B. C.HebrewsBabylonia-AssyriaPersiansChina, Japan, India
VI. The Assyrian Empire.

1100
1100-930. History of Babylon of littleimportance until 600 B. C. Assyria the great power of Western Asia till the rise of the New Babylonian Empire after the destructionof Nineveh in 607 B. C.
1100. Formation of a powerful empire in Bactria. Deedsof kings celebrated in the Shahnameh of Firdusi.		China: 1123-255. Chow dynasty. Feudal system developed.
1040. Samuel, last of the“Judges.”
III. Period of Monarchy
1020. Saul, king. Jerusalem, the capital of all Israel.
10001000. David, king. 1000. Period of ZOROASTER and Zoroastrianism, was chief of the Magi, a priestly tribe ofMedia.
977-937. SOLOMON, king. Began building thetemple about 973. Married a daughter of King Pasebkhanu II. of Egypt.
930-640. Brilliant epoch of Assyria. Aperiod of conquest, expansion, architecture, sculpture and literary activity.
IV. Divided Monarchy
(937)
900Judah and Israel
886-858. Ashur-Nasir-Pal. One of the greatest Assyriankings. Extended the empire. Moved the government to Calah (Nimrod) from Ashur. Built a great palace there.
858-823. Shalmaneser II. Ceaseless wars made him master of Western Asia. First contact withIsraelites. Jehu, King of Israel, among those who sent tribute. Built palace at Calah (Nimrod). Protectorate over Babylon.
810-781. Ramari-nirrari IV. captured Damascus. Married Babylonian princess Semiramis.I. Ancient Persian Period
(836-640)
800 India: 800. Bramanic period of Vedic literature.
China: 780-700. Constant struggles between central power and feudal states.

745-727. Tiglath-Pileser II. (Identical with the king Pulof the Bible) made Babylonia subject to Assyria.

735-715. Ahaz became tributary to Assyria. Isaiah denounced the alliance.

728. END OF OLD BABYLONIAN EMPIRE.		740. Western Iran (Media and Persia) subject to Assyria.
727-722. Shalmaneser IV. suppressed the revolt of the Phœnician cities and the kingdom ofIsrael.

715-686. Hezekiah. Began religious and socialreforms.		722-705. Sargon II. conquered Samaria and destroyed the Kingdom ofIsrael. He received tribute from Arabia, Egypt, and Cyprus; suppressed revolts in Armenia, Media and Babylonia, and united the latter withAssyria.
705. Sennacherib.Invaded Judah. Palace at Nineveh and library.
Assyrian art most flourishing from Ninth to end of SeventhCentury.
700 700-600. Scythians sweep over Media, Persia and Assyria.
681. Esarhaddon. Wars withPhœnicia, Cilicia, Edom, Medes, and Arabs. Conquest of Lower Egypt.
668. Ashur-Bani-Pal (Sardanapalus). Expelled Nubians from Egypt and established his supremacy for a time. Best period ofart. Creation tablets and Deluge tablets. Gyges, King of Lydia, killed during a revolt.II. Period of the Median Empire.
655-633. Phraortes united Media.

640. Medes revolt from Assyria andestablish the Median Empire (640-558).		Japan: 660-585. Jimmu Tenno, first Mikado. Largely legendary.

626. Assyrian power declining at death ofAshur-bani-pal. NABOPOLASSOR, Assyrian governor of Babylon, makes the latter independent, and wars against Assyria.		633-593. Cyaxeres, with Nabopolassor of Babylonia, capture Nineveh anddestroy the Assyrian Empire.
610. Fall of Nineveh. END OF ASSYRIAN EMPIRE, dividedamong Medes and Babylonians.
608-597. Jehoiakim. Jeremiah.608. New Babylonian Empire.
604-551. NEBUCHADNEZZAR II. makes Babylonia the leading nation of the East. ConqueredJerusalem (586) and subdued Tyre (585).
Splendid architectural era at Babylon.
600

586. Capture of Jerusalem byNebuchadnezzar, temple destroyed and Jews made captive.		 593-558. Astyoges, last King of Medes. Cyrus revolted, deposed the king, became king of Persia andmaster of the East.
II. Period of the Persian Empire
(558-330)

555. Nabonidus, father of theBiblical Belshazzar, great builder and restorer of temples.		558-529. CYRUS, emperor. Conquered Crœsus, King of Lydia.

