འགོལ་ see གོལ་.
འགོལ་ see གོལ་.
འགྱེ་ and འགྱེད་, 38. Attention must be drawn to the fact that Desg. identifies འགྱེད་ with འགྱེ་ as against J.’s distinction between the two forms as neutral and active. Also that Desg.’s explanation of གཡུལ་ etc., as ‘to put (the [[33]]enemy) to flight in battle,’ seems more probable than J.’s ‘to fight a battle,’ etc. The explanation of འགྱེད་, by འཕམ་ in the note on གཤགས་, q.v., seems to support this supposition. S. Ch. D. gives as a meaning of འགྱེད་ ‘to institute, set going’ and translates accordingly འཐབ་ as ‘to start a combat,’ as against J. ‘to combat’ alone. Also གཡུལ་ ‘one who gives battle.’ Desg. s.v. གཡུལ་ (p. 923): གཡུལ་ or གཡུལ་ ‘to fight in battle, to combat.’ Cf. also J. s.v. གཡུལ་. S. Ch. D. copies J. as against Desg. གཡུལ་, ‘to fight a battle.’ These words འགྱེ་ and འགྱེད་, again, need further investigation supported by quotations (as well as the word གཡུལ་ with which they are used).
རྒ་, 33. To be old, the state of being old, old age. Example སྐེ་, ‘the being born, growing old, being ill, dying are sorrows,’ or ‘birth, old age, illness and death are sorrowful.’ Cf. the treatment of the first four words in J. རྒས་, with following verb, to be translated as ‘of old age,’ literally: of (belonging to, attendant on) having become old; for instance, the joys, sorrows, etc., of the state of having become old (of old age) = རྒས་ (or སྡུག་). This is not the subst. རྒས་ or རྒས་ of Desg. J. treats རྒ་ as a verb with རྒས་ as a past tense, taking རྒད་ and རྒན་ as adjectives from which the usual substantives in པོ་, མོ་, etc., are made. Desg. gives the four forms རྒ་, རྒད་, རྒན་ and རྒས་ [[34]]as substantives and has no verb ‘to be old.’ J.’s analysis seems the more accurate one. J.’s རྒས་ ‘old age’ is absent in Desg., whilst this latter has a རྒས་ without affix as ‘old man,’ ‘old age.’ This word S. Ch. D. has as = རྒ་ ‘old, ripe’; whilst he adds རྒས་ = རྒད་ ‘aged, old; exhausted, infirm; an old man.’ This group needs proper quotations for final settlement.
My oral information on some of these points is as follows: The use of རྒས་ alone, as ‘old, ripe’ is denied. རྒས་ does not mean རྒད་ ‘old,’ because རྒས་ requires a ལོ་ ‘grown old in years’ in that sense. As an independent adjective, however, it means ‘worn out, exhausted, thin, lean, aged, grown older,’ and is in that case an equivalent for རྒད་. Troubles make a man རྒས་ ‘age him’; make him as if old. Age makes a man རྒད་, old, i.e. really old. For the use of རྒས་ the following two illustrations were given: རྒས་ ‘don’t do such work (or things: or don’t behave in that manner) in your old age;’ རྒས་, ‘don’t think bad (evil) thoughts in your old age when (whilst) death is drawing near.’
རྒད་, རྒན་, རྒས་ see རྒ་.
རྒྱ་ (or རྒྱལ་) སྒོ་ see སྒོ་.
རྒྱན་ see རྒྱན་.
རྒྱན་ see རྒྱན་.
རྒྱན་ see རྒྱན་. [[35]]