Sudden melting and freezing. Persistance of the liquid state beneath the melting point.
Influence of pressure.
Exposition of the phenomena which accompany the conversion of liquids or solids into vapor, and the inverse passage from the gaseous to the liquid or solid state. Constancy of the temperatures whilst the phenomenon is going on.
Influence of pressure.
Phenomena of ebullition in free space. Augmentation of the temperature and pressure in a confined space. Papin’s digester.
Properties of vapors in spaces and in gases. Saturated vapors. Their tension does not depend upon the space which they occupy, but only upon their temperature.
Effects of a diminution or increase of pressure without change of temperature; the same without change of pressure. Effects of lowering the temperature in a limited region of space occupied by vapor.
Tension of a saturated vapor at the boiling point of its liquid.
Measure of the tensions of the vapor of water. Experiments of Dalton, Gay-Lussac, Dulong, and Arago, and of M. Regnault.
Tables of the tensions of steam. Empirical formulæ. Graphical constructions.