[558] The pamphlets are translated in Vining, ch. 4 and 5. Paravey held to the Mexican theory, and he at least convinced Domenech (Seven years’ residence in the great deserts of No. Amer., Lond., 1860). Paravey published several pamphlets on subjects allied to this. His Mémoire sur l’origine japonaise, arabe et basque de la civilisation des peuples du plateau de Bogota d’après les travaux de Humboldt et Siebold (Paris, 1835) is a treatise on the origin of the Muyscas or Chibchas. Jomard, in his Les Antiquités Américaines au point de vue des progrès de la géographie (Paris, 1817) in the Bull. de la Soc. Géog., had questioned the Asiatic affiliations, and Paravey replied in a Réfutation de l’opinion émise par Jomard que les peuples de l’Amérique n’ont jamais en aucun rapport avec ceux de l’Asie (Paris, 1849), originally in the Annales de philosophie Chrétienne (May, 1849).
[559] Also in the Rev. Archéologique (vols. x., xi.), and epitomized in Leland. Cf. also Dr. A. Godron on the Buddhist mission to America in Annales des Voyages (Paris, 1864), vol. iv., and an opposing view by Vivien de St. Martin in L’Année géographique (1865), iii. p. 253, who was in turn controverted by Brasseur in his Monuments Anciens du Méxique.
[560] This paper is reprinted in Leland.
[561] Cf. also his Variétés Orientales, 1872; and his “L’Amérique, etait-elle connue des Chinois à l’époque du déluge?” in the Archives de la Soc. Amér. de France, n. s., iii. 191.
[562] S. W. Williams, in the Journal of the American Oriental Soc. (vol. xi.), in controverting the views of Leland, was inclined to find Fusang in the Loo-choo Islands. This paper was printed separately as Notices of Fusang and other countries lying east of China in the Pacific ocean (New Haven, 1881).
[563] A good deal of labor has been bestowed to prove this identity of Fusang with Mexico. It is held to be found in the myths and legends of the two people by Charency in his Mythe de Votan, étude sur les origines asiatiques de la civilisation américaine (Alençon, 1871), drawn from the Actes de la Soc. philologique (vol. ii.); and he has enforced similar views in the Revue des questions historiques (vi. 283), and in his Djemschid et Quetzalcohuatl. L’histoire légendaire de la Nouvelle-Espagne rapprochée de la source indo-européenne (Alençon, 1874). Humboldt thought it strange, considering other affinities,—as for instance in the Mexican calendars,—that he could find no Mexican use of phallic symbols; but Bancroft says they exist. Cf. Native Races, iii. 501; also see v. 40, 232; Brasseur’s Quatre Lettres, p. 202; and John Campbell’s paper on the traditions of Mexico and Peru as establishing such connections, in the Compte Rendu, Congrès des Amér. (Nancy, 1875), i. 348. Dr. Hamy saw in a monument found at Copan an inscription which he thought was the Taë-kai of the Chinese, the symbol of the essence of all things (Bull. de la Soc. de Géog., 1886, and Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xvi. 242, with a cut of the stone). Dall controverts this point (Science, viii. 402).
Others have dwelt on the linguistic resemblances. B. S. Barton in his New Views pressed this side of the question. The presence of a monosyllabic tongue like the Otomi in the midst of the polysyllabic languages of Mexico has been thought strongly to indicate a survival. Cf. Manuel Najera’s Disertacion sobre la lengua Othomi, Mexico, 1845, and in Amer. Philos. Soc. Trans., n. s., v.; Ampère’s Promenade en Amérique, ii. 301; Prescott’s Mexico, iii. 396; Warden’s Recherches (in Dupaix), p. 125; Latham’s Races of Men, 408; Bancroft’s Nat. Races, iii. 737; v. 39, with references. Others find Sanskrit roots in the Mexican. E. B. Tylor has indicated the Asiatic origin of certain Mexican games (Journal of the Anthropol. Inst., xxiv.). Ornaments of jade found in Nicaragua, while the stone is thought to be native only in Asia, is another indication, and they are more distinctively Asiatic than the jade ornaments found in Alaska (Peabody Mus. Reports, xviii. 414; xx. 548; Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc., Jan., 1886).
On the general question of the Asiatic origin of the Mexicans see Dupaix’s Antiquités Méxicaines, with included papers by Lenoir, Warden, and Farcy; the Report on a railroad route from the Mississippi, 1853-54 (Washington); Whipple’s and other Reports on the Indian tribes; John Russell Bartlett’s Personal Narrative (1854); Brasseur’s Popul Vuh, p. xxxix; Viollet le Duc’s belief in a “yellow race” building the Mexican and Central American monuments, in Charnay’s Ruines Américaines, and Charnay’s traces of the Buddhists in the Popular Science Monthly, July, 1879, p. 432; Le Plongeon’s belief in the connection of the Maya and Asiatic races in Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., Apr. 30, 1879, p. 113; and some papers on the ancient Mexicans and their origin by the Abbé Jolibois, Col. Parmentier, and M. Emile Guimet, which, prepared for the Soc. de Géog. de Lyon, were published separately as De l’origine des Anciens Peuples du Méxique (Lyon, 1875).
A few other incidental discussions of the Fusang question are these: R. H. Major in Select Letters of Columbus (1847); J. T. Short in The Galaxy (1875) and in his No. Americans of Antiquity; Nadaillac in his L’Amérique préhistorique, 544; Gay’s Pop. Hist. U. S. calls the story vague and improbable. In periodicals we find: Gentleman’s Mag., 1869, p. 333 (reprinted in Hist. Mag., Sept., 1869, xvi. 221), and 1870, reproduced in Chinese Recorder, May, 1870; Nathan Brown in Amer. Philolog. Mag., Aug., 1869; Wm. Speer in Princeton Rev., xxv. 83; Penn Monthly, vi. 603; Mag. Amer. Hist., Apr., 1883, p. 291; Notes and Queries, iii. 58, 78; iv. 19; Notes and Queries in China and Japan, Apr., May, 1869; Feb., 1870. Chas. W. Brooks maintained on the other hand (Proc. California Acad. Sciences, 1876; cf. Bancroft’s Native Races, v. 51), that the Chinese were emigrants from America. There is a map of the supposed Chinese route to America in the Congrès des Américanistes (Nancy, 1875), vol. i.; and Winchell, Pre-Adamites, gives a chart showing different lines of approach from Asia. Stephen Powers (Overland Monthly, Apr., 1872, and California Acad. Sciences, 1875) treats the California Indians as descendants of the Chinese,—a view he modifies in the Contrib. to Amer. Ethnology, vol. iii., on “Tribes of California.” It is claimed that Chinese coin of the fifteenth century have been found in mounds on Vancouver’s Island. Cf. G. P. Thurston in Mag. Amer. Hist., xiii. p. 457. The principal lists of authorities are those in Vining (app.), and Watson’s in Anderson’s America not discovered by Columbus.
[564] From Easter Island to the Galapagos is 2,000 miles, thence to South America 600 more. On such long migrations by water see Waitz, Introduction to Anthropology, Eng. transl., p. 202. On early modes of navigation see Col. A. Lane Fox in the Journal Anthropological Inst. (1875), iv. 399. Otto Caspari gives a map of post-tertiary times in his Urgeschichte der Menschheit (Leipzig, 1873), vol. i., in which land is made to stretch from the Marquesas Islands nearly to South America; while large patches of land lie between Asia and Mexico, to render migration practicable. Andrew Murray, in his Geographical Distribution of Mammals (London, 1866), is almost compelled to admit (p. 25) that as complete a circuit of land formerly crossed the southern temperate regions as now does the northern; and Daniel Wilson, Prehistoric Man, holds much the same opinion. The connection of the flora of Polynesia and South America is discussed by J. D. Hooker in the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of the Erebus and Terror, 1839-43, and in his Flora of Tasmania. Cf. Amer. Journal of Science and Arts, Mar., May, 1854; Jan., May, 1860.