The Circle of Knowledge: A Classified, Simplified, Visualized Book of Answers

by Unknown

• PETER I. (Alexeievitch), the Great, czar of Russia (1672-1725).
• Charles XII., king of Sweden and Norway (1682-1718).
• Prince Eugene of Savoy, Austrian general (1663-1736).
• GEORGE WASHINGTON, general and first president of the United States (1732-1799).
• William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham, English statesman (1708-1778).
• THOMAS JEFFERSON, third president of the United States (1743-1826).
• FREDERICK II., the Great, Prussian general and emperor (1712-1786).
• Alexander Hamilton, American lawyer and statesman (1757-1804).
• Robert Clive, first Lord, British general and statesman (1725-1774).
• Adam Smith, Scottish political economist (1723-1790).
• Anne, queen of England (1664-1714).
• Catherine II., empress of Russia (1729-1796).
• George Jacques Danton, French revolutionist (1759-1794).
• Marquis Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier de Lafayette, or La Fayette, French general and patriot (1757-1834).
• Jean Paul Marat, French revolutionist (1744-1793).
• Maximilien Joseph Marie Isidore de Robespierre, French revolutionist (1758-1794).
• Thaddeus (Tadeusz) Kosciusko, Polish patriot (1746?-1817).
• Francis I., emperor of Germany (1708-1765).
• Lord Horatio Nelson, English admiral (1758-1805).
• Maria Theresa, empress of Austria (1717-1780).
• Charles James Fox, English statesman and orator (1749-1806).

• Jonathan Swift, Irish divine and satirist (1667-1745).
• BARON CHARLES DE SECONDAT DE MONTESQUIEU, French jurist and writer (1689-1755).
• Alexander Pope, English poet (1688-1744).
• FRANÇOIS MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE, French author, poet, wit, dramatist, historian, philosopher and skeptic (1694-1778).
• Edmund Burke, English statesman and orator (1729 or 1730-1797).
• Comte Gabriel Honoré Riquetti de Mirabeau, French orator and revolutionist (1749-1791).
• Robert Burns, Scotch poet (1759-1796).
• DAVID HUME, Scotch historian and philosopher (1711-1776).
• EDWARD GIBBON, English historian (1737-1794).
• Denis Diderot, French philosopher and writer (1713-1784).
• JOHANN WOLFGANG GOETHE, German author (1749-1832).
• JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON SCHILLER, German poet (1759-1805).
• GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING, German author (1729-1781).
• Jean Jacques Rousseau, French philosopher and writer (1712-1778).
• BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, American philosopher, statesman (1706-1790).
• HONORÉ DE BALZAC, French novelist (1799-1850).
• Baroness Anne Louise Germaine de Staël (Staël-Holstein), French authoress (1766-1817).
• William Cowper, English poet (1731-1800).
• Oliver Goldsmith, Irish poet, historian and novelist (1728-1774) Thomas Gray, English poet (1716-1771).
• Samuel Johnson, English lexicographer and miscellaneous writer (1709-1784).

• Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish philosopher, theosophist (1688-1772).
• George Berkeley, Irish metaphysician (1684-1753).
• IMMANUEL KANT, German metaphysician (1724-1804).
• William Paley, English theologian, philosopher (1743-1805).
• Johann Gottlieb Fichte, German metaphysician (1762-1814).
• Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, Swiss educationist (1745-1827).
• Auguste Comte, French philosopher (1798-1857).
• Sir William Hamilton, Scottish metaphysician (1788-1856).
• Jean Jacques Rousseau, French philosopher, (1712-1778).

• LINNÆUS (Karl von Linné), Swedish naturalist (1707-1778).
• ANTOINE LAURENT LAVOISIER, French chemist (1743-1794).
• Marie François Xavier Bichat, French physiologist and anatomist (1771-1802).
• Joseph Priestley, English physicist, chemist, philospher, theologian (1733-1804).
• Jean le Rond d’Alembert, French mathematician (1717-1783).
• Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Swedish chemist (1742-1786).

• SIR RICHARD ARKWRIGHT, inventor of spinning-jenny (1732-1792).
• John Howard, English philanthropist (1726-1790).
• JAMES WATT, perfecter of the steam engine (1736-1819).
• ROBERT FULTON, American engineer and inventor of the steamboat (1765-1815).
• John Fitch, American inventor (1743-1798).
• Aloisio, or Luigi, Galvani, Italian discoverer of galvanism (1737-1788).

