[3] Dearborn, G.V.N.: 'Notes on the Individual Psychophysiology of the Crayfish,' Amer. Jour. Physiol., Vol. 3, 1900, pp. 404-433.
THE INSTINCTS, HABITS, AND REACTIONS OF THE FROG.
BY ROBERT MEARNS YERKES.
PART I. THE ASSOCIATIVE PROCESSES OF THE GREEN FROG.
I. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GREEN FROG.
The common green frog, Rana clamitans, is greenish or brownish in color, usually mottled with darker spots. It is much smaller than the bull frog, being from two to four inches in length ordinarily, and may readily be distinguished from it by the presence of prominent glandular folds on the sides of the back. In the bull frog, Rana catesbeana, these folds are very small and indistinct. The green frog is found in large numbers in many of the ponds and streams of the eastern United States, and its peculiar rattling croak may be heard from early spring until fall. It is more active, and apparently quicker in its reactions, than the bull frog, but they are in many respects similar in their habits. Like the other water frogs it feeds on small water animals, insects which chance to come within reach and, in times of famine, on its own and other species of frogs. The prey is captured by a sudden spring and the thrusting out of the tongue, which is covered with a viscid secretion. Only moving objects are noticed and seized; the frog may starve to death in the presence of an abundance of food if there is no movement to attract its attention. Most green frogs can be fed in captivity by swinging pieces of meat in front of them, and those that will not take food in this way can be kept in good condition by placing meat in their mouths, for as soon as the substance has been tasted swallowing follows.
The animals used for these experiments were kept in the laboratory during the whole year in a small wooden tank. The bottom of this tank was covered with sand and small stones, and a few plants helped to purify the water. An inch or two of water sufficed; as it was not convenient to have a constant stream, it was changed at least every other day. There was no difficulty whatever in keeping the animals in excellent condition.
Of the protective instincts of the green frog which have come to my notice during these studies two are of special interest: The instinctive inhibition of movement under certain circumstances, and the guarding against attack or attempt to escape by 'crouching' and 'puffing.' In nature the frog ordinarily jumps as soon as a strange or startling object comes within its field of vision, but under certain conditions of excitement induced by strong stimuli it remains perfectly quiet, as do many animals which feign death, until forced to move. Whether this is a genuine instinctive reaction, or the result of a sort of hypnotic condition produced by strong stimuli, I am not prepared to say. The fact that the inhibition of movement is most frequently noticed after strong stimulation, would seem to indicate that it is due to the action of stimuli upon the nervous system.
What appears to be an instinctive mode of guarding against attack and escaping an enemy, is shown whenever the frog is touched about the head suddenly, and sometimes when strong stimuli are applied to other parts of the body. The animal presses its head to the ground as if trying to dive or dodge something, and inflates its body. This kind of action is supposed to be a method of guarding against the attack of snakes and other enemies which most frequently seize their prey from the front. It is obvious that by pressing its head to the ground the frog tends to prevent any animal from getting it into its mouth, and in the few instants' delay thus gained it is able to jump. This is just the movement necessary for diving, and it is probable that the action should be interpreted in the light of that instinctive reflex. The 'puffing' also would seem to make seizure more difficult. Another fact which favors this interpretation is that the response is most commonly given to stimuli which seem to come from the front and which for this reason could not easily be escaped by a forward jump, while if the stimulus is so given that it appears to be from the rear the animal usually jumps away immediately. We have here a complex protective reaction which may be called a forced movement. It is, so far as one can see, very much like many reflexes, although it does not occur quite so regularly.