On those of the great interior valleys, see the Second Geological Report of Indiana, and Humphrey and Abbott’s Physics and Hydraulics of the Mississippi Valley.
For the California coast, there is testimony in Bancroft’s Native Races, iv. 709-712; Smithsonian Rept., 1874 (by P. Schumacher); American Antiquarian, vii. 159; and Journal of the Anthropological Institute, v. 489. Schumacher covers the northwest coast in the Smithsonian Rept., 1873. Those in Oregon are reported to be destitute of the bones of extinct animals, in the Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, iii. Bancroft, Nat. Races, iv. 739, refers to those on Vancouver’s Island. W. H. Dall describes those on the Aleutian Islands in the Contributions to No. Amer. Ethnology, i. 41.
[1687] This branch of archæological science began, I believe, with the discovery by Sir Wm. R. Wilde of some lacustrine habitations in a small lake in county Meath. R. Monro’s Ancient Scotch lake Dwellings (Edinburgh, 1882) has gathered what is known of the remains in Great Britain. There are similar remains in various parts of the continent of Europe; but those revealed by the dry season of 1853-54 in the Swiss lakes have attracted the most notice. Dr. Keller described them in Reports made to the Archæological Society of Zurich. A. Morlot printed an abstract of Keller’s Report in the Smithsonian Report, 1863. In 1866, J. E. Lee arranged Keller’s material systematically, and translated it in The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland and other parts of Europe, by Ferdinand Keller (London, 1866), which was reissued, enlarged and brought down to date, in a second edition in 1878. The earliest elaborated account was Prof. Troyon’s Habitations lacustres (1860), of which there was a translation in the Smithsonian Reports, 1860, 1861. Troyon and Keller have reached different conclusions: the one believing that the traces of development in the remains indicate new peoples coming in, while Keller holds these to be signs of the progress of the same people. A paper by Edouard Desor, Palafittes or Lacustrian Constructions, appeared in English in the Smithsonian Report, 1865. There is a large collection of typical relics from these lake dwellings in the Peabody Museum (Report, v.).
These evidences now make part of all archæological treatises: Lyell’s Antiq. of Man; Lubbock, Prehist. Times, ch. 6; Nadaillac, Les premiers hommes, i. 241; Stevens, Flint Chips, 119; Joly, Man before Metals, ch. 5; Figuier, World before the Deluge (N. Y., 1872), p. 478; Southall, Recent Origin, etc., ch. 11, and Epoch of the Mammoth, ch. 4; Archæologia, xxxviii.; Haven in Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., Oct., 1867; Rau in Harper’s Monthly, Aug., 1875; Poole’s Index, p. 718, and Supplement, p. 246. The man of the Danish peat-beds and of the Swiss lake dwellings is generally held to belong to the present geological conditions, but earlier than written records.
[1688] Senate Doc.; also separately, Philad., 1852. Cf. Bancroft, Native Races, iv. 652; Domenech’s Deserts, etc., i. 201; Annual Scient. Discovery, 1850; Short, No. Am. of Antiq., 293. A photograph of the Casa Blanca is given in Putnam’s Report, Wheeler’s Survey, p. 370. Cf. Haven in Am. Antiq. Soc. Proc., 1855, p. 26.
[1689] Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey of the territories, 2d series, no. 1 (Washington, 1875), and its Annual Rept. (Washington, 1876), condensed in Bancroft, iv. 650, 718, and by E. A. Barber in Congrès des Américanistes, 1877, i. 22. Cf. Short, 295, etc.
[1690] Bulletin, etc., ii. (1876). Hayden’s Survey (1876). Cf. Short, p. 305; Kansas City Rev., Dec., 1879 (on their age); James Stevenson in Fourth Rept. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. xxxiv, 284; Nadaillac’s Les Premiers Hommes (ii. 61), and L’Amérique préhistorique, ch. 5; Scribner’s Mag., Dec., 1878 (xvii. 266); Good Words, xx. 486; Science, xi. 257. Those of the Cañon de Chelly are described by James Stevenson in the Journal Amer. Geo. Soc. (1886), p. 329. It is generally recognized that the cliff dwellers and the Pueblo people were the same race, and that the modern Zuñi and Moquis represent them. Bandelier in Archæol. Inst. of Am., 5th Rept. J. Stevenson (Second Rept. Bur. of Ethnol., 431) describes some cavate dwellings of this region cut out of the rock by hand. There is no evidence that these remains call for any association with them of the great antiquity of man.
[1691] Cf., for instance, Short, 331.
[1692] Morgan (Systems of Consanguinity, 257) finds correspondence to the roving Indian in physical and cranial character, in linguistic traits, and in the similarity of arts and social habits. Their connection with the moundbuilder and cliff-dwelling race is traced in H. F. C. Ten Kate’s Reizen en Onderzolkingen in Nord America (Leyden, 1885). Cushing thinks (Fourth Rept. Bur. Ethnol., 481) they got their habit of building in stories from having, as cliff-dwellers, earlier built on the narrow shelves of the rocks. Morgan (Peab. Mus. Rept., xii. 550) thinks their architectural art deteriorated, since the ruined pueblos are finer constructions than those inhabited now. Cf. on the origin of Pueblo architecture V. Mindeleff in Science, ix. 593, and S. D. Peet in Amer. Antiquarian, iv. 208, and Wisconsin Acad. of Science, v. 290.
[1693] See chapter vii. of Vol. II.