• William Ellery Channing, American divine and author (1780-1842).
• James Martineau, Unitarian divine and author (1807-1878).
• Theodore Parker, American theologian and scholar (1810-1860).
• Henry Ward Beecher, American preacher, writer and orator (1813-1887).
• Charles Grandison Finney, evangelist and theologian (1792-1875).
• Dwight Lyman Moody, evangelist (1837-1899).
• Charles Haddon Spurgeon, English pulpit-orator (1834-1892).
• Clara Barton, promoter American Red Cross (1830-1912).
• Frances Elizabeth Willard, temperance reformer (1839-1898).
• Mary Baker Glover Eddy, founder of Christian Science (1821-1910).
• Brigham Young, American Mormon leader (1801-1877).
• Joseph Smith, founder of the sect of Mormons (1805-1844) John Henry Newman, English theologian and author (1801-1890).
• Phillips Brooks, American pulpit orator (1835-1893).

• LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN, German musical composer (1770-1827).
• Franz Schubert, German composer (1797-1828).
• Antonio Canova, Italian sculptor (1757-1822).
• Jean Baptiste Camille Corot, French landscape painter (1796-1875).
• Bertel Thorwaldsen, Danish sculptor (1770-1844).
• Jean Dominique Auguste Ingres, French painter (1781-1867).
• Frederic François Chopin, Polish pianist and musical composer (1810-1849).
• James Abbott M’Neill Whistler, American-English painter (1834-1903).
• Robert Schumann, German musical composer (1815-1856).
• RICHARD WAGNER, German musical composer (1813-1883).
• Johannes Brahms, German composer (1833-1897).
• Giuseppe Verdi, Italian musical composer (1814-1901) Théodore Rousseau, French painter (1812-1867).
• Hector Berlioz, French musical composer (1803-1869).
• Louise Marie Elisabeth Lebrun (born Vigée), French painter (1755-1842).
• Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, German composer (1809-1847).
• Mariano Fortuny, Spanish painter (1839-1874).
• Anton Rubenstein, Russian composer and pianist (1829-1894).
• Franz Liszt, Hungarian pianist and composer (1811-1886).
• Peter Ilyitch Tschaikowsky, Russian musical composer (1840-1893).
• Charles François Daubigny, French painter (1817-1878).
• John Constable, English landscape painter (1776-1837).
• Eugéne Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, French architect (1814-1879).
• Karl Begas, German painter (1794-1854).
• Rosalie Bonheur, French painter (1822-1899).
• Thomas Ustick Walter, American architect (1804-1887).
• Jean François Millet, painter (1814-1875).
• Antoine Louis Barye, French sculptor (1795-1875).
• Karl Theodore Francis Bitter, Austro-American sculptor (1867-1916).
• Johann Gottfried Schadow, German sculptor (1764-1850).
• Sir Edwin Henry Landseer, animal painter (1802-1873).
• Sir Charles Barry, British architect (1795-1860).
• Pierre Etienne Rousseau, French painter (1812-1867).
• Christian Daniel Rauch, German sculptor (1777-1857).
• Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, French painter (1824-1898).
• Jacques Louis David, French historical painter (1748-1825).
• Robert Adam, Scottish architect (1728-1792).
• Hans Makart, Austrian painter (1840-1884).
• Joseph Mallord William Turner, English painter (1775-1851).
• Sir George Gilbert Scott, English architect (1811-1878).
• Sir John Everett Millais, English painter (1829-1896).
• Karl Friedrich Schinkel, German architect (1781-1841).
• John Quincy Adams Ward, American sculptor (1830-1910).
• Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, French sculptor (1834-1904).
• Jean Léon Gérôme, French historical painter (1824-1904).
• Edwin Austin Abbey, American artist (1852-1916).
• J. E. F. Massenet, French composer (1842-1912).
• Antonin Dvorák, Austro-American composer (1842-1904).
• Vassili Verestchagin, Russian painter (1842-1904).
• F. von Lenbach, German painter (1836-1904).
• Edvard Grieg, Norwegian composer (1843-1897).
• Augustus Saint-Gaudens, American sculptor (1848-1907).

• JOHN MARSHALL, American jurist and statesman (1755-1835).
• Andrew Jackson, general and seventh president of the United States (1767-1845).
• Henry Clay, American statesman and orator (1777-1852).
• Arthur Wellesley Wellington, first Duke of, British general and statesman (1769-1852).
• John Caldwell Calhoun, American statesman (1782-1850).
• Prince Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von Metternich, Austrian statesman (1773-1859).
• Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord, Prince of Benevento, French diplomatist (1754-1838).
• Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, Italian statesman (1810-1861).
• ABRAHAM LINCOLN, sixteenth president of the United States (1809-1865).
• David Glascoe Farragut, American admiral (1801-1870).
• ROBERT EDWARD LEE, American Confederate general (1807-1870).
• Napoleon III. (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte), emperor of the French (1808-1873).
• Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Beaconsfield, English statesman and novelist (1804-1880).
• ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT, general and eighteenth president of the United States (1822-1885).
• Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish parliamentarian (1846-1891).
• William Ewart Gladstone, English statesman (1820-1898).
• PRINCE OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD BISMARCK, German statesman (1814-1898).
• Richard Cobden, English statesman and economist (1804-1865).
• Giuseppe Mazzini, Italian patriot and revolutionist (1805-1872).
• Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian patriot (1807-1882).
• Léon Gambetta, French statesman (1838-1882).
• John Bright, English orator and statesman (1811-1889).
• Louis Kossuth, Hungarian orator and statesman (1802-1894).
• Cecil John Rhodes, British statesman (1853-1902).
• Victoria (Victoria Alexandrina), queen of Great Britain and Ireland and empress of India (1819-1901).
• Jefferson Davis, American statesman and president of the Confederacy (1808-1889).
• Sir John Alexander Macdonald, Canadian statesman (1815-1891).
• Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria (1830-1916).
• Karl Marx, German socialist and publicist (1818-1883).
• H. von Treitschke, German publicist (1834-1896).
• George Dewey, American Admiral (1837-1917).

