  • British, in war industries, [xii: 25];
  • American, in war industries, [xii: 26], [xii: 84-85];
  • British, as farm laborers, [xii: 40];
  • effects of entry into industries on social organization, [xii: 83-84];
  • see also
    • Nurses;
    • Red Cross;
    • Salvation Army;
    • War relief;
    • Young Men's Christian Association.
• Wood, Maj.-Gen. Leonard,
  • on lessons of the War, iii: Intro. vii-x;
  • in command of 89th Div., during training period, v: 146, 365.
• Woodfill, 1st Lieut. Samuel, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.
• World empires,
  • development toward, before War, i: 23;
  • rivalry of ambitions for, i: 25.
• World federation,
  • ideal of, i: 25;
  • religious diversity an obstacle to, i: 25.
• World League of Red Cross Societies, organization and objects, vii: 3.
• World War,
  • results,
    • summary by Dr. Eliot, i: Intro. ix-xiv;
    • Dr. Manning on spiritual, vii: Intro. ix;
  • areas involved, i: 9;
  • effect on population, [xii: 25];
  • see also
    • Causes of War;
    • Cost of War;
    • Germany, Responsibility for War.
• Wounded, see
  • Ambulance;
  • Carrel-Dakin treatment;
  • Hospitals;
  • Infection;
  • Medical Science;
  • Reconstruction of disabled;
  • Surgery;
  • U. S. Army, Medical Service.
• Wright, Maj.-Gen. William M.,
  • commander of 35th Div., v: 128, 361;
  • commander of 89th Div., v: 146, 365;
  • commander of Seventh Corps, v: 395;
  • biography, ix: 221-223.
• Württemberg, Duke of, in command of German Northern Armies, iii: 61.
• Wynne, Mrs. Hilda, experiences as ambulance driver, vii: 105, x: 186-188.

• [X]
• Xivray, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.
• X-ray, use in war surgery, vii: 221, viii: 373-376.
• Xylyl bromide (tear gas), use in chemical warfare, viii: 170.

• [Y]
• "Y" gun, for launching depth bombs, iv: 331.
• Yachts, converted, work in anti-submarine patrol, iv: 292.
• Yakutsk Republic,
  • established, May, '18, [xii: 279];
  • area and population, [xii: 279].
• Yankee (26th) Division, see U. S., Army.
• Yarmouth, bombarded by German raiders, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 244.
• Yemen, Imamate of, established, '18, [xii: 279].
• York, Sgt. Alvin C.,
  • account of exploits as fighter, x: 13-18;
  • gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.
• Young, Lt.-Com. E. Hilton, account of Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 269-279.
• Young, Lieut. I. E. R., account of air battle against German raiders over London, x: 215.
• Young Men's Christian Association:
  • American, organization for war work and program of activities, vii: 261-266;
    • recognition by War Department as welfare agency, vii: 262;
    • personnel, number and character, vii: 266;
    • casualties in overseas service, vii: 267;
    • women's work with, overseas, vii: 267-271;
    • Work in A. E. F. leave areas, vii: 269;
    • at the front with combat troops, vii: 271-277;
    • award of Distinguished Service Crosses to workers, vii: 272;
    • with the "Lost Battalion," vii: 273;
    • huts used as targets by Germans, vii: 274;
    • awards of Croix de Guerre to workers, vii: 275, 313;
    • hotels for service men, vii: 277;
    • entertainment for service men, vii: 277-279;
    • educational work for A. E. F., vii: 280-283, 290;
    • religious activities among troops, vii: 283-285;
    • activities for A. E. F. in United Kingdom, vii: 286-290;
    • Eagle Hut in London, vii: 288, 300; in Italy, vii: 290;
    • with Army of Occupation, vii: 291-293;
    • with A. E. F. in Russia and Siberia, vii: 293-298;
    • Navy service, vii: 298-302;
    • Navy Hut at Brest, vii: 302;
    • work among prisoners of war, Allied and Teuton, vii: 302-310;
    • care of American war prisoners in Germany, vii: 309;
    • Foyers du Soldats for French soldiers, vii: 310-313;
    • Foyers du Marin for French sailors, vii: 313;
    • athletics for A. E. F., vii: 313-317;
    • work for Russian army and civilians, vii: 318-319.
  • British,
    • in Egypt, vii: 321, 322;
    • at Gallipoli, vii: 321;
    • in Sudan, vii: 322;
    • in Palestine and Jerusalem, vii: 322-323;
    • in Mesopotamia, vii: 324.
  • Indian, welfare work in India, vii: 327.
  • International,
    • in Egypt, vii: 322;
    • in Mesopotamia, vii: 324-327.
• Young Turks, force constitutional government in Turkey, '08, i: 109.
• Ypres, battles of:
  • Oct.—Nov., '14, ii: 144, iii: 41;
    • Field-Marshal French's account, ii: 170-171.
  • Apr., '15, first use of gas in warfare by Germans, ii: 222, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316.
  • July—Oct., '17, iii: 78-79;
    • Haig's account of use of artillery in, ii: 128.
  • Apr., '18, ii: 153;
    • description by Philip Gibbs, iii: 360-363.
• Yser, battles of,
  • Oct., '14, ii: 220, iii: 40;
  • July, '17, iii: 77-78.
• Yudenitch, Gen., Russian commander, campaign against and capture of Erzerum, iii: 262-263.

• [Z]
• Zabern incident, i: 72.
• Zeebrugge Raid,
  • British exploit in blocking German submarine base on Belgian coast, Apr., '18, iv: 261-279;
  • ships participating, iv: 262;
  • official Admiralty report, iv: 262-265;
  • Capt. Carpenter's account, iv: 266-268;
  • British casualties, iv: 268;
  • account of Lieut.-Com. Young of Vindictive, iv: 269-279.
• Zemstvos, Russian, congress of,
  • prohibited by Protopopov, vi: 143;
  • succeeded by local "soviets," vi: 164;
  • war-time activities, [xii: 82].
• Zemtchug, Russian cruiser sunk by German raider Emden, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 179.
• Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von, inventor of Zeppelin dirigible airships, biography, ix: 250-252.
• Zeppelins,
  • description of structural features, with discussion of utility during war and peace, ii: 262-269, viii: 241-254;
  • raids on England, ii: 266, iii: 41, viii: 246, see also Air raids;
  • exploit of Sub-Lieut. Warneford in bringing down first Zeppelin of War, ii: 269, x: 223-225;
  • development in construction, '14—'18, viii: 241;
  • compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245;
  • flight of L-59 to Egypt, viii: 243.
• Zigzagging, as defense against U-boat attack, iv: 310.
• Zimmermann, Dr. Alfred F. M., German Foreign Secretary,
  • attempt to force from Ambassador Gerard guarantees for German-owned property in U. S., i: 345;
  • text of note attempting to involve Mexico and Japan in war against U. S., i: 347.
• Zouaves, description, xi: 189.

---