Great Events of Period. 700-800: Christianizing of Germany continues. Hostile caliphates of Bagdad and Cordova. Mohammedan advance in the West checked by Charlemagne, who nominally restores the Western Roman Empire. Norman ravages begin. 800-900: Norman ravages continue. Private wars. Charlemagne’s Empire falls to pieces.
| A. D. | Britain | Spain | Franks and Germans | Italy and Church | Eastern Empire | Saracen Empire | Persia | China, Japan, India | A. D. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 617-685. The Northumbrian Supremacy: Northumbria, Mercia, and Wessex. 617. Edwin embraces Christianity and becomes powerful. Began a basilica at York. | The power of the mayors of the palaces increases by their being appointed regents over thecountries conquered by Clotaire. | 618-907. China: Dynasty of Tang. | |||||||||
| 622-625. Successful expeditions of Heraclius against the Persians. | 622. The Hegira, or Flight, of MOHAMMED. He enters Medina, and is acknowledged as prophet andmilitary sovereign. | 622. Invasion of Heraclius. | |||||||||
| 623. The Greeks expelled from Spain. | 623-632. Conquers all Arabia. | ||||||||||
| 625 | 625-638. Honorius I. Much money spent in building churches. | 627. Victory of Nineveh. | 625 | ||||||||
| 628-633. Dagobert I., King of all the Frankish realms. | Africa and Asia, with the churches of Jerusalem,Alexandria, and Antioch, lost to the Christian world by the progress of Mohammedanism. | 628. Peace with Persia. | 628. Conquest of Madain; Chosroes flees; revolution; he is deposed and murdered by his son. | ||||||||
| 632-1492. SARACEN OR MOHAMMEDAN WARS. | |||||||||||
| Peace with Constantinople. | |||||||||||
| 632-634. Abu Bekr, Mohammed’s father-in-law, succeeds as Caliph, and reigns from theEuphrates and Tigris to the Mediterranean. | 632-651. Yezdejird, the last king. | ||||||||||
| 633-655. Feuds among the Saxon Kings. | 633. Death of Dagobert I., and long minority rule of his sons. | 633. The Greeks defeated in Syria by the Arabs, under Khaled, who captures Damascus. | The Arabs attack Persia and under Othman, completely subdue it. | ||||||||
| 634-644. Omar. Egypt and part of Syria subdued. | |||||||||||
| 638. Council of Toledo; decree against theJews. | 636-687. Continued decline and final decay of the Merovingians. | 636-652. Rotharis. Legislation of Rotharis and gradualformation of the Italian language. Invasion of the Slavs, who are repulsed. | 637. Captures Jerusalem. The Christians allowed theexercise of their religion—paying tribute. Omar founds a mosque at Jerusalem, which Moslems consider nearly as sacred as Mecca. | 637. Ctesiphon taken and sacked by the Arabs. | |||||||
| 640. The Slavs found the kingdom of Servia and Croatia. | 640. Alexandria captured by Amru, and its library burned. | ||||||||||
| 641-668. Constans II. | |||||||||||
| 644-655. Othman builds a fleet. | 645. Japan: Rise of the famous Fuji Wasa family,influential for 400 years. | ||||||||||
| 647. Amru captures Mauritania and nearly all northern Africa. | |||||||||||
| 649. Pope Martin I. | 648. Cyprus captured, and | ||||||||||
| 650 | 656-675. Mercia, shakes off the yoke ofNorthumbria. | 653. Rhodes—complete destruction of thecelebrated colossus. | 652. Persia passes under the Saracens. | 650 | |||||||
| 662. Grimoald, Duke of Benevento, comes to aid Gondebert, but killshim and seizes the crown. | 661-680. Moawiah makes Damascus his capital, forms a navy; invades Sicily; besiegesConstantinople. | ||||||||||
| Northumbria declines, but Wessex and Mercia increase in power. | 664. Roman Christianity triumphs in England at the Council at Whitby. | 668-685. Constantine IV. (Pogonatus.) 668-675. First siege of Constantinople by the Arabs—the Greek fire saves the city. | |||||||||
