The Circle of Knowledge: A Classified, Simplified, Visualized Book of Answers - Unknown

II. FROM THE AGE OF ABRAHAM TO THE RISE OF ASSYRIA, 2250-1100, B.C.

Great Events of Period. Abraham becomes first great leader of the Hebrews. Egyptian revolt from the Shepherd Kings. New Egyptian empire. Rise of Assyria—originally settled by emigrants from Babylonia. Wars with Babylonia. Sidon, a Phœnician city, at its zenith. Phœnician colonies established round the Mediterranean. Advanced civilization in Crete. Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt under Moses. Hittites rise to great power, contending equally with Egypt and Assyria.

B. C.	Greeks	Egypt	Hebrews and Phœnicia	Babylonia-Assyria	Border Peoples
			I. Patriarchal Age (2250-1200)	III. Early Babylonian Empire (2250-1750)
2500		2250. Rise and triumph of Thebes.	2250. Period of Abraham,patriarch of the Hebrews, who left Ur, wanderednorth to Horan and finally entered Canaan (Palestine).	2250. HAMMURABI (Amraphel?), great ruler and lawgiver, united thewhole of Babylonia. His code of laws one of themost important of Oriental discoveries. Under him Babylon reached high degree of culture.
2500		III. Middle Kingdom (Includes Dynasties 11 to 17)		2100. Second Babylonian dynasty: lasted about 300 years.
2000	2000-1000. Achæans and Greeks settle in Greece proper, and Ionians in Asia Minor.	2000-1788. This period reached its highest development in the Twelfth dynasty, which was Theban. Obelisks,public works, regulation of Nile, Lake Mœris, and the Labyrinth belong to this period.	2000. Semitic emigrants enter Phœnicia.
	1800-1600. “Golden Age” of Cretan civilization. Great palace at Knossos completed.	1788-1580. The Hyksos, orShepherd Kings, conquer Egypt and rule about 100 years. The invaders introduce the horse into Egypt. Period of comparative obscurity.	1800. Hiksos (Hittites?) consolidate Syrian power at Kadesh and over-run Egypt.	IV. Kassite Period (1750-1150)	1800-1500. Assyria ruled by patesis or governors.
				1750. Third, or Kassite, dynasty of foreign kings in power for nearly 600 years.	1750. The Kassites, a mountain people north of Elam, subdue Babylonia. An Elamite dynasty with its capital at Susa, gave rise to the Persian nation (1750-836).
		IV. The Egyptian Empire (Includes Dynasties 18-20)
		1580. After the expulsion of the Hyksos, Egypt was organized as a military state. Syria was conquered and madetribute by 1500.	1550. Phœnicia made tributary to Egypt.
1500		1479-1447. Thutmose III. rules at Thebes and the Empire increasedrapidly in power and extent. Egyptian fleet was developed, temple at Karnak erected.	1500-1220. Palestine under Egyptian domination.
1500		1414-1383. Amenhotep III., Great king, called the“Magnificent.” Built temple at Luxor and elsewhere. Tel-el-Amarna Letters with Syria and Babylon.
1400	1400. Probable Mycenæan invasion destroyed Cretancivilization.			1400. Burnaburiash, greatest of Kassitekings, established political relations with Egypt. Settled boundary with Assyria. See Tel-el-Amarna Letters.
	1400-1300. Bloom of the Agean and Mycenæan civilization.	1383-1365. Amenhotep IV. Very importantreign. Official religion changed from polytheism to monotheism; chief seat of worship removed from Thebes to Tel-el-Amarna. Syrialost.	1350. Joseph inEgypt. Hebrews settle in Goshen.	V. Period of Decline (1300-745)	1350. Great expansion of Assyria; capitalremoved from Asshur to Kalkhi (Ninevah).
