[1593] There is a summary of the progressive conflict on the question of the unity and plurality of races in the introduction to Topinard’s Anthropology. Cf. Peschel’s Races of Man (Eng. transl., N. Y., 1876), p. 6.
[1594] The idea in general was not wholly new. Capt. Bernard Romans, in his Concise Nat. Hist. of East and West Florida (N. Y., 1776), had expressed the opinion “that God created an original man and woman in this part of the globe of different species from any in the other parts” (p. 38). Clavigero, in 1780, believed that the distinct linguistic traits of the Americans pointed to something like an independent origin. Cf. W. D. Whitney on the “Bearing of Languages on the Unity of Man,” in North Amer. Review, cv. 214.
[1595] Cf. Jeffries Wyman in No. Am. Rev., li.
[1596] Cardinal Wiseman’s Lectures, 5th ed., London, p. 158.
[1597] Described in Trans. Amer. Ethnol. Soc., ii. The collection went to the Acad. of Natural Sciences in Philad., and is examined by Dr. J. Austin Meigs in its Proc., 1860. Cf. Meigs’s Catalogue of human crania in the Acad. Nat. Sci. (Philad., 1857).
[1598] Morton’s latest results are given in a paper, “The physical type of the American Indian,” left unfinished, but completed by John S. Phillips, and printed in Schoolcraft’s Indian Tribes, ii. He also printed An Inquiry into the distinctive characteristics of the Aboriginal Race of America (Boston, 1842; Philad., 1844); and Some Observations in the Ethnography and Archæology of the American Aborigines (N. Haven, 1846,—from the Amer. Jour. of Science, 2d ser., ii.). Cf. Trans. Amer. Ethnol. Soc. ii. 219. Cf. Allibone’s Dictionary, ii. 1376. It is certainly evident that skull capacity is no sure measure of intelligence, and the Indian custom of misshaping the head offers some serious obstacles in the study. Cf. Nadaillac, L’Amér. préhist., 512; L. A. Gosse, Les déformations artificielles du crane (Paris, 1855); Daniel Wilson’s “Indications of Ancient Customs suggested by certain cranial forms,” in Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc. (1863); Dabry de Thiersant’s Origine des indiens du Nouveau Monde, p. 12; W. F. Whitney, on “Anomalies, injuries and diseases of the bones of the native races of No. America,” in Peabody Mus. Rept., xviii. 434. On the difficulties of the study see Lucien Carr in Ibid. xi. 361; Flower in the Journal Anthropological Institute, May, 1885; Dawson, Fossil Men, chap. 7. Further see: Anders Retzius, on “The Present State of Ethnology in relation to the form of the human skull,” in Smithson. Rept., 1859; Waitz’s Introd. to Anthropology, Eng. transl., pp. 233, 261; Carl Vogt’s Lectures on Man (lect. 2); A. Quatrefages and E. T. Hamy, Crania Ethica (Paris, 1873-77); Nott and Gliddon, Types of Mankind; Nadaillac’s L’Amérique préhist., ch. 9, and Les premiers hommes, i. ch. 3.
[1599] An anonymous book, The Genesis of Earth and Man (Edinburgh, 1856), places the negro as the primal stock, and traces out the higher races by variation.
[1600] Dr. Nott had given some indication of his views in “An Examination of the physical history of the Jews in its bearing on the question of the Unity of the Races” (Amer. Asso. Adv. Sci. Proc., iii. 1850).
[1601] Cf. References in Allibone, i. 678; Poole’s Index, p. 796.
[1602] The editor’s collaborateurs were Alfred Maury, Francis Palszky, J. Aitken Meigs, J. Leidy, and Louis Agassiz. Nott had in the interval since his previous book furnished an appendix on the unity or plurality of Races to the English transl. of Gobineau’s Moral Diversity of Races (Philad., 1856).