| 675 | 680-681. The sixth general council at Constantinoplecondemns the Monothelites. | 680. Kingdom of the Bulgarians founded between the Danube and theBalkan, lasts till 1018, when it is again a Greek province. | 675 | ||||||||
| 687-714. Pipin, Mayor of the Palace. | 685. Justinian II. breaks the truce with the Saracens, is defeated, and compelled to relinquishArmenia. | ||||||||||
| The Alemani, Bavarians, Frisons, Thuringians and Saxons, while France is occupied withthe dissensions of the mayors of the palace, shake off the Frankish yoke. | 697. Venice begins to have its Doges. | 696. Armenia subdued, and 697-725. The provinces between theBlack and Caspian Sea. 698. Carthage razed, and the north coast of Africa completely subjugated. | |||||||||
| 700 | 711. Tarik lands at Gibraltar, gains adecisive victory at Xeres, 712, in which Rhoderic, the last of the Goths is killed. End of Gothic Monarchy ofSpain. | 710. Emperor Justinian II. confirms the Roman See in itsprivileges. | 711. Battle of Xeres destroyedthe kingdom of the Visigoths in Spain. | 700 | |||||||
| 712. Constantine opposes the emperor Philippicus Bardanes in the question of the Monotheliteheresy. 712-744. Luitbrand, a great and virtuous prince. Luitbrand takes advantage of the civilbroils in Italy, captures Ravenna and several cities from the pope. | 712. India: Abab conquest begins. | ||||||||||
| 713-714. Tarik and Musa complete the conquest of Spain. The Christians maintain themselves in theAsturias and Navarre. | |||||||||||
| 715. Death of Pipin, succeeded after a long struggle by his son. | 715. Pope Gregory II. engages in controversy with the Emperor Leo theIsaurian over image-worship. | ||||||||||
| 715-741. Charles Martel. Complete master of the French monarchy. | 718-741. Leo III., the Isaurian. | ||||||||||
| 720-729. The Arabs invade France, but are several times defeated and driven back byEudes, Duke of Aquitaine. | 722. Boniface consecrated bishop of Germany. | 720. India: Parsees settle at Bombay. | |||||||||
| 725 | 730. Gregory excommunicates the emperor. | 726. Edict forbidding image worship. | 725 | ||||||||
| 732. Charles Martel gains the decisive victory ofTours which saves the liberties and religion of Europe. | 731. Pope Gregory III. | 732. Saracens defeated by Charles Martel atTours. | |||||||||
| 739. Alfonso founds the kingdom of Leon which maintains its independence till 1230. | Carlovingian Dynasty | 749-756. Aistulf. | |||||||||
| 750 | 751. With Pipin the Short (741-768), CharlesMartel’s son, the Carolingians became kings of the Franks. | 752. He defeats the Greek exarchs, and demands a tributefrom Rome. | 750. Savage civil wars among Saracens. Caliphate of Bagdad under the Abbasides(750-1258). | 750 | |||||||
| End of the Greek Exarchate | |||||||||||
| 755-794. Offa, King of Mercia, overthrows the armies ofSussex, Kent, Wessex and founds the Abbey of Bath and of St. Albans. | 755-1031. Caliphate at Cordova. | 754-756. Pipin makes two expeditions into Italy and bestows the exarchate upon the pope, thus layingthe foundation of the temporal power of the Papacy. | 755. Saracen Empire divided. Abderrahman, escaped toSpain, and founded there the | ||||||||
| 755-787. Abderrahman having escaped from Bagdad, wrests Spain from the caliphate of theAbbassides—establishes a military government. | 756. Commencement of the pope’s temporal powerunder the auspices of Pipin, who bestows on Stephen the exarchate of Ravenna. Didier, the last king, quarrels with Pope Adrian, 772, atwhose request Charlemagne crosses the Great St. Bernard from Geneva, takes Pavia, dethrones Didier, and thus, 774, endsthe Kingdom of the Lombards which had lasted 206 years. | 756. The exarchate of Ravenna lost. | 756. Caliphate of Cordova. | ||||||||
| 762. Bagdad becomes the seat of Caliphs the center of commerce, and rises to greatopulence and splendor. | 763-80. China: Incessant Tartar invasion. | ||||||||||
| 768-814. CHARLEMAGNE, and Carloman, the former one of the greatest monarchs, becomes soleruler upon the death of Carloman, 771. | 768. Pope Stephen III. | ||||||||||
| 772. Pope Hadrian I., whom Charlemagne confirms in possession of Pipin’sdonation. | |||||||||||
| 775 | 789. First landing of Northmen inBritain. | 787. The seventh general council at Nice, in which thedoctrine of the Iconoclasts was condemned. | 787. Irene restores the worship of images. | 786. Haroun-al-Raschid, Caliph at Bagdad. TheEmpire broke into a number of separate States at his death. Arab art flourishing, and Arabcivilization at its zenith. | 775 | ||||||
| 791-842. Alphonso II., the Chaste, defeats and expels the Arabs, who invade his dominions, and fromthis time may be dated the real independence of the Christians. | 795. Pope Leo III.Image-worship condemned by Synod of Frankfort. | 797-802. Irene reigns alone, after killingher own son. | 794. Japan: Kioto becomes the capital. | ||||||||
| 800 | 800. Charlemagne or Charles the Great crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III. The Holy RomanEmpire founded. It included all France, Germany, Spain to the Ebro, Italy to Benevento, several isles of the Mediterranean, and thegreater portion of Pannonia. | 801. Negotiations with Charlemagne respecting a marriage with him anda union of the two empires. | 800-855. India: Rise of the Rajput states. | 800 | |||||||
| 802. Egbert, King of Wessex. | 802. Irene is deposed by Nicephorus, and banished to Lesbos—died 803. | ||||||||||
| 802-811. Nicephorus. | |||||||||||
| 803-806. The Saracens defeat the Greeks, ravage Asia Minor, capture Cyprus, and compelNicephorus to pay a tribute. | |||||||||||
| 806. Charlemagne divides the empire between his threesons, two of whom die, 810, 811. | |||||||||||
| 808. Descent of the Normans or Northmen upon France. Many bishoprics founded—Greatincrease of monastic institutions. | 811. Nicephorus is defeated and killed by Crunnus, King of theBulgarians. | ||||||||||
| 813. National assembly at Aix. Louis co-ruler. Charlemagne dies there 814. | 813-820. Leo, the Armenian. | 813-833. Mamun. The reign of this prince may be regarded as the Augustan period ofArabian literature. | |||||||||
| 814-840. Louis, the Pious, crowned emperor at Rheims, 816, by Pope Stephen IV. | |||||||||||
| 817. Louis divides the empire between his three sons, and, 823, a fourth, Lothaire, is associated inthe empire. | Immediately after the reigns of Haroun-al-Raschid and Mamun the power of the caliphsbegan to decline. | ||||||||||
| 820. Second invasion of the Normans. | 820-829. Michael II., the Stammerer. | ||||||||||
| 823. Crete lost to the Arabs, and Sicily to the African Aglabites. | |||||||||||
| 825 | 827. Egbert becomes king of all England. | 830. Rebellion ofLouis’s three sons, and succession of quarrels between them till Louis’s death—Field of lies at Alsace, 833—Louisis deposed, but soon restored. | 829-842. Theophilus. | 827. Saracens landed in Sicily and gradually conqueredit. | 825 | ||||||
| 833. El Motassem, Caliph. Struggle with ByzantineEmpire continued throughout the century. Mohammedan rule firmly established in Egypt. | |||||||||||
| 837. Ethelwolf succeeds to the throne. | 841. Battle of Frontenai between Lothaire,Charles and Louis; Louis is defeated. | 837. Wars with the Saracens. | 840. Arabs sailed up the Tiber to Rome. Sacked St.Peter’s and St. Paul’s. | 840. Bhoga master of the country from Gwalior to the Himalayas. | |||||||