	1400-1300. Bloom of the Agean and Mycenæan civilization.	1326-1300. Seti I. Restorer of ancient monuments; great temple at Abydos; began greathall at Karnak; tomb in Valley of Kings.	1350. Joseph inEgypt. Hebrews settle in Goshen.	V. Period of Decline (1300-745)
1300		1300-1234. RAMESES II., the Great. Subdues Syria at Kadesh; built temples at Abu and Simbel; built Pithom andRaamses. Supposed Pharaoh of the Israelite oppression.	1300. Period of Sidon’s greatest power.	1300. Kassites absorbed into the Semitic population of Babylonia.	1275. Continuous struggle between Assyria and Babylonia.
		1234-1214. Merneptah drove out foreign invaders. Supposed Pharaoh ofthe Exodus.	1250. Oppression of the Israelites.	1250-1210. Decline of Babylonian power and rise of Assyria.	1250. King of Assyria conquers Babylon and rules seven years.
1200	1200. Dorian invasion ended the grand prehistoric age ofGreece.	1202-1171. Rameses III., greatest king intwentieth dynasty. Built temples at Karnak and Medinet Habu. Great naval battle at Pelusium.	1220. Exodus of the Israelites under MOSES.
	1193-1184. TROJAN WAR.	V. Decay of the Empire (1150-525)	II. Period of the Judges (1160-1020)	1100. Babylon subjected by TIGLATH PILESER I. of Assyria.Great expansion of Assyrian empire.

B. C.	Greeks	Egypt	Hebrews and Phœnicia	Babylonia-Assyria	Border Peoples
			I. Patriarchal Age (2250-1200)	III. Early Babylonian Empire (2250-1750)
2500		2250. Rise and triumph of Thebes.	2250. Period of Abraham, patriarch of the Hebrews, who left Ur, wanderednorth to Horan and finally entered Canaan (Palestine).	2250. HAMMURABI (Amraphel?), great ruler and lawgiver, united the whole of Babylonia. His code of laws one of themost important of Oriental discoveries. Under him Babylon reached high degree of culture.
		III. Middle Kingdom (Includes Dynasties 11 to 17)		2100. Second Babylonian dynasty: lasted about 300 years.
2000	2000-1000. Achæans and Greeks settle in Greece proper, and Ionians in Asia Minor.	2000-1788. This period reached its highest development in the Twelfth dynasty, which was Theban. Obelisks,public works, regulation of Nile, Lake Mœris, and the Labyrinth belong to this period.	2000. Semitic emigrants enter Phœnicia.
	1800-1600. “Golden Age” of Cretan civilization. Great palace at Knossos completed.	1788-1580. The Hyksos, orShepherd Kings, conquer Egypt and rule about 100 years. The invaders introduce the horse into Egypt. Period of comparative obscurity.	1800. Hiksos (Hittites?) consolidate Syrian power at Kadesh and over-run Egypt.	IV. Kassite Period (1750-1150)	1800-1500. Assyria ruled by patesis or governors.
	1750. Third, or Kassite, dynasty of foreign kings in power for nearly 600 years.			1750. The Kassites, a mountain people north of Elam, subdue Babylonia. An Elamite dynasty with its capital at Susa, gave rise to the Persian nation (1750-836).
		IV. The Egyptian Empire (Includes Dynasties 18-20)
		1580. After the expulsion of the Hyksos, Egypt was organized as a military state. Syria was conquered and madetribute by 1500.	1550. Phœnicia made tributary to Egypt. 1500-1220. Palestineunder Egyptian domination.
1500		1479-1447. Thutmose III. rules at Thebes and the Empire increasedrapidly in power and extent. Egyptian fleet was developed, temple at Karnak erected.	1500-1220. Palestine under Egyptian domination.
		1414-1383. Amenhotep III., Great king, called the“Magnificent.” Built temple at Luxor and elsewhere. Tel-el-Amarna Letters with Syria and Babylon.
1400	1400. Probable Mycenæan invasion destroyed Cretancivilization.				1400. Burnaburiash, greatest of Kassitekings, established political relations with Egypt. Settled boundary with Assyria. See Tel-el-Amarna Letters.
