[682] Mémoires de la Soc. roy. des Antiq. du Nord, 1843; New Jersey Hist. Soc. Proc., vi.; Stone’s Brant, ii. 593-94; Schoolcraft’s Ind. Tribes, i. 127; Smithsonian Rept., 1883, p. 902; Dr. Kneeland in Peabody Mus. Repts., no. 20, p. 543. The skeleton was destroyed by fire about 1843.
[683] Dawkins in his Cave Hunters accounts them survivors of the cave dwellers of Europe. Cf. Wilson’s Prehistoric Man. A. R. Grote (Amer. Naturalist, Apr., 1877) holds them to be the survivors of the palæolithic man.
[684] E. Beauvois’ Les Skroelings, Ancêtres des Esquimaux (Paris, 1879); B. F. DeCosta in Pop. Science Monthly, Nov., 1884; A. S. Packard on their former range southward, in the American Naturalist, xix. 471, 553, and his paper on the Eskimos of Labrador, in Appleton’s Journal, Dec. 9, 1871 (reprinted in Beach’s Indian Miscellany, Albany, 1877). Humboldt holds them to have been driven across America to Europe (Views of Nature, Bohn’s ed., 123). Ethnologists are not wholly agreed as to the course of their migrations. The material for the ethnological study of the Eskimos must be looked for in the narratives of the Arctic voyagers, like Scoresby, Parry, Ross, O’Reilly, Kane, C. F. Hall, and the rest; in the accounts by the missionaries like Egede, Crantz, and others; by students of ethnology, like Lubbock (Prehist. Times, ch. 14); Prichard (Researches, v. 367); Waitz (Amerikaner, i. 300); the Abbé Morillot (Mythologie et légendes des Esquimaux du Groenland in the Actes de la Soc. Philologique (Paris, 1875), vol. iv.); Morgan (Systems of Consanguinity, 267), who excludes them from his Ganowanian family; Irving C. Rosse on the northern inhabitants (Journal Amer. Geog. Soc., 1883, p. 163); Ludwig Kumlien in his Contributions to the natural history of Arctic America, made in connection with the Howgate polar expedition, 1877-78, in Bull. of the U. S. Naval Museum (Washington, 1879), no. 15; and his paper in the Smithsonian Report (1878). There are several helpful papers in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute (London), vol. i., by Richard King, on their intellectual character; vol. iv. by P. C. Sutherland; vol. vii. by John Rae on their migrations, and W. H. Flower on their skulls; vol. ix. by W. J. Sollars on their bone implements. For other references see Bancroft, Native Races, i. 41, 138; Poole’s Index, p. 424, and Supplement, p. 146.
[685] This evidence is of course rather indicative of a geological antiquity not to be associated with the age of the Northmen. Cf. Murray’s Distribution of Animals, 128; Howarth’s Mammoth and Flood, 285.
[686] Rink, born in 1819 in Copenhagen, spent much of the interval from 1853 to 1872 in Greenland. Pilling (Bibl. Eskimo Language, p. 80) gives the best account of Rink’s publications. His principal book is Grönland geographisch und statistisch beschrieben (Stuttgart, 1860). The English reader has access to his Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo, translated by Rink himself, and edited by Dr. Robert Brown (London, 1875); to Danish Greenland, its people and its products, ed. by Dr. Brown (London, 1877). Rink says of this work that in its English dress it must be considered a new book. He also published The Eskimo tribes; their distribution and characteristics, especially in regard to language. With a comparative vocabulary (Copenhagen, etc., 1887). He also considered their dialects as divulging the relationship of tribes in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute (xv. 239); and in the same journal (1872, p. 104) he has written of their descent. Rink also furnished to the Compte Rendu, Congrès des Américanistes, a paper on the traditions of Greenland (Nancy, 1875, ii. 181), and (Luxembourg, 1877, ii. 327) another on “L’habitat primitif des Esquimaux.”
Dr. Brown has also considered the “Origin of the Eskimo” in the Archæological Review (1888), no. 4.
[687] Alaska and its Resources, p. 374; and in Contributions to Amer. Ethnology, i. 93.
[688] “On the origin and migrations of the Greenland Esquimaux” in the Journal Royal Geog. Soc., 1865; “The Arctic highlanders” in the Lond. Ethnol. Soc. Trans. (1866), iv. 125, and in Arctic Geography and Ethnology (London, 1875), published by the Royal Geog. Society.
[689] American Antiquarian, Jan., 1888. Cf. other papers by him in the Proc. Roy. Soc. of Canada, vol. v. “A year among the Eskimos” in the Journal Amer. Geog. Soc., 1887, xix. p. 383; “Reise in Baffinland” in the proceedings of the Berlin Gesellschaft für Erdkunde (1885). Cf. Pilling’s Eskimo Bibliog., p. 12; and for linguistic evidences of tribal differences, pp. 69-72, 81-82. Cf. also H. H. Bancroft’s Native Races, iii. 574, and Lucien Adam’s “En quoi la langue Esquimaude, deffère-t-elle grammaticalement des autres langues de l’Amérique du Nord?” in the Compte Rendu, Congrès des Amér. (Copenhagen), p. 337.
Anton von Etzel’s Grönland, geographisch und statistisch beschrieben aus Dänischen Quellschriften (Stuttgart, 1860) goes cursorily over the early history, and describes the Eskimos. Cf. F. Schwatka in Amer. Magazine, Aug., 1888.