China: 551. CONFUCIUS born. Greatestfigure in Chinese history.

538-332. Palestine under Persian dominion.		539-538. War of Cyrus against the Babylonians. Babylon captured. The Babylonian Empire incorporatedwith the Persian.
529-522. Cambysesconquered Egypt by his victory at Pelusium.

520-516. Temple rebuilt at Jerusalem.		521-485. DARIUS son of Hystaspes was made king.
Darius has special interest because he was first to extend Persian authority into Europe, and thuspaved the way for the subsequent invasion of Greece.This great Chinese philosopher, introduces anew religion, opposed to that of Fohi, and boldly inveighs against the viceand immorality of the times.
518. Revolt of Babylon, and destruction of that city after a twenty months? siege. Indian campaign,in which the countries north of the Indus become subject to Persia. Indus the boundary of the empire.

513. (?). Unsuccessful expedition of Darius against theScythians with a land force of 700,000 men. Macedonia and Thrace tributary.
500 500-494. The Ionian colonies rebel, and are assisted by the Athenians, which gives riseto the Perso-Grecian wars and the national hatred between the two countries.

According to Philo, the history of Judith and Holofernesfalls under the reign of Artaxerxes.		499. Sardis burnt by the Ionians. Grecian wars follow.
Under the same king lived Esther and Haman.
494. The Greeks and their allies defeated in navalengagement at the island of Lade.
493-490. War of Darius against the European Greeks. Revolt among the Egpyptians.
492. First expedition, under Mardonius, unsuccessful.
490. Second expedition, defeated at Marathon byMiltiades.
486. Egypt revolts and is not reduced to subjection until484.
485. Death of Darius. He was succeeded by his son XERXES.

IV. FROM THE ACCESSION OF XERXES THE GREAT TO THE PERIOD OF THE PUNIC WARS, 485-264, B. C.

Great Events of the Period. 500-400: Zenith of Persia; and glorious century of Greece. Struggles of Patricians and Plebeians at Rome. 400-300: Decline and fall of Persia before Alexander the Great; Greek language and Greek civilization extended all through the Levant. Roman wars with the Samnites. Internal quarrels of the Romans diminish. 300-200: Semi-Greek Kingdoms built on the ruins of the Persian Empire; in Egypt the Ptolemies; in Syria, the Antiochi. Many Jews at Alexandria.

B. C.CarthageRomeThe GreeksEgyptHebrewsPersiaChina-Japan-IndiaB. C.
Carthage became independent of Phœnicia in 530. ÆSCHYLUS (525-456).485. Xerxes quelled a revolt. 485-465. XERXES I.
481-475. Wars with Veii.481-480. Third expedition of the Persians against Greece, under Xerxes.
480. Carthaginians invaded Sicily; defeated at Himera by Gela. 480. Battle of the Greeks under Leonidas, at Thermopylæ. Naval battle of Salamis savedAthens. 480. Xerxes invaded Greece, Thermopylæ, Salamis. Elaborate great palace at Persepolis.Hypostyle Hall, fine bull-capitals, good bas-reliefs with invocations to Ahura Mazda. Propylæa, winged human-headed bulls. Hangingdraperies. Xerxes and his eldest son murdered.
479. Fourth expedition of the Persians against Greece. Greek victories at Platæa and Mycale.Persian army destroyed. 479. Persians expelled from Greece.
478. China: Death of Confucius. China distracted byinternal wars.
475 SOPHOCLES (495-406). 475
471. First Publilian Laws.
465. Battle of the Eurymedon.
465-424. Artaxerxes I. succeeded to the throne.
464-456. THIRD MESSENIAN WAR.

458(?). Ezra.
462-455. Second revolt of the Egyptians.
457-445. War of the Spartans and Bœotians against Athens.