	1400-1300. Bloom of the Agean and Mycenæan civilization.	1383-1365. Amenhotep IV. Very importantreign. Official religion changed from polytheism to monotheism; chief seat of worship removed from Thebes to Tel-el-Amarna. Syrialost.	1350. Joseph inEgypt. Hebrews settle in Goshen.		1350. Great expansion of Assyria; capitalremoved from Asshur to Kalkhi (Ninevah).
		1326-1300. Seti I. Restorer of ancient monuments; great temple at Abydos; began greathall at Karnak; tomb in Valley of Kings.		V. Period of Decline (1300-745)
1300		1300-1234. RAMESES II., the Great. Subdues Syria at Kadesh; built temples at Abu and Simbel; built Pithom andRaamses. Supposed Pharaoh of the Israelite oppression.	1300. Period of Sidon’s greatest power.	1300. Kassites absorbed into the Semitic population of Babylonia.	1275. Continuous struggle between Assyria and Babylonia.
		1234-1214. Merneptah drove out foreign invaders. Supposed Pharaoh ofthe Exodus.	1250. Oppression of the Israelites.	1250-1210. Decline of Babylonian power and rise of Assyria.	1250. King of Assyria conquers Babylon and rules seven years.
1200	1200. Dorian invasion ended the grand prehistoric age ofGreece.	1202-1171. Rameses III., greatest king intwentieth dynasty. Built temples at Karnak and Medinet Habu. Great naval battle at Pelusium.	1220. Exodus of the Israelites under MOSES.
	1193-1184. TROJAN WAR.	V. Decay of the Empire (1150-525)	II. Period of the Judges (1160-1020)	1100. Babylon subjected by TIGLATH PILESER I. of Assyria.Great expansion of Assyrian empire.

III. FROM THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE TO THE TIME OF XERXES THE GREAT, 1100-485 B. C.

Great Events of Period. 1100-1000: Heroic age of Greece; Hebrews reach their highest point of national power. Beginning of the Medo-Persian nations. Celts disperse over western Europe and into British Isles. 1000-900: Homeric age. Celts already in Britain, with bronze in use. Phœnician trade extended from Senegal to India. 900-800: Decline of Phœnician cities. 800-700: Ethiopian supremacy in Egypt. Assyrian conquests continue; Tiglath-Pileser III.; Sargon; Babylonia rises to height of its power. 700-600: Zenith and fall of Nineveh, and Assyrian empire. Media rises to power. Perhaps last migrations from the Aryan center—Teutonic and Slav races. 600-500: Zenith and fall of Babylon. Long reign of Nebuchadnezzar; he ravages Egypt. The seventy years’ captivity of Judah. Rise of Persia. Founding of the Roman republic. Establishment of democracy in Athens.

B. C.	Rome	Greeks	Egypt	Phœnicia-Lydia Phrygia	Hebrews		Babylonia-Assyria		Persians	China, Japan, India	B. C.
		II. Formation of Greek States (1100-500)					VI. The Assyrian Empire.
1100	1100. The Etruscans already in central Italy.	1100-950. Great migrations in Greece of Dorians and Thessalians.Ionic colonies founded in Asia Minor.	1091. At beginning of the twenty-firstdynasty two lines of kings: one at Thebes and another at Tanis. Power of Tanis established and great wall built.	1100. Tyre attains first rank among Phœnicianseacoast towns.			1100-930. History of Babylon of littleimportance until 600 B. C. Assyria the great power of Western Asia till the rise of the New Babylonian Empire after the destructionof Nineveh in 607 B. C.		1100. Formation of a powerful empire in Bactria. Deedsof kings celebrated in the Shahnameh of Firdusi.	China: 1123-255. Chow dynasty. Feudal system developed.	1100
1100	1100. The Etruscans already in central Italy.	1068. Codrus, last king of Athens. Beginning of rule of archons.			1040. Samuel, last of the“Judges.”					China: 1123-255. Chow dynasty. Feudal system developed.	1100
					III. Period of Monarchy
					1020. Saul, king. Jerusalem, the capital of all Israel.
1000		1000. Period of HOMER. Poems of Homer reflect the Mycenæan and Aegean period of theGreeks.	A very complex and obscure period.		1000. David, king.				1000. Period of ZOROASTER and Zoroastrianism, was chief of the Magi, a priestly tribe ofMedia.		1000
			987-952. Pasebkhanu II. King Solomon married one of his daughters.	970. King Hiram sent material forSolomon’s Temple.	977-937. SOLOMON, king. Began building thetemple about 973. Married a daughter of King Pasebkhanu II. of Egypt.
			952. Sheshanq (Shishak of the Bible), married to sister of the wife of King Solomon. Great conquests in Syria.Capture of Jerusalem.	970. King Hiram sent material forSolomon’s Temple.			930-640. Brilliant epoch of Assyria. Aperiod of conquest, expansion, architecture, sculpture and literary activity.
					IV. Divided Monarchy (937)
900					Judah and Israel		886-858. Ashur-Nasir-Pal. One of the greatest Assyriankings. Extended the empire. Moved the government to Calah (Nimrod) from Ashur. Built a great palace there.				900
		820. Legislation of Lycurgus founded the stability of Sparta.		846. Carthage founded byElissa (Dido).			858-823. Shalmaneser II. Ceaseless wars made him master of Western Asia. First contact withIsraelites. Jehu, King of Israel, among those who sent tribute. Built palace at Calah (Nimrod). Protectorate over Babylon.		I. Ancient Persian Period (836-640)
				846. Carthage founded byElissa (Dido).			810-781. Ramari-nirrari IV. captured Damascus. Married Babylonian princess Semiramis.		I. Ancient Persian Period (836-640)
800				800. Phrygia an independent monarchy.						India: 800. Bramanic period of Vedic literature.	800
	I. Mythical Period of the Kings (753-510)	776. First Olympiad, or first year theOlympian victor was recorded.	780. Rise of independent kingdom in Nubia.							China: 780-700. Constant struggles between central power and feudal states.
	753-716. Romulus.
	753. Rome founded.
	750. Sabines incorporated with Romans.	750-550. Colonizing period of the Greeks.					745-727. Tiglath-Pileser II. (Identical with the king Pulof the Bible) made Babylonia subject to Assyria.
		743-724. FIRST MESSENIAN WAR between Messenia and Sparta.		728. Midas of Phrygia foments rebellion against rule ofSargon in Northern Syria.	735-715. Ahaz became tributary to Assyria. Isaiah denounced the alliance.		728. END OF OLD BABYLONIAN EMPIRE.		740. Western Iran (Media and Persia) subject to Assyria.
			VI. Nubian Period (722-654)	727. Tyre captured by Assyria. Phœnician decline begins.			727-722. Shalmaneser IV. suppressed the revolt of the Phœnician cities and the kingdom ofIsrael.
	715-673. Numa Pompilius. Traditional founder of religiousinstitutions.		722. Egypt lost Palestine to Assyria.		715-686. Hezekiah. Began religious and socialreforms.	722-705. Sargon II. conquered Samaria and destroyed the Kingdom ofIsrael. He received tribute from Arabia, Egypt, and Cyprus; suppressed revolts in Armenia, Media and Babylonia, and united the latter withAssyria.
			707. Shabako, the Nubian, gains all Egypt, incites revolt in Syria and Palestine against Sargon.Later is defeated by Sennacherib.		715-686. Hezekiah. Began religious and socialreforms.	705. Sennacherib.Invaded Judah. Palace at Nineveh and library. Assyrian art most flourishing from Ninth to end of SeventhCentury.
700	700-200. Etruscan influence very strong.			700. Cimmerian invasion shortly destroys Phrygian Kingdom.					700-600. Scythians sweep over Media, Persia and Assyria.		700
				689. Gyges, first important King of Lydia.	681. Esarhaddon. Wars withPhœnicia, Cilicia, Edom, Medes, and Arabs. Conquest of Lower Egypt.
	673-641. Tullus Hostilius. Alba Longa destroyed.		670-660. Assyrian supremacy. Nubians expelled byAshur-bani-pal but hold Thebes until 654.			668. Ashur-Bani-Pal (Sardanapalus). Expelled Nubians from Egypt and established his supremacy for a time. Best period ofart. Creation tablets and Deluge tablets. Gyges, King of Lydia, killed during a revolt.			II. Period of the Median Empire.
	673-641. Tullus Hostilius. Alba Longa destroyed.								655-633. Phraortes united Media.
	641-616. Ancus Marcius. Capture of Ostia. Warwith Latins.	645-628. SECOND MESSENIAN WAR. Sparta victorious.	653-610. PSAMETIK I. re-united Egypt. In alliance with Gyges, King ofLydia, made Egypt independent of Assyria. Built a magnificent palace at Sais, the new capital. Revival of art, religion andliterature.	636. Last Assyrian governor of Phœnicia.					640. Medes revolt from Assyria andestablish the Median Empire (640-558).	Japan: 660-585. Jimmu Tenno, first Mikado. Largely legendary.
		625. Corinth at its zenith. Periander, tyrant.				626. Assyrian power declining at death ofAshur-bani-pal. NABOPOLASSOR, Assyrian governor of Babylon, makes the latter independent, and wars against Assyria.			633-593. Cyaxeres, with Nabopolassor of Babylonia, capture Nineveh anddestroy the Assyrian Empire.
		621. Laws of Draco at Athens.
	616-578. Tarquinius Priscus. Treaty with Latins. Temple of Jupiter on the capitol. Importantadvance in power and civilization.		610-595. Neku II. InvadesSyria, but is vanquished at Carchemish by Nebuchadnezzar II. of Babylonia.	610. Alyattes, King of Lydia, battles with Cyaxares ofMedia. Erected magnificent buildings at Sardis.		610. Fall of Nineveh. END OF ASSYRIAN EMPIRE, dividedamong Medes and Babylonians.
					608-597. Jehoiakim. Jeremiah.	608. New Babylonian Empire.
					608-597. Jehoiakim. Jeremiah.	604-551. NEBUCHADNEZZAR II. makes Babylonia the leading nation of the East. ConqueredJerusalem (586) and subdued Tyre (585). Splendid architectural era at Babylon.
600		600-590. FIRST SACRED WAR.									600
		594. Solon, archon of Athens. Laws and reforms.		586-573. Tyre besieged by Nebuchadnezzar. Phœnicia a Persianprovince (538).	586. Capture of Jerusalem byNebuchadnezzar, temple destroyed and Jews made captive.			593-558. Astyoges, last King of Medes. Cyrus revolted, deposed the king, became king of Persia andmaster of the East.
	578-534. Servius Tulius. Rome consolidated. Rise of patricians and plebians.	560-527. Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens. Ionia and Greek cities of Asia conquered by Cyrus of Persia.	570-526. Aahmes II. Encouraged Greeksettlement. Magnificent buildings at Naucratis and Sais.	568. Crœsus, son ofAlyattes, subdued all the Grecian cities of the coast.				II. Period of the Persian Empire (558-330)
				546. Sardiscaptured and Lydia absorbed into Persian Empire.		555. Nabonidus, father of theBiblical Belshazzar, great builder and restorer of temples.		558-529. CYRUS, emperor. Conquered Crœsus, King of Lydia.		China: 551. CONFUCIUS born. Greatestfigure in Chinese history.
				538. Phœnicia became a Persian province.	538-332. Palestine under Persian dominion.	539-538. War of Cyrus against the Babylonians. Babyloncaptured. The Babylonian Empire incorporated with the Persian.
	534-510. Tarquinius Superbus. End of the Kings. Rome a Republic with two Consuls.	The Rise of Athens.		530. CARTHAGE becomes independent.	538-332. Palestine under Persian dominion.	529-522. Cambysesconquered Egypt by his victory at Pelusium.
			525. Psametik III. defeated by Cambyses at Pelusium. Egypt a Persianprovince.
			520. Capture of Thebes (Luxor) and transplantation of6000 Egyptians to Susiana.		520-516. Temple rebuilt at Jerusalem.	521-485. DARIUS son of Hystaspes was made king.
				Phœnicia: through its influence the wholecountry is allowed to carry on its trade as usual, under the authority and protection of the king of Persia.	520-516. Temple rebuilt at Jerusalem.	Darius has special interest because he was first to extend Persian authority into Europe, and thuspaved the way for the subsequent invasion of Greece.				This great Chinese philosopher, introduces anew religion, opposed to that of Fohi, and boldly inveighs against the viceand immorality of the times.
	II. The Republic to the Beginning of the Punic Wars (510-264)		The Persian kings exact a large tribute. The fisheries of Lake Mœris, etc.			518. Revolt of Babylon, and destruction of that city after a twenty months? siege. Indian campaign,in which the countries north of the Indus become subject to Persia. Indus the boundary of the empire.
	Struggle between patricians and plebians and development of Roman consolidation.	510. Athenian democracy fully established.				513. (?). Unsuccessful expedition of Darius against theScythians with a land force of 700,000 men. Macedonia and Thrace tributary.
	508. First commercial treaty with Carthage.			508. Carthage makes its first commercial treaty with Rome.
500		III. Persian Wars (500-449)		500. Carthage trades with the Greeks.		500-494. The Ionian colonies rebel, and are assisted by the Athenians, which gives riseto the Perso-Grecian wars and the national hatred between the two countries.					500
500		See under Persia.		500. Carthage trades with the Greeks.							500
	498. First Dictator.			Carthage effects an alliance with the Persians against Sicily.	According to Philo, the history of Judith and Holofernesfalls under the reign of Artaxerxes. Under the same king lived Esther and Haman.	499. Sardis burnt by the Ionians. Grecian wars follow.
	First struggle, on account of the oppression of the debtors.					494. The Greeks and their allies defeated in navalengagement at the island of Lade.
	493. Tribunes of the people.					493-490. War of Darius against the European Greeks. Revolt among the Egpyptians.
	493. Tribunes of the people.					492. First expedition, under Mardonius, unsuccessful.
	491. Comitia Tributa, in which the people have the preponderance.	490. Marathon. The Athenians under Miltiades defeated thePersians under Datis. Free government and Greek civilization saved.				490. Second expedition, defeated at Marathon byMiltiades.
	Second struggle, respecting the division of lands.	Athens mistress of the sea.
	486. First Agrarian law.	489. Miltiades attacks Poros and fails. His condemnation and death follow.	486. Revolts, but is again subdued by Xerxes.			486. Egypt revolts and is not reduced to subjection until484.
	Continual wars against the neighboring states.	485. Gelo, master of Syracuse.	The tribute increased.			485. Death of Darius. He was succeeded by his son XERXES.

B. C.	Rome	Greeks	Egypt	Phœnicia-Lydia Phrygia
		II. Formation of Greek States (1100-500)
1100	1100. The Etruscans already in central Italy.	1100-950. Great migrations in Greece of Dorians and Thessalians. Ionic colonies founded in Asia Minor.	1091. At beginning of the twenty-first dynasty two lines of kings: one at Thebes and another at Tanis. Power of Tanis established and great wall built.	1100. Tyre attains first rank among Phœnician seacoast towns.
		1068. Codrus, last king of Athens. Beginning of rule of archons.
1000		1000. Period of HOMER. Poems of Homer reflect the Mycenæan and Aegean period of the Greeks.	A very complex and obscure period.
			987-952. Pasebkhanu II. King Solomon married one of his daughters.	970. King Hiram sent material for Solomon’s Temple.
			952. Sheshanq (Shishak of the Bible), married to sister of the wife of King Solomon. Great conquests in Syria. Capture of Jerusalem.
900
		820. Legislation of Lycurgus founded the stability of Sparta.		846. Carthage founded by Elissa (Dido).
800				800. Phrygia an independent monarchy.
	I. Mythical Period of the Kings (753-510)	776. First Olympiad, or first year the Olympian victor was recorded.	780. Rise of independent kingdom in Nubia.
	753-716. Romulus.
	753. Rome founded.
	750. Sabines incorporated with Romans.	750-550. Colonizing period of the Greeks.
		743-724. FIRST MESSENIAN WAR between Messenia and Sparta.		728. Midas of Phrygia foments rebellion against rule of Sargon in Northern Syria.
			VI. Nubian Period (722-654)	727. Tyre captured by Assyria. Phœnician decline begins.
	715-673. Numa Pompilius. Traditional founder of religious institutions.		722. Egypt lost Palestine to Assyria.
			707. Shabako, the Nubian, gains all Egypt, incites revolt in Syria and Palestine against Sargon. Later is defeated by Sennacherib.
700	700-200. Etruscan influence very strong.			700. Cimmerian invasion shortly destroys Phrygian Kingdom.
				689. Gyges, first important King of Lydia.
	673-641. Tullus Hostilius. Alba Longa destroyed.		670-660. Assyrian supremacy. Nubians expelled by Ashur-bani-pal but hold Thebes until 654.
	641-616. Ancus Marcius. Capture of Ostia. War with Latins.	645-628. SECOND MESSENIAN WAR. Sparta victorious.	653-610. PSAMETIK I. re-united Egypt. In alliance with Gyges, King of Lydia, made Egypt independent of Assyria. Built a magnificent palace at Sais, the new capital. Revival of art, religion and literature.	636. Last Assyrian governor of Phœnicia.
		625. Corinth at its zenith. Periander, tyrant.
		621. Laws of Draco at Athens.
	616-578. Tarquinius Priscus. Treaty with Latins. Temple of Jupiter on the capitol. Important advance in power and civilization.		610-595. Neku II. Invades Syria, but is vanquished at Carchemish by Nebuchadnezzar II. of Babylonia.	610. Alyattes, King of Lydia, battles with Cyaxares of Media. Erected magnificent buildings at Sardis.
600		600-590. FIRST SACRED WAR.
		594. Solon, archon of Athens. Laws and reforms.		586-573. Tyre besieged by Nebuchadnezzar. Phœnicia a Persian province (538).
	578-534. Servius Tulius. Rome consolidated. Rise of patricians and plebians.	560-527. Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens. Ionia and Greek cities of Asia conquered by Cyrus of Persia.	570-526. Aahmes II. Encouraged Greek settlement. Magnificent buildings at Naucratis and Sais.	568. Crœsus, son of Alyattes, subdued all the Grecian cities of the coast.
				546. Sardis captured and Lydia absorbed into Persian Empire.
				538. Phœnicia became a Persian province.
	534-510. Tarquinius Superbus. End of the Kings. Rome a Republic with two Consuls.	The Rise of Athens.		530. CARTHAGE becomes independent.
			525. Psametik III. defeated by Cambyses at Pelusium. Egypt a Persian province.
			520. Capture of Thebes (Luxor) and transplantation of 6000 Egyptians to Susiana.
				Phœnicia: through its influence the whole country is allowed to carry on its trade as usual, under the authority and protection of the king of Persia.
	II. The Republic to the Beginning of the Punic Wars (510-264)		The Persian kings exact a large tribute. The fisheries of Lake Mœris, etc.
	Struggle between patricians and plebians and development of Roman consolidation.	510. Athenian democracy fully established.
	508. First commercial treaty with Carthage.			508. Carthage makes its first commercial treaty with Rome.
500		III. Persian Wars (500-449)		500. Carthage trades with the Greeks.
		See under Persia.
	498. First Dictator.			Carthage effects an alliance with the Persians against Sicily.
	First struggle, on account of the oppression of the debtors.
	493. Tribunes of the people.
	491. Comitia Tributa, in which the people have the preponderance.	490. Marathon. The Athenians under Miltiades defeated the Persians under Datis. Free government and Greek civilization saved.
	Second struggle, respecting the division of lands.	Athens mistress of the sea.
	486. First Agrarian law.	489. Miltiades attacks Poros and fails. His condemnation and death follow.	486. Revolts, but is again subdued by Xerxes.
	Continual wars against the neighboring states.	485. Gelo, master of Syracuse.	The tribute increased.