[1603] Haven gives a summary of the arguments of each (p. 90, etc.). For various views on this side see Southall’s Recent Origin of Man, ch. ii. 36, 37, and his Epoch of the Mammoth, ch. 2, where he allows that the proofs from traditions and customs are not conclusive; George Palmer’s Migration from Shinar; or, the Earliest Links between the Old and New Continents (London, 1879); Edward Fontaine’s How the World was Peopled (N. Y., 1876); Dr. Samuel Forrey in Amer. Biblical Repository, July, 1843; McClintock and Strong’s Cyclopædia, under “Adam”; Henry Cowles’ Pentateuch (N. Y., 1874),—not to name many others. See Poole’s Index, 1073.
[1604] Wilson’s first criticism was in the Canadian Journal (1857); then in the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal (Jan., 1858); in the Smithsonian Rept. (1862), p. 240, on the “American Cranial Type;” and in his Prehist. Man (ii. ch. 20). Latham’s Nat. Hist. of the Varieties of Man. Charles Pickering’s Races of Men (1848). The orthodox monogenism of A. de Quatrefages is expressed in his De l’unité de l’espèce humaine (Paris, 1864, 1869); in his Hist. générale des Races humaines (Paris, 1887); in his Human Species (N. Y., 1879), and in papers in Revue des Cours Scientifiques, 1864-5, 1867-8; in his Nat. Hist. of Man (Eng. transl., N. Y., 1875); in Catholic World, vii. 67; and in Popular Science Monthly, i. 61.
Cf. further, Retzius in Archives des Sciences Naturelles (Genève, 1845-52); Col. Chas. Hamilton Smith’s Nat. Hist. Human Species (1848); Dawson in Leisure Hour, xxiii. 813, and in his Fossil Men, p. 334, who holds the biblical account to be “the most complete and scientific;” Figuier’s World before the Deluge (N. Y., 1872), p. 469. Geo. Bancroft sees no signs to reverse the old judgment respecting a single human race.
[1605] He found all three varieties of skulls in America: the long-headed (dolichocephalic), the short-headed (brachycephalic), and the medium (mesocephalic). He found the long heads to predominate, except in Peru. Meigs had earlier studied the subject in his Observations on the Form of the Occiput (Philad., 1860). Cf. Busk in Jour. Anthrop. Inst., April, 1873; Wyman, in Peab. Mus. Rept., 1871.
[1606] H. H. Bancroft, Nat. Races, v. 129, 131, gives references on the autochthonous theory. It is held by Nadaillac, Les premiers hommes, ii. 117; Fred. von Hellwald in Smithsonian Rept., 1866; Bollaert’s “Contribution to an Introduction to the Anthropology of the New World” in Memoirs, Anthrop. Society of London, ii. 92; F. Müller, Allgemeine Ethnographie; and Simonin, L’homme Américain (Paris, 1870). F. W. Putnam (Report in Wheeler’s Survey, vii. p. 18) says: “The primitive race of America was as likely autochthonous and of Pliocene age as of Asiatic origin.” The autochthonous view is probably losing ground. Dall, in ch. 10, appended to the English translation of Nadaillac’s Prehistoric America, sums up the prevailing arguments against it. Cf. also Dabry de Thiersant’s Origine des Indiens du Nouveau Monde, ch. 1.
[1607] Cf. also Prescott’s Essays, 224.
[1608] This view has necessarily been abandoned in his later editions. Cf. orig. ed., iii. 307; and final revision, ii. 130.
[1609] Haven at the end of his second chapter tries to place Schoolcraft, and he does better than one would expect, at that day. For Schoolcraft’s special notes on Antiquities see his vol. i. p. 44; ii. 83; iii. 73; iv. 113; v. 85, 657. For bibliography see Pilling, Sabin, Field, etc.
[1610] Again he says: “Man may be assumed to be prehistoric wherever his chroniclings of himself are undesigned, and his history is wholly recoverable by induction. The term has, strictly speaking, no chronological significance; but in its relative application corresponds to other archæological, in contradistinction to geological periods.” Of America he says: “A continent where man may be studied under circumstances which seem to furnish the best guarantee of his independent development.” Dawkins (Cave hunting, 136) says: “For that series of events which extends from the borders of history back to the remote age, where the geologist, descending the stream of time, meets the archæologist, I have adopted the term prehistoric.”
The divisions of prehistoric time now most commonly employed are: For the oldest, the Palæolithic age, as Lubbock first termed it, which, with a shadowy termination, has an unknown beginning, covering an interval geologically of vast extent. It is the primitive stone age, the epoch of flint-chippers; and but a single positive vestige of any community of living is known to archæologists: the village of Solutré, in Eastern France, being held by some to be associated with man in this earlier stage of his development. This stone period is sometimes divided in Europe into an earlier and later period, representing respectively the men of the river drift and of the caves. In the first period, called sometimes that of the race of Canstadt, and by Mortillet the Chellean period, we have, as is claimed, a savage hunter race, represented by the Neanderthal skull; and because in two jaw-bones discovered the genial tubercle is undeveloped, a school of archæologists contend that the race was speechless (Horatio Hale’s “Origin of Language,” in Am. Asso. Adv. Sci. Proc., xxxv., Cambridge, 1886; and separate, p. 31). This theory, however, seems to rest on a misconception. Cf. Topinard on the jaw-bone from the Naulette cave in the Revue d’Anthropologie, 3d ser. i., p. 422 (1886). It is held that the ethnical relations of this race are unknown, and it is not palpably connected with the race of the later period, the race of the caves, which archæologists, like Carl Vogt, Lartet, and Christy, call the cave-bear epoch, as its evidences are found in the cave deposits of Europe.