| 842. Ramiro I., King of Orildo. | 843. Partition of the CarlovingianEmpire at Verdun, when properly begins the history of France, Germany and Italy as separate states. | 842. Empress Theodora restores image worship. | Though the political power of the Bagdad Caliphate continued todecline, during the whole of the ninth century the eastern capital continued to be the chief center of learning, literature and culture instriking contrast with the west. | Great Stone Temple at Ellora about this period. | |||||||
| The Treaty of Verdun was originally merely a family contract, made without regard to nationaldifferences. In Louis’ kingdom, however, the German element was in the majority; in that of Charles the Romance element prevailed.Thus there developed, in the course of the following centuries, from the East Frankish element the German, from the West Frankish theFrench nationality. The East Franks called their language, in contrast to the Latin used by the educated clergy, the deutsche, i. e. thelanguage of the people, and gradually those who spoke Deutsche came to be called Deutsche, or German. | |||||||||||
| France | Germany | Italy | |||||||||
| 843-987. Carolingian Kings of France. | 843-911. Carolingians in Germany. | 843-875. Carolingians in Italy. | |||||||||
| 844. Irruption of the sea kings. | 843-877. Charles the Bald obtains France; boundaries: the Meuse, Saone, Rhone, Scheldt and Ebro. | 843-876. Louis the German obtains Germany to the Rhine, with Mayence, Spires and Worms. | 843-855. Lothaire, Emperor, obtains Italy and Lotharingia, or Lorraine. | ||||||||
| The empire, hard pressed by Arabs, Bulgarians, and Magyars. The Emperors Nicephorus Phocas andJohn Zimisces, whom Theophano, widow of Romanus II. (died 962), placed on the throne, partially reconquered the provinces which the Arabsand Bulgarians had torn from the empire. | |||||||||||
| The power of the monarchs declines, and the nobles become independent. The empire by the almostuniversal system of division and subdivision, is broken up into an immense number of feudal states. | |||||||||||
| A. D. | Britain | Eastern Empire | Saracen Empire | Persia | China, Japan, India | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 617-685. The Northumbrian Supremacy: Northumbria, Mercia, and Wessex. 617. Edwin embraces Christianity and becomes powerful. Began a basilica at York. | 618-907. China: Dynasty of Tang. | |||||
| 622-625. Successful expeditions of Heraclius against the Persians. | 622. The Hegira, or Flight, of MOHAMMED. He enters Medina, and is acknowledged as prophet andmilitary sovereign. | 622. Invasion of Heraclius. | ||||
| 623-632. Conquers all Arabia. | ||||||
| 625 | 627. Victory of Nineveh. | |||||
| 628. Peace with Persia. | 628. Conquest of Madain; Chosroes flees; revolution; he is deposed and murdered by his son. | |||||
| 632-1492. SARACEN OR MOHAMMEDAN WARS. | ||||||
| Peace with Constantinople. | ||||||
| 632-634. Abu Bekr, Mohammed’s father-in-law, succeeds as Caliph, and reigns from theEuphrates and Tigris to the Mediterranean. | 632-651. Yezdejird, the last king. | |||||
| 633-655. Feuds among the Saxon Kings. | 633. The Greeks defeated in Syria by the Arabs, under Khaled, who captures Damascus. | The Arabs attack Persia and under Othman, completely subdue it. | ||||
| 634-644. Omar. Egypt and part of Syria subdued. | ||||||
| 637. Captures Jerusalem. The Christians allowed theexercise of their religion—paying tribute. Omar founds a mosque at Jerusalem, which Moslems consider nearly as sacred as Mecca. | 637. Ctesiphon taken and sacked by the Arabs. | |||||
| 640. The Slavs found the kingdom of Servia and Croatia. | 640. Alexandria captured by Amru, and its library burned. | |||||
| 641-668. Constans II. | ||||||
| 644-655. Othman builds a fleet. | 645. Japan: Rise of the famous Fuji Wasa family,influential for 400 years. | |||||
| 647. Amru captures Mauritania and nearly all northern Africa. | ||||||
| 648. Cyprus captured, and | ||||||
| 650 | 656-675. Mercia, shakes off the yoke ofNorthumbria. | 653. Rhodes—complete destruction of thecelebrated colossus. | 652. Persia passes under the Saracens. | |||
| 661-680. Moawiah makes Damascus his capital, forms a navy; invades Sicily; besiegesConstantinople. | ||||||
| Northumbria declines, but Wessex and Mercia increase in power. | 668-685. Constantine IV. (Pogonatus.) 668-675. First siege of Constantinople by the Arabs—the Greek fire saves the city. | |||||
| 675 | 680. Kingdom of the Bulgarians founded between the Danube and theBalkan, lasts till 1018, when it is again a Greek province. | |||||
| 685. Justinian II. breaks the truce with the Saracens, is defeated, and compelled to relinquishArmenia. | ||||||
| 696. Armenia subdued, and 697-725. The provinces between theBlack and Caspian Sea. 698. Carthage razed, and the north coast of Africa completely subjugated. | ||||||
| 700 | 711. Battle of Xeres destroyedthe kingdom of the Visigoths in Spain. | |||||
| 712. India: Abab conquest begins. | ||||||
| 718-741. Leo III., the Isaurian. | ||||||
| 720. India: Parsees settle at Bombay. | ||||||
| 725 | 726. Edict forbidding image worship. | |||||
| 732. Saracens defeated by Charles Martel atTours. | ||||||
| 750 | 750. Savage civil wars among Saracens. Caliphate of Bagdad under the Abbasides(750-1258). | |||||
| 755-794. Offa, King of Mercia, overthrows the armies ofSussex, Kent, Wessex and founds the Abbey of Bath and of St. Albans. | 755. Saracen Empire divided. Abderrahman, escaped toSpain, and founded there the | |||||
| 756. The exarchate of Ravenna lost. | 756. Caliphate of Cordova. | |||||
| 762. Bagdad becomes the seat of Caliphs the center of commerce, and rises to greatopulence and splendor. | 763-80. China: Incessant Tartar invasion. | |||||
| 775 | 789. First landing of Northmen inBritain. | 787. Irene restores the worship of images. | 786. Haroun-al-Raschid, Caliph at Bagdad. TheEmpire broke into a number of separate States at his death. Arab art flourishing, and Arabcivilization at its zenith. | |||
| 797-802. Irene reigns alone, after killingher own son. | 794. Japan: Kioto becomes the capital. | |||||
| 800 | 801. Negotiations with Charlemagne respecting a marriage with him anda union of the two empires. | 800-855. India: Rise of the Rajput states. | ||||
| 802. Egbert, King of Wessex. | 802. Irene is deposed by Nicephorus, and banished to Lesbos—died 803. | |||||
| 802-811. Nicephorus. | ||||||
| 803-806. The Saracens defeat the Greeks, ravage Asia Minor, capture Cyprus, and compelNicephorus to pay a tribute. | ||||||
| 811. Nicephorus is defeated and killed by Crunnus, King of theBulgarians. | ||||||
| 813-820. Leo, the Armenian. | 813-833. Mamun. The reign of this prince may be regarded as the Augustan period ofArabian literature. | |||||
| Immediately after the reigns of Haroun-al-Raschid and Mamun the power of the caliphsbegan to decline. | ||||||
| 820-829. Michael II., the Stammerer. | ||||||
| 823. Crete lost to the Arabs, and Sicily to the African Aglabites. | ||||||
| 825 | 827. Egbert becomes king of all England. | 827. Saracens landed in Sicily and gradually conqueredit. | ||||
| 833. El Motassem, Caliph. Struggle with ByzantineEmpire continued throughout the century. Mohammedan rule firmly established in Egypt. | ||||||
| 837. Ethelwolf succeeds to the throne. | 837. