Secondly, to assist the special student in research: (a) by placing him in relationship with investigations already undertaken; (b) by collecting information on the sources and accessibility of his material; and (c) by providing him with facilities to work up his material.
In spite of the absence of Dr. Singer on military duty for the greater part of the time, the work has been carried on with conspicuous success, to use the words of Bodley’s Librarian. Ten special students have used the room. Professor Ramsay Wright has made a study of an interesting Persian medical manuscript. Professor William Libby, of Pittsburg, during the session of 1915–16, used the room in the preparation of his admirable History of Science just issued. Dr. E. T. Withington, the well-known medical historian, is making a special study of the old Greek writers for the new edition of Liddell and Scott’s Dictionary. Miss Mildred Westland has helped Dr. Singer with the Italian medical manuscripts. Mr. Reuben Levy has worked at the Arabic medical manuscripts of Moses Maimonides. Mrs. Jenkinson is engaged on a study of early medicine and magic. Dr. J. L. E. Dreyer, the distinguished historian of Astronomy, has used the room in connexion with the preparation of the Opera Omnia of Tycho Brahe. Miss Joan Evans is engaged upon a research on mediaeval lapidaries. Mrs. Singer has begun a study of the English medical manuscripts, with a view to a complete catalogue. How important this is may be judged from the first instalment of her work dealing with the plague manuscripts in the British Museum. With rare enthusiasm and energy Dr. Singer has himself done a great deal of valuable work, and has proved an intellectual ferment working far beyond the confines of Oxford. I have myself found the science history room of the greatest convenience, and it is most helpful to have easy access on the shelves to a large collection of works on the subject. Had the war not interfered, we had hoped to start a Journal of the History and Method of Science and to organize a summer school for special students—hopes we may perhaps see realized in happier days.
Meanwhile, this volume of essays (most of which were in course of preparation when war was declared) is issued as a ballon d’essai.
WILLIAM OSLER.
CONTENTS
| PAGE | |
| CHARLES SINGER | |
| The Scientific Views and Visions of Saint Hildegard (1098–1180) | [1] |
| J. W. JENKINSON | |
| Vitalism | [59] |
| CHARLES SINGER | |
| A Study in Early Renaissance Anatomy, with a new text: The ANOTHOMIA of Hieronymo Manfredi, transcribed and translated by A. Mildred Westland | [79] |
| RAYMOND CRAWFURD | |
| The Blessing of Cramp-Rings; a Chapter in the History of the Treatment of Epilepsy | [165] |
| E. T. WITHINGTON | |
| Dr. John Weyer and the Witch Mania | [189] |
| REUBEN LEVY | |
| The ‘Tractatus de Causis et Indiciis Morborum’, attributed to Maimonides | [225] |
| SCHILLER, F. C. S. | |
| Scientific Discovery and Logical Proof | [235] |
| INDEX | [291] |
LIST OF PLATES
| PLATE | FACING PAGE | |
| I. | Hildegard receiving the Light from Heaven (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 1 r) | [Frontispiece] |
| II. | The Three Scripts of the Wiesbaden Codex B (fo. 17 r, col. b; fo. 32 v, col. b; fo. 205 r, col. b) | [4] |
| III. | Title-page of the Heidelberg Codex of the Scivias | [5] |
| IV. | The Universe (from the Heidelberg Codex of the Scivias) | [12] |
| V. | (a) Opening lines of the Copenhagen MS. of the Causae et Curae. (b) Opening lines of the Lucca MS. of the Liber divinorum operum simplicis hominis | [13] |
| VI. | Nous pervaded by the Godhead and controlling Hyle (Lucca MS., fo. 1 v) | [20] |
| VII. | Nous pervaded by the Godhead embracing the Macrocosm with the Microcosm (Lucca MS., fo. 9 r) | [21] |
| VIII. | The Macrocosm, the Microcosm, and the Winds (Lucca MS., fo. 27 v) | [28] |
| IX. | Celestial Influences on Men, Animals, and Plants (Lucca MS., fo. 371) | [28] |
| X. | A Crucifix in the Uffizi Gallery; about the middle of the thirteenth century | [30] |
| XI. | The Structure of the Mundane Sphere (Lucca MS., fo. 86 v) | [32] |
| XII. | (a) Man’s Fall and the Disturbance of the Elemental Harmony (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 4 r). (b) The New Heaven and the New Earth (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 224 v) | [33] |
| XIII. | The Last Judgement and Fate of the Elements (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 224 r) | [36] |
| XIV. | Diagram of the Relation of Human and Cosmic Phenomena: ninth century (Bibliothèque Nationale MS. lat. 5543, fo. 136 r) | [37] |
| XV. | An Eleventh-century French Melothesia (Bibliothèque Nationale MS. lat. 7028, fo. 154 r) | [40] |
| XVI. | A Melothesia of about 1400 (from Bibliothèque Nationale MS. lat. 11229, fo. 45 v) | Between [40] and 41 |
| XVII. | Facsimile from the Symbolum Apostolicorum, a German Block Book of the first half of the Fifteenth Century(Heidelberg University Library) | Between [40] and 41 |
| XVIII. | An Anatomical Diagram of about 1298 (Bodleian MS.Ashmole 399, fo. 18 r) | [41] |
| XIX. | Birth. The Arrival and Trials of the Soul (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 22 r) | [44] |
| XX. | Death. The Departure and Fate of the Soul (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 25 r) | [45] |
| XXI. | The Fall of the Angels (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 123 r) | [46] |
| XXII. | The Days of Creation and the Fall of Man (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 41 v) | [48] |
| XXIII. | The Vision of the Trinity (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 471) | [50] |
| XXIV. | (a) Sedens Lucidus (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 213 v). (b) Zelus Dei (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 153 r) | [52] |
| XXV. | The Heavenly City (Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 30 r) | [54] |
| XXVI. | John Wilfred Jenkinson | [57] |
| XXVII. | Mundinus (?) lecturing on Anatomy (from the 1493 edition of ‘Ketham’) | [78] |
| XXVIII. | (a) Four Diagrams, to illustrate the Anatomy of Henri de Mondeville (Bibliothèque Nationale MS. fr. 2030, written in 1314). (b) A Dissection Scene, circa 1298 (Bodleian MS. Ashmole 399, fo. 34 r) | [79] |
| XXIX. | A Post-Mortem Examination: late fourteenth century to illustrate Guy de Chauliac (Montpellier, Bibliothèque de la Faculté de Médecine MS. fr. 184, fo. 14 r) | [80] |
| XXX. | (a) A Demonstration of Surface Markings: second half of fifteenth century (Vatican MS. Hispanice 4804, fo. 8 r). (b) A Demonstration of the Bones to illustrate Guy de Chauliac: first half of fifteenth century (Bristol Reference Library MS., fo. 25 r) | [81] |
| XXXI. | Anatomical Sketches from the MS. of Guy de Vigevano of 1345 at Chantilly | [84] |
| XXXII. | Anatomical Sketches from the MS. of Guy de Vigevano of 1345 at Chantilly | [85] |
| XXXIII. | The Five-Figure Series: Veins, &c., Arteries, Nerves, Bones, Muscles (Bodleian MS. Ashmole 399, fos. 18 r–22 r): about 1298 | [92] |
| XXXIV. | Demonstrations of Anatomy: second half of fifteenth century (Dresden Galen MS.) | [93] |
| XXXV. | A View of the Internal Organs: Leonardo da Vinci (from a drawing in the Library, Windsor Castle) | [96] |
| XXXVI. | Two Persons dissecting, traditionally said to represent Michelangelo and Antonio della Torre (from a drawing in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, attributed to Bartolomeo Manfredi (1574?–1602)) | [97] |
| XXXVII. | Portrait of Giovanni Bentivoglio II, from his tomb in the Church of S. Giacomo Maggiore at Bologna | [102] |
| XXXVIII. | (a) Roger Bacon’s Diagram of the Eye: thirteenth century (British Museum MS. Roy. 7 F. VIII, fo. 50 v). (b) Leonardo da Vinci’s Diagram of the Heart: early sixteenth century (from a drawing in Windsor Castle) | [103] |
| XXXIX. | Miracles at the Tomb of Edward the Confessor, from Norman-French thirteenth-century MS. (University Library, Cambridge, MS. Ee. iii. 59) | [166] |
| XL. | Queen Mary Tudor blessing Cramp-Rings (from Queen Mary’s Illuminated MS. Manual, in the Library of the Roman Catholic Cathedral at Westminster) | [178] |
| XLI. | Facsimile of the Tractatus de Causis et Indiciis Morborum, attributed to Maimonides (Bodleian MS., Marsh 379) | [225] |
ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT