ēa is generally ea, beateð 48, deaðes 62, deaðlich 58, eauraskes 97, but e in ec 64, echen 95 (perhaps representing īecan), etscene 240, eðeliche 157, 193, ȝe 77, 216 (Anglian gǣ), gret 70: its i-umlaut is e, alesen 242, alesnesse 294, here 22 (5), herunge 16, (an)lepi 313, (sunder)lepes 280. ēo is generally eo, beon 10, biheolt 262, breoste 98, deopre 296, þeosternesse 89, but þosternesse 86 and schute 160, with shifted accent: hēo is ha 40; the i-umlaut is wanting, deore 31, 144, þeoster 246, neod 211 (see [p. 288], last line). Palatalization is wanting after ġ in forȝeme 54, ȝemeð 168, ȝeme 177, ȝeme 147, 311, ȝemeles 18, 56; after sć in schene 233, 268, schenre 287. gīet is ȝet 239.
a + g is ah, drahen 72, sahen 201, mahen 22: islein 116 is geslegen; sei 280, seist 279, seið 6, 61 come from forms with æ; dreaien 206 represents *dreagan. æ + g is regularly ei, dei 29, feier 209, feierleac 272, iteilede 90, mei 10 &c., meiden 243, seide 66, but mahe 290, 332. e + g is ei, aȝein 20, eie 23, eilin 290, wei 170, but isehen 77 (6). i + g, h is ih, nihe 251, diht 10, sihðe 16 (4), unwiht 5, but flið 158 (WS. flihð, Rushworth2 has flīð): freineð 65 is from a form with æ or e (R1 has frægnast, Li, fregna). The spirant has disappeared in monie 307, 314, murie 283: final ig is i, buri 129 (from dat. byrig), dreorinesses 131, moni 29, seli 280, unseli 121. o + g, h is oh, bohte 28, 237, untohe 23, untohene 13, untoheliche 18; dehtren 35 has umlaut e. u + h is uh, bituhhe 133; y + h, uh, tuht 46, tuhte 23. ā + g, h is ah, ahen 4, ahne 184, 305, wahes 32, ah 165. ǣ1 + h is ah, bitaht 144, 149, but ǣ1 + g, ei, keis 34, eiðer 102, 111. ī + g, ih, wiheles 155; in sti 186 the spirant has disappeared. ū + h is uh, buhsam 241. ea + h is ah, mahte 84 (5), but iseh 118 (6); the i-umlaut is seen in almihti 324, unmihti 181, 191, niht 29; lahhinde 213 comes from an Anglian form in æ. eo + g is seen in tintreohen 264 with eo, å-umlaut of e; the form is characteristic of the group. eo + ht is iht, brihte 269, rihte 14 &c., rihtwise 193, but fehte 160 has Anglian e. ie + h is seen in bisið 332. ēa + g, h is eh, ehnen 51, heh 225, neh 329, but tah 11 (3). ēo + g is eh in drehen 105, dreheð 167, but liht 87, lihtschipe 283, lihtliche 263. īe + h, lihteð 69, ilihtet 214, but hest 48 (Anglian hēst), nest 41 (Angl. nēst). ā + w is aw, cnaweð 55, cnawen 293, cnawlechunge 292, nawt 7 &c., nawiht 183, sawles 1, 27, snawi 100, but noht 149 (nōht), nowðer 171 (nōwþer), sehe 228, isehe 118. ī + w, elheowet 58 (Anglian hēow), speoweð 91 (with w-umlaut). ēa + w is aw, schaweð 240, schawede 265, ischawed 258, schawere 233, but þeaw 30, unþeaw 32, unþeawes 334, heaued þeawes 36. ēo + w is mostly eow, tocheoweð 93, reowðful 120, treowe 157 (trīewe), treoweliche 78, 206, but fowr 36 (3), trowðe 78.
In deorewurðe 149, eðeliche 193, euenin 83, husebonde 34 (but husbonde 38), huselauerd 9, 17, husewif 20, 205, leatere 103, steuene 133, sunegin 179, wrecchedom 85 a glide e has been added, a final e to ine 337, inwarde 72, ofte 18. e is lost in echnesse 108, i in unwerged 251, 318 (wērigod): a occurs for o in anan 105; o is levelled to e in lauerd 4, sikere 107, sikerliche 171, sikernesse 188, sunderliche 308, te 71 &c., lost in wordes 251 (werod). u is e in durewart 39, it is lost in world 169 &c. The prefix æt is ed, edwiteð 123, et, etstont 158; be is bi, bisetten 64, bigineð 1, bihinden 92, biwiten 5; ēaþ is et in etscene 240; ge is generally i, icwiddet 257, ifindeð 156, ihal 91, iwis 137, unimete 125, but it is omitted in bere 23, schape 122, monge 102, schad 176, unrude 71 (but unirude 125), wissunge 31. The suffix in herunge 16 is noteworthy. þǣr is syncopated in þrin 79, þrinne 53, þrof 33, trof 331, þrute 41.
Metathesis of r is seen in wernches 5, wrahhte 74, eauraskes 97 (forsc). rr is simplified in feor 40. ll is simplified in feole 54, tele 79, 228, and finally in ful 82, godspel 4, wil 10. m is doubled in comme 60, mm simplified in grimfule 122. nn is simplified in bigineð 1, moncunnes 242, n is lost in raketehe 71; the prepositions in, on are reduced to i, o, except before a vowel or h or when stressed, as in 316; for n, m appears in þrumnesse 234. p is inserted in inempnet 244. f is usually u between vowels or vowel and liquid, biuoren 59, deouel 171, froure 35, seoluen 117, vuel 19, but deoflen 69 (4), otherwise it is f, fondin 224, hefde 113, seolf 27. t is doubled in bigotten 316, bitternesse 130, ileanett 35 (but ileanet 202), wrahtte 74, lost in best 64, beast 332, added in lustnið 61, loftsong 283. For t, d occurs in ed 98; tt is simplified in wit 8 (but wittes 16). For d, t is often written finally, ant 9, dret 50, durewart 39, etstont 158, feont 33, heart 165, hiderwart 139, hundret 335, lont 130, ontswereð 66, somet 21, þusent 69, towart 81, wealdent 226, but ð in iseið 280, lauerð 8, schenðlac 124; d is doubled in gledd 208, dd is simplified in midel 174 (but middel 45, 170). Initial þ becomes t after t, tah 12, te 9, tis 106, 152, tu 68, after d (possibly miswritten for t), te 98, trof 331: final þ becomes t before t, limpet 154; for þ, d appears in blideliche 248, deorewurde 301, iwurden 298, makid 39, makied 255, oder 19, sod 293, swide 208. s is doubled in gasstes 30 (gāst), but gastes 122, rihtwissnesse 175 (wīs); for ss, sc appears in iblescede 221: sć is regularly sch, schad 176, schal 21, scheome 117, schilde 233, schunien 177. The stop c is usually k before e, i, biloke 204, blake 110, keis 34, kimeð 69, þonkeð 201, c in other positions, blac 58, moncunnes 242, þonc 20: ah 26 is Anglian ah, WS. ac. č is ch, chele 101, echen 95, echnesse 108 (a new formation from eche), euch 16, hwuch 6, ich 61, ilich 97, licomlich 173, pich 104, rechelese 13, sechen 32, smeche 88 (but North. smeke 88), stench 84, tocheoweð 93, þulliche 162 (but þulli 326, 327). čč is cch, dreccheð 90. cw is preserved, cwakie 131, cwemen 20, cwic 84, acwikieð 105, but quoð 139 &c. Palatal g is written ȝ, forȝeme 54, ȝarowe 260, ȝe 137, ȝe 159, ȝef 6, 14 (but gef 12), ȝef 27, ȝelden 301, ȝelpeð 188, ȝeorne 201, ȝet 239, ȝimmes 245, but igarket (no breaking). The guttural stop is written g, bigineð 1, gulteð 18, bigoten 259, 316, unwerged 251, but ȝ in aȝulteð 48, ȝeað 151, inȝonge 32, 41, 146 (comp. Northumbrian ġeonga, ġionga, Bülbring, § 492, anmerkung 1, and hiniong[a]e, Sweet, Oldest E. Texts, p. 149), ȝuldene 170. For the spirant after l, r, h appears in folhin 12, 336, folheð 275, halhen 278, forswolhe 152, forswolheð 91, sorhe 85: myrigþ is murhðe 253, 255, murðes 219. hl is reduced to l in leane 58, leor 58, 231, lust 261, lustnið 61, anlepi 313, sunderlepes 280, hn to n in nesche 162, 167, hr to r in remunge 99. Initial hw is usually preserved, hwen 68, hwer 17, hwet 60. h is added in unwhiht 151, doubled in bituhhen 168, bituhhe 133, 169.
(2) Of R. The principal divergences from B are noted. a before nasal: unþeonkes 42 (comp. ‘feondeð,’ SM 10/7). æ: the spelling ea for e is used only in smeale 70, wearliche 4, otherwise e occurs, except in latere 103, neose 96, 112 (nosu): similarly ea for umlaut e is absent in best 332, formelte 104, smel 275, spelien 303. o: grot 93. u: com 60 (cwōm), cumeð 69, 138. y is regularly u, as in B. ā: swā stressed and unstressed is so, but once swa 234; eskeð 75, 215, eskest 68. The representation of ǣ1 is divided between ea and e, each 28 times: ǣ2 is e 50 times (lete 40); the exceptions are hear 132, heale 242, hileanet 202, offearen 56 (4), offeared 54, 211, reade 142, reades 296, rodien 81 (reoden T). ī: bliðeliche 351. ea (breaking): hard 116 (7), harm 117, herdes 183, þearf 171, weldent 226. eo: hercni 349, darc 130. The u-, å-umlaut of a is e in gledeð 310, gledien 223, 270, gledunge 308, 310, 312, medeð 99 (for meðen), neuele 98, igledet 214, and is wanting in fareð 18, hatel 128, hateð 109, hatieð 111. å-umlaut of e: to speokene 347. u-, å-umlaut of i: seððen 213, unwitnesse 179. eo after ġ: ȝuheðe 383. ēa: deð 171, dedlich 58, adie 269, eðsene 240, greạt 70. īe: fleme 343. ēo: þeosternesse 86, þreohad 372. a + g: dreien 206. æ + g: feirlec 272. i + ht: unwiht 151. ē + g: tweien 342. ō + h: þohtes 360. eo + g: tintreon 264.
r: wrenches 5. n: in 108, 319, on 29. f: under fon 57. t: et 98. d final is seldom altered to t, dred 50, dureward 39, hard 165, hideward 139, lond 130, toward 81, 127, but heauet 59: other spellings are onswereð 66, 281, schenlac 124, gled 108, middel 174. Initial þ is often unaltered after final t, þu 79, þrof 331 (but it is lost in ant e 372), so final þ in limpeð 154. Normal þ appears in bliðeliche 248, makieð 255, makeð 39, oðer 19, soð 293, swiðe 208; for þ, d in beod 15. s: gastes 30. c: ecnesse 108. g: ȝef 12, iȝarcket 339, biȝeoten 316 (but bigoten 259), agulteð 48, guldene 170, strencðe 153 (5), strencðen 164, strenðe 343. h: unwiht 151, hearen 98, her 94, hileanet 202, hearneð 135, hure 144, er 58, is 28, wilinde 135.
(3) Of T. a before nasals and lengthening groups is o, but fram 25 (5) is invariable. æ is a (45 times including nase 96, 112), exceptions are hefde 116, hefden 256, hweðer 101, forbearneð 103, readliche 21, smecche 88, wrecchedom 85. e: rekenen 86, best 332, smal 275, spelie 303. i: wile 42 &c. (but ichulle 81), wilneð 289. o: grot 93. u: cumeð 69, 138. y is u, except winne 161, 173 (but wunne 166, 169). ā: ai 53 (7), a Scandinavian word, leað 153 (? lǣþo, or miswritten for leið, OWScand. leiðr), askeð 75, 215, askest 68, owhwider 25 (comp. ‘ouhwuder’ AR 172/3, ?influence of ōwer). ǣ1 is ea, in close agreement with B; sumdeal 284, but lasten 108, 178. ǣnig is ani 42, 135, 192. ǣ2: also as in B; lete 40, rodien 81, þer 246, 331, trinne 86. ē: fearreden 269. ī: bliðeliche 80, huinen 17 (comp. OWScand. hjûn). ō: isoð 229, sweote 291 (‘swoete’ Vesp. Psalt., Sweet, OET. 217/13). ȳ is u, written ui in fuire 71, fuir 83, 87 (but fur 103). ea (breaking): wearnið 34, wearne 155, wearnen 63, unwearnede 157, hard 116 (5), hardes 163, 172, harm 117, harmen 290, þurf 171; i-umlaut, dearne 296, ferd 151. eo: isterret 245, self 27 (6), seluen 5 (3), but seolf 8. The u- å-umlaut of a is wanting, except in eawles 126; for heatel 128 heates is read. The absence of this umlaut points to Northumbrian or W. Saxon. eo, u-umlaut of e: heuene 220, 325, heuenliche 243, but heouene 146; after w, woredes 251, world 108 (7), worldlich 170. eo, å-umlaut of e: breke 28, breken 8, freten 96, speken 61. eo, u- å-umlaut of i: nime 147, 328, binime 11, nimeð 311, siðen 213, clepeð 38, iclepet 36, seuenfald 282, seuefald 287: for hweonene B 60, 65 T has hweðen, hwenne; hore 122. ea after sć, schome 117. ie: ȝef 27, ȝiueð 87, 164, ȝiue 371. ȝif 6, 12, 14. ēa: dedes 62, gledred 71; ȝa 216, ȝea 77 (possibly Scandinavian), great 70. ēo: biheld 262, depre 296, deulen 69, iseð 89, 94, seð 257, ned 211, þeosternesse 86, ho 40. æ + g: dai 29 &c., mai 10 &c. are the regular forms, but mei 303, so feir 209, 239, feirleic 272. e + g: aȝain 20 (Angl. ongægn), aȝaines 34, 153, but to ȝeines 196. ea + h: mihte 113, 118, 162, but mahte 84, 232. eo + g: tintrohen 264. ie + h: bisihð 332. ā + w: noht 7. ī + w: speweð 91. ēa + w: scheaweð 240, scheawde 265, ischeawet 258, scheawere 233. ēo + w: treowðe 78; treweliche 78, 206.
r: wrenches 5. m: com 60. n: in 99, 108. f: biforen 59, þer fore 150, þurn 225, under fon 57. t: blend 87, at 98. d: dred 50, dureward 59, atstond 158, feond 33, hard 165, hiderward 139, hundreð 97, 335 (OWScand. hundrað), lond 130, 256, heauet 59, onswereð 66, 281, somen 21, þusend 69, þusand 114, 119, þusanð 138, toward 81, 127, schendlac 124, glad 208, middel 174. þ: bliðeliche 248, limpeð 154, makes 39, makieð 255, swiðe 208. s: gastes 30. c: cumeð 69, þoncheð 201, long 58, swing 289, smecche 88, euh 58, hwucse 72, stinc 84, ecnesse 108. ȝ: ȝif 12, ȝarket 339, biȝoten 316, unwerched 251, agulteð 48, guldene 170. h: unwiht 151.
[Accidence:] (1) Of B. Strong declension of masc. and neut. nouns. In the s. n. þinge 84 has added e. Gen. -es, cunnes 90, deaðes 62, contracted weis 162, 236: d. -e, dome 261, flesche 270, hame 25, with all nouns which have vowel ending in the s. n. as bale 93, chele 101, in others the inflection is more frequently wanting, deað 222, flesch 99, and generally in words of two syllables, as finger 325, godspel 4, heaued 59, lauerd 207; wa 86 is indeclinable. In the s. a. deale 105, inȝonge 32, 41 (but inȝong n. 146), mete 45, 47 have added e; bere 23 is gebǣre; sune 235 represents sunu. The pl. n. a. of masculines ends in -es, eauraskes 97, engles 239, deaðes 119, duntes 125: neuters, with the exception of þing 178, 297, schape 122 (gesceapu), have taken the masc. termination, þinges 89, werkes 64, wittes 16, wordes 251, wordes 64, or have joined the weak declension, deoflen 89, 91, studen 240, wepnen 159: genitive is smeche 88; datives have mostly -es, eawles 126, gleadschipes 307, but bisocnen 277, colen 104, deoflen 69, 139, wepnen 162, 184, and siðe 97, 138, 335 (without n). The fem. nouns of the strong declension have -e in the s. n., este 173, cnawlechunge 292, and many other derivatives in -ung, schadewe 148, but meað 37, 43 (once masc. in OE.). Gen. -e, helle 95, nease 96, but murðes 219, sawles 1: dat. -e, alesnesse 294, bisne 4, worlde 108, 136, 260, but ferd 151, half 160, 238, luft 186, sti 186 (stīg), world 108, 110, 147, 169 are not inflected: acc. -e, blisse 221, froure 35, but ferreden 269, fulst 225 (fylst), half 143. Pl. n. is hondon 51; d. blissen 267, pinen 90, 127, sunnen 70, wunden 240, dreorinesses 131; a. pinen 263, sahen 201, strengðen 164, sunnen 124, cunreadnes 261, estes 197, keis 34, runes 296. Nouns of the weak declension have -e in all cases of the singular, -en throughout the plural. The minor declensions are represented by uet pl. d. 260; mon s. n. 8, monnes s. g. 9, 15; boc s. d. 72, s. a. 70; buri s. n. 129 (from dat. byrig); niht s. d. 29; feader s. g. 237, s. d. 241, s. a. 116; moder s. a. 116; dehtren pl. n. 202, pl. d. 35, 195; suster s. a. 43, sustren pl. n. 202, pl. d. 207; feont s. n. 33, s. d. 158; wealdent s. n. 226.
Adjectives which in OE. end in e retain that termination in all cases. Weak inflections are s. n. m. ȝuldene 170, rihtwise 193, neut. blake 110, willesfule 205, s. d. f. swarte 89, s. d. neut. ferliche 102, s. a. m. willesfule 44, f. brihte 269: strong inflections are s. d. f. inwarde 72, s. a. f. longe 254: swote s. n. m. 275, neut. 291 (swōt) has conformed to swete. All other adjectives are uninflected in the singular. Those in -ig lose g, anlepi 313, eadi 243, hali 234: lȳtel is lutle s. a. f. 235; lutle s. a. neut. 328, lut pl. n. 187, few people, are used as nouns; mycel is mostly muche, but muchel s. d. neut. strong 166, muchele weak 300, pl. a. 314: āgen gives ahne s. d. f. 305, pl. d. 184. The plural ends in -e, ȝarowe 260, wakere 57, 142, misliche 127, unmihtie 191; exceptions are n. ful 239, hal 93, ilich 97, hardi 56, lusti 318, d. eadi 269, mislich 20, seli 280, snawi 100, a. unseli 121, wurð 194. OE. āna is ane 200; ān is an, a, s. g. anes 311, d. ane 207, a. 216: nān is nan, na, s. g. nanes 317, pl. n. nane 274. Adjectives used as nouns are rarely inflected, as heardes s. g. 163, 172, nesches 172, uuele pl. n. 224: comparatives regularly end in e, brihtre 287, deopre 296, earre 103, leatere 103, wurse 102, but grisluker 97; of superlatives earste 36, forme 195, leaste 115, 118, measte 115 have weak inflection.