451-449. The Decemvirate.		 455(?). Herodotus in Egypt.
450 450. The Twelve Tables.
449. Battle of Salamis in Cyprus.		 450. India: Brick and stone buildings in existence.450
448. Valerian and Horatian Laws.HERODOTUS (484-408).
EURIPIDES (480-406).
445. Canuleian Laws.445. End of Persian war. Thirty years’ peace between Athens and Sparta.
IV. Age of Pericles and Greek Luxury
PERICLES (499-429).
444. Consular Tribunes.444-429. Athens under the administration of Pericles, reached the zenith of its greatness. 444. Nehemiah, governor of Jerusalem. Rebuilds the city walls.
PHIDIAS (fl. 448-440).
431-404. PELOPONNESIAN WAR—between Athens and Sparta.
425 SOCRATES (469-399).
424. Xerxes II. murdered by his brother Sogdianus sameyear.		 425

421. Alcibiades in power atAthens.		423. Darius II.
THUCYDIDES (471-402).


410. HANNIBAL and Hamilcar invade Sicily.		 415-413. Expedition of the Athenians against Syracuse. Greek defeat. Decline of Athenianpower. 415. Death of Nehemiah. High priests rule under Persian authority.
412. Sparta recognized Persian rule in Asia minor.
405. Treaty between Carthage and Syracuse. Landed aristocracy created at Carthage. 405. Lysander of Sparta destroyed Athenian fleet. 405. Egypt declared its independence.
The Spartan Supremacy (405-371).
404. Surrender of Athens and end of Peloponnesian War. Sparta supreme in Greece.404. Egypt independent of Persia for short period.404. Artaxerxes II. Revolt of his younger brother Cyrus, aided byGreeks.
401. Cyrus defeated at Cunaxa and slain. “Retreat of the Ten Thousand.”
400
399-394. War between the Spartans and Persians. Fall ofSpartan power in Asia.

398. Artaxerxes II. War with Greece. Egyptand Cyprus assisted Greece.		 400

390. GAUL’S INVASION OF ITALY. Rome burned.		PLATO (429-347). 394. Persian fleet defeated the Spartans at Cnidus.
379-362. War between Thebes and Sparta. Thebes freed.
377-367. Licinian Laws.
375

366. First Plebeian Consul.


361. Treaty with Sparta vs. Persians.
370. Persian satrap suppressed civil war.
370-363. Renewed revolts in Asia Minor. Egypt joined therebels and invaded Syria.		372. China: Mencius born.375
359. Rise of the Macedonian power. Philip of Macedon.359-342. Persian invasions of Egypt. Nectanebo II. last native king.
DEMOSTHENES (382-347).358. Artaxerxes III. seized the throne. Persians defeated in Egypt.
357-355. The Social War.
360. Carthaginians form settlements in Spain.
355-346. Second Sacred War against the Phocians, whoseized Delphi.
350
348. Treaty of commerce with Carthage.		ARISTOTLE (384-322). 350. Temple destroyed by Persians. Many Jews deported. 350
343. Greek cities of Sicily freed from Carthage.343-341. FIRST SAMNITE WAR.
340-338. Great Latin War.V. The Macedonian Period
(338-146)		340. Conquest of Egypt.
339-338. THIRD SACRED WAR. Macedonians against Athens and Greece.
338. Macedonia supreme under Philip II.
337. Mithridates I. of Pontusbecame independent of Persia.
336. Philip assassinated.
336-323. ALEXANDER THE GREAT, King of Macedonia. Great extension of power.
335. Darius III. ascended the throne.
334-328. WARS OF ALEXANDER IN ASIA.334-323. Alexander the Great overthrows Persians, and is master of Egypt. Greek domination.Alexandria founded. 334-332. Alexander the Great defeated Darius at Granicus and Issus.
334. Battle at Granicus.
333. Founded Alexandria in Egypt. Occupied Babylon, subdued Persia and Darius III. InvadedIndia in 327.333. Palestine under Alexander the Great. Remained under Greek domination to 198B. C.
331. Battle of Arbela. The Persians defeated bythe Macedonians and Greeks under Alexander the Great. END OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.
Euclid (Alexandria). (fl. 325). 326. India: Alexander’s invasion.
CarthageRomeThe Immense Greek Empire of Alexander The GreatChina-Japan-India
326-304. SECOND SAMNITE WAR.
325 325-315. India: Maurya Dynasty, most brilliant of old Hindu dynasties.325

Carthage rises in wealth and political importance.		 323. Death of Alexander at Babylon. His empire split up among his generals after his death.Perdiccas became regent in Asia for Alexander’s half brother and his posthumous son. Antipater and Craterus shared the regency ofthe west. The other generals received lieutenancies: Ptolemæus, Egypt; Antigonus, Pamphylia, Phrygia and Lycia; Eumenes,Alexander’s secretary, Paphlygonia and Cappadocia; and Cassander, Caria; Leonnatus, Phrygia on the Hellespont.
323-301. Wars of Alexander’s Successors for his Asiatic Dominions.The first partition of the empire was made 322, but twenty-two years elapsed before peace was concluded between the contendingclaimants.

KINGDOMS AND STATES which arose upon the DIVISION OF THE MACEDONIANEMPIRE AT THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

Macedonia
Greece
Thrace
Egypt
Palestine
Phrygia,Lycia,
Pamphylia
Syria
323. Perdiccas appointed regent; slain 321.323-322. Lamian War; Phocian at head of affairs. Death of Demosthenes.323. Lysimachus is appointed governor of Thrace.323. Ptolemy I. Soter, the son of Lagus.323. Annexed with Phœnicia to Syria.
321. The Samnites defeat the Romans at the Caudine Forks and send them under the yoke.

319. Polysperchon succeedsAntipater, and proclaims liberty to the Grecian cities.		321. Antipater, regent of the empire.
320. Ptolemy makes himself master of Cyprus andSyria.
320. Phrygia, Lycia, Pamphylia fell to the share ofAntigonus, who defeats Eumenes and makes himself master of all Asia Minor.		321. The Kingdom of the Seleucidæ founded by Seleucus Nicator, whoreceived Babylon as his province.
317. Carthage and Syracuse at war.317. Phocion put to death by the Athenians.
Demetrius Phalereusgoverns Athens.
315. Cassander rebuilds Thebes.
312. Capture of Jerusalem by Ptolemy. Colony of Jews inAlexandria.		315. Formation of a league against Antigonus by Ptolemy, Cassander, Seleucus, and Lysimachus.
312. Syria ruled by Seleucus Nicator; he takes Babylon.
Era of the Seleucidæ.
312-306. India: Seleucus attempts to recover provinces ofAlexander.

310. Agathocles invades Carthaginian territory in Africa.

309. Fabius Maximus defeats the Etrurians at theVadimonian Lake.		 311-301. Subject to Antigonus.

306. Peace with Syracuse.		307. The Carthaginians defeat Agathocles and besiege Syracuse.


303. DemetriusPoliorcetes, general of the Grecian states, opposes Cassander.		307. Lysimachus seizes the throne.

305. Ptolemy assumes the regal title ofEgypt.
Alexandria begins a great period.
302. Cassander, king of Macedonia.302. Invades Asia.
301. Again under Egypt.
301. Battle of Ipsus. Antigonus killed.
301. After the battle of Ipsus, Seleucus gains the provinces ofSyria, Cappadocia, Mesopotamia, and Armenia.

301. AFTER THE BATTLE OF IPSUS ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE WAS AGAIN DIVIDED INTOFOUR CHIEF PARTS.
MacedoniaGreek StatesEgyptPalestineSeleucid Kingdom
300
298-290. THIRD SAMNITE WAR.
Thesewars pave the way to the subjugation of Italy, and the future greatness of Rome.


296. Death of Cassander. Quarrelsof his two sons, Antipater and Alexander.		 The empire of the Ptolemies extended over Egypt, Libya, Cyrene, Arabia Pettræa, Judæa,Phœnicia, Damascus, and Cyprus.
Golden age of the Ptolemies.		300. Canon of Old Testament, under Simon the Just.
299. Seleucus built or improved a great number of citiesincluding Antioch, Seleucia, Apamea, and Laodicea.		300. India: Brahmanic system of caste instituted.300

286. Law of Hortensius, by which thedecrees of the Plebs are made absolute in the state. The end of the long struggle between Patricians and Plebeians.		287. Demetrius expelled by Pyrrhus. Lysimachus drives Pyrrhus out of Macedonia.287. Athens revolts from Demetrius. 287. Seleucus defeats Demetrius Poliorcetes and keeps him prisoner.


282-272. ROMAN WAR WITH TARENTUM.
Tarentum seeks the aid of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus.
283. Death of Demetrius.

281. Lysimachus defeated and slain by Seleucus.


281. TheAchæan League created.
Lysimachus defeated and slain by Seleucus in thebattle of Korupedion.
283-247. Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, themost magnificent of the Egyptian kings, is associated by his father in the kingdom.
Canal ofArsinoë.
Obelisk.		284. The Septuagint translation of the Old Testament, begun at Alexandria, by order of PtolemyPhiladelphus.

278. Pyrrhus lands in Sicily, and makes himself masterof all the Carthaginian towns.		280. Sosthenes ascends the throne and liberates his country; but falls, 278. 280. Antiochus I. succeeds Seleucus.
278-250. Nicomedes I.
277. Antigonus Gonatas, King of Macedonia, descendant of oneof Alexander’s generals, master of all Greece except Sparta. 277. Gauls (Galatia) invaded Asia Minor.
275
274. Pyrrhus invades Macedonia, defeats Antigonas, andis proclaimed king.

273. Ambassadors sent to Rome.		 275
272. Pyrrhus besieges Sparta and Argos—is slain, and Antigonus is restored.272. Roman embassy sent to Egypt.
270. India: Asoka descendantof Chandragupta, reigns in Magadha; he is a friend of Buddhism.
266. Roman subjugation of Italy is completed. 266. The Chremonidean War. Athens and Sparta allied in revolt against Macedonia.
264-241. FIRST PUNIC WAR. Contest over Sicily.
B. C.CarthageRomeChina-Japan-India
Carthage became independent of Phœnicia in 530.
481-475. Wars with Veii.
480. Carthaginians invaded Sicily; defeated at Himera by Gela.
478. China: Death of Confucius. China distracted byinternal wars.
475
471. First Publilian Laws.
451-449. The Decemvirate.
450 450. The Twelve Tables.450. India: Brick and stone buildings in existence.
448. Valerian and Horatian Laws.
445. Canuleian Laws.
444. Consular Tribunes.
425
410. HANNIBAL and Hamilcar invade Sicily.
405. Treaty between Carthage and Syracuse. Landed aristocracy created at Carthage.
400
390. GAUL’S INVASION OF ITALY. Rome burned.
377-367. Licinian Laws.
375
366. First Plebeian Consul.		372. China: Mencius born.
360. Carthaginians form settlements in Spain.
350
348. Treaty of commerce with Carthage.
343. Greek cities of Sicily freed from Carthage.343-341. FIRST SAMNITE WAR.
340-338. Great Latin War.
326. India: Alexander’s invasion.
326-304. SECOND SAMNITE WAR.
325 325-315. India: Maurya Dynasty, most brilliant of old Hindu dynasties.
Carthage rises in wealth and political importance.
317. Carthage and Syracuse at war.
312-306. India: Seleucus attempts to recover provinces ofAlexander.
310. Agathocles invades Carthaginian territory in Africa.
309. Fabius Maximus defeats the Etrurians at theVadimonian Lake.

306. Peace with Syracuse.		307. The Carthaginians defeat Agathocles and besiege Syracuse.
300
298-290. THIRD SAMNITE WAR.
Thesewars pave the way to the subjugation of Italy, and the future greatness of Rome.		300. India: Brahmanic system of caste instituted.
286. Law of Hortensius, by which thedecrees of the Plebs are made absolute in the state. The end of the long struggle between Patricians and Plebeians.
282-272. ROMAN WAR WITH TARENTUM.
Tarentum seeks the aid of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus.
278. Pyrrhus lands in Sicily, and makes himself masterof all the Carthaginian towns.
275
270. India: Asoka descendantof Chandragupta, reigns in Magadha; he is a friend of Buddhism.
266. Roman subjugation of Italy is completed.
264-241. FIRST PUNIC WAR. Contest over Sicily.
B. C.The GreeksEgyptHebrewsPersia
ÆSCHYLUS (525-456).485. Xerxes quelled a revolt. 485-465. XERXES I.
481-480. Third expedition of the Persians against Greece, under Xerxes.
480. Battle of the Greeks under Leonidas, at Thermopylæ. Naval battle of Salamis savedAthens. 480. Xerxes invaded Greece, Thermopylæ, Salamis. Elaborate great palace at Persepolis.Hypostyle Hall, fine bull-capitals, good bas-reliefs with invocations to Ahura Mazda. Propylæa, winged human-headed bulls. Hangingdraperies. Xerxes and his eldest son murdered.
479. Fourth expedition of the Persians against Greece. Greek victories at Platæa and Mycale.Persian army destroyed. 479. Persians expelled from Greece.
475SOPHOCLES (495-406).
465. Battle of the Eurymedon. 465-424. Artaxerxes I. succeeded to the throne.
464-456. THIRD MESSENIAN WAR.

458(?). Ezra.
462-455. Second revolt of the Egyptians.
457-445. War of the Spartans and Bœotians against Athens.
455(?). Herodotus in Egypt.
450
449. Battle of Salamis in Cyprus.
HERODOTUS (484-408).
EURIPIDES (480-406).
445. End of Persian war. Thirty years’ peace between Athens and Sparta.
IV. Age of Pericles and Greek Luxury
PERICLES (499-429).
444-429. Athens under the administration of Pericles, reached the zenith of its greatness. 444. Nehemiah, governor of Jerusalem. Rebuilds the city walls.
PHIDIAS (fl. 448-440).
431-404. PELOPONNESIAN WAR—between Athens and Sparta.
425SOCRATES (469-399).
424. Xerxes II. murdered by his brother Sogdianus sameyear.

421. Alcibiades in power atAthens.		 423. Darius II.
THUCYDIDES (471-402).
415-413. Expedition of the Athenians against Syracuse. Greek defeat. Decline of Athenianpower. 415. Death of Nehemiah. High priests rule under Persian authority.
412. Sparta recognized Persian rule in Asia minor.
405. Lysander of Sparta destroyed Athenian fleet. 405. Egypt declared its independence.
The Spartan Supremacy (405-371).
404. Surrender of Athens and end of Peloponnesian War. Sparta supreme in Greece.404. Egypt independent of Persia for short period. 404. Artaxerxes II. Revolt of his younger brother Cyrus, aided byGreeks.
401. Cyrus defeated at Cunaxa and slain. “Retreat of the Ten Thousand.”
400
399-394. War between the Spartans and Persians. Fall ofSpartan power in Asia.

398. Artaxerxes II. War with Greece. Egyptand Cyprus assisted Greece.
PLATO (429-347). 394. Persian fleet defeated the Spartans at Cnidus.
379-362. War between Thebes and Sparta. Thebes freed.
375

361. Treaty with Sparta vs. Persians.
370. Persian satrap suppressed civil war.
370-363. Renewed revolts in Asia Minor. Egypt joined therebels and invaded Syria.
359. Rise of the Macedonian power. Philip of Macedon.359-342. Persian invasions of Egypt. Nectanebo II. last native king.
DEMOSTHENES (382-347). 358. Artaxerxes III. seized the throne. Persians defeated in Egypt.
357-355. The Social War.

355-346. Second Sacred War against the Phocians, whoseized Delphi.
350ARISTOTLE (384-322). 350. Temple destroyed by Persians. Many Jews deported.
V. The Macedonian Period
(338-146)		 340. Conquest of Egypt.
339-338. THIRD SACRED WAR. Macedonians against Athens and Greece.
338. Macedonia supreme under Philip II.
337. Mithridates I. of Pontusbecame independent of Persia.
336. Philip assassinated.
336-323. ALEXANDER THE GREAT, King of Macedonia. Great extension of power.
335. Darius III. ascended the throne.
334-328. WARS OF ALEXANDER IN ASIA.334-323. Alexander the Great overthrows Persians, and is master of Egypt. Greek domination.Alexandria founded. 334-332. Alexander the Great defeated Darius at Granicus and Issus.
334. Battle at Granicus.
333. Founded Alexandria in Egypt. Occupied Babylon, subdued Persia and Darius III. Invaded Indiain 327. 333. Palestine under Alexander the Great. Remained under Greek domination to 198B. C.
331. Battle of Arbela. The Persians defeated by theMacedonians and Greeks under Alexander the Great. END OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.
Euclid (Alexandria). (fl. 325).
The Immense Greek Empire of Alexander The Great
325
323. Death of Alexander at Babylon. His empire split up among his generals after his death.Perdiccas became regent in Asia for Alexander’s half brother and his posthumous son. Antipater and Craterus shared the regency ofthe west. The other generals received lieutenancies: Ptolemæus, Egypt; Antigonus, Pamphylia, Phrygia and Lycia; Eumenes,Alexander’s secretary, Paphlygonia and Cappadocia; and Cassander, Caria; Leonnatus, Phrygia on the Hellespont.
323-301. Wars of Alexander’s Successors for his Asiatic Dominions.The first partition of the empire was made 322, but twenty-two years elapsed before peace was concluded between the contendingclaimants.
KINGDOMS AND STATES which arose upon the DIVISION OF THE MACEDONIANEMPIRE AT THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

Macedonia
Greece
Thrace
Egypt
Palestine
Phrygia,Lycia,
Pamphylia
Syria
323. Perdiccas appointed regent; slain 321.323-322. Lamian War; Phocian at head of affairs. Death of Demosthenes.323. Lysimachus is appointed governor of Thrace.323. Ptolemy I. Soter, the son of Lagus.323. Annexed with Phœnicia to Syria.


319. Polysperchon succeedsAntipater, and proclaims liberty to the Grecian cities.		321. Antipater, regent of the empire.
320. Ptolemy makes himself master of Cyprus andSyria.
320. Phrygia, Lycia, Pamphylia fell to the share ofAntigonus, who defeats Eumenes and makes himself master of all Asia Minor.		321. The Kingdom of the Seleucidæ founded by Seleucus Nicator, whoreceived Babylon as his province.
317. Phocion put to death by the Athenians.
Demetrius Phalereusgoverns Athens.
315. Cassander rebuilds Thebes.
312. Capture of Jerusalem by Ptolemy. Colony of Jews inAlexandria.		315. Formation of a league against Antigonus by Ptolemy, Cassander, Seleucus, and Lysimachus
312. Syria ruled by Seleucus Nicator; he takes Babylon.
Era of the Seleucidæ.
311-301. Subject to Antigonus.



303. DemetriusPoliorcetes, general of the Grecian states, opposes Cassander.		307. Lysimachus seizes the throne.

305. Ptolemy assumes the regal title ofEgypt.
Alexandria begins a great period.
302. Cassander, king of Macedonia. 302. Invades Asia.
301. Again under Egypt.
301. Battle of Ipsus. Antigonus killed.
301. After the battle of Ipsus, Seleucus gains the provinces ofSyria, Cappadocia, Mesopotamia, and Armenia.
301. AFTER THE BATTLE OF IPSUS ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE WAS AGAIN DIVIDED INTOFOUR CHIEF PARTS.
MacedoniaGreek StatesEgyptPalestineSeleucid Kingdom
300


296. Death of Cassander. Quarrelsof his two sons, Antipater and Alexander.		 The empire of the Ptolemies extended over Egypt, Libya, Cyrene, Arabia Pettræa, Judæa,Phœnicia, Damascus, and Cyprus.
Golden age of the Ptolemies.		300. Canon of Old Testament, under Simon the Just.
299. Seleucus built or improved a great number of citiesincluding Antioch, Seleucia, Apamea, and Laodicea.
287. Demetrius expelled by Pyrrhus. Lysimachus drives Pyrrhus out of Macedonia.287. Athens revolts from Demetrius. 287. Seleucus defeats Demetrius Poliorcetes and keeps him prisoner.

283. Death of Demetrius.
281. Lysimachus defeated and slain by Seleucus.

281. TheAchæan League created.
Lysimachus defeated and slain by Seleucus in thebattle of Korupedion.
283-247. Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, themost magnificent of the Egyptian kings, is associated by his father in the kingdom.
Canal ofArsinoë.
Obelisk.		284. The Septuagint translation of the Old Testament, begun at Alexandria, by order of PtolemyPhiladelphus.
280. Sosthenes ascends the throne and liberates his country; but falls, 278. 280. Antiochus I. succeeds Seleucus.
278-250. Nicomedes I.
277. Antigonus Gonatas, King of Macedonia, descendant of oneof Alexander’s generals, master of all Greece except Sparta. 277. Gauls (Galatia) invaded Asia Minor.
275
274. Pyrrhus invades Macedonia, defeats Antigonas, andis proclaimed king.

273. Ambassadors sent to Rome.
272. Pyrrhus besieges Sparta and Argos—is slain, and Antigonus is restored.272. Roman embassy sent to Egypt.
266. The Chremonidean War. Athens and Sparta allied in revolt against Macedonia.