• DANIEL WEBSTER, American statesman and orator (1782-1852).
• Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet (1792-1822).
• John Keats, English poet (1796?-1821)
• Lord George Gordon Byron, English poet (1788-1824).
• SIR WALTER SCOTT, Scotch novelist and poet (1771-1832).
• WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, English poet (1770-1850).
• THOMAS CARLYLE, British essayist and historian (1795-1881).
• Leopold von Ranke, German historian (1795-1886).
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English metaphysician and poet (1772-1834).
• Viscount François Auguste de Chateaubriand, French author (1768-1848).
• James Fenimore Cooper, American novelist (1779-1851).
• William Cullen Bryant, American poet and journalist (1794-1878).
• François Pierre Guillaume Guizot, French historian and statesman (1787-1874).
• Washington Irving, American author (1783-1859).
• Barthold Georg Niebuhr, German historian and philologist (1776-1831).
• Esaias Tegnér, Swedish poet (1782-1846).
• Heinrich Heine, German poet and miscellaneous writer (1800?-1856).
• Thomas Babington Macaulay, English historian, essayist, poet and statesman (1800-1859).
• Elizabeth Barrett Browning, wife of Robert Browning, English poetess, (1809-1861).
• Robert Browning, English poet (1812-1889).
• William Makepeace Thackeray, English novelist (1811-1863).
• Edgar Allen Poe, American poet (1809-1849).
• Nathaniel Hawthorne, American author (1804-1864).
• Charles Dickens, English novelist (1812-1870).
• George Eliot (Marian Evans), English novelist (1820?-1880).
• RALPH WALDO EMERSON, American essayist and philosopher (1803-1882).
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, American poet (1807-1882).
• ALFRED TENNYSON, English poet (1809-1892).
• VICOMTE VICTOR MARIE HUGO, French poet and romance writer (1802-1885).
• James Russell Lowell, American poet and critic (1819-1891).
• Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian dramatist (1828-1906).
• Francis Parkman, American author (1823-1893).
• Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, French author and critic (1828-1893).
• Count Lyof N. Tolstoi, Russian novelist (1828-1910).
• Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, French literary critic (1804-1869).
• Björnstjerne Björnson, Norwegian author (1832-1910).
• Joseph Ernest Renan, French orientalist, author and critic (1823-1892).
• John Ruskin, English writer on art, especially painting (1819-1900).
• Henry D. Thoreau, American author (1817-1862).
• Alexandre Dumas, French novelist and dramatist (1803-1870).
• Théophile Gautier, French poet, novelist and critic (1811-1872).
• G. Sand (Mme. Dudevant), French novelist (1804-1876).
• Fedor Dostoyevski, Russian novelist (1821-1881).
• Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English artist, poet (1828-1882).
• Ivan Turgeneff, Russian novelist (1818-1883).
• Walt Whitman, American poet (1819-1892).
• Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen, German historian (1817-1892).
• John Greenleaf Whittier, American poet (1807-1892).
• Oliver Wendell Holmes, American physician, poet and essayist (1809-1894).
• Alphonse Daudet, French novelist (1840-1897).
• Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain), American humorist (1835-1910).
• Henry James, American novelist (1843-1916).
• Emile Zola, French novelist (1840-1902).
• Johan August Strindberg (1849-1912).
• James Whitcomb Riley, American poet (1853-1916).

• GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL, German philosopher, metaphysician and pantheist (1770-1831).
• Friedrich Froebel, German educationist (1782-1852).
• Arthur Schopenhauer, German philosopher (1788-1860).
• John Stuart Mill, English philosopher and and political economist (1806-1873).
• Rudolf Hermann Lotze, German philosopher (1817-1881).
• HERBERT SPENCER, English philosopher (1820-1903).
• Frederick Wilhelm Nietzsche, German moralist (1844-1900).
• William James, American psychologist and philosopher (1842-1910).
• Hugo Münsterberg, German psychologist (1863-1917).
• James Burrill Angell, American educator and diplomat (1829-1916).
• Victor Cousin, French philosopher (1792-1867).
• George Holmes Howison, American philosopher (1834-1917).
• Josiah Royce (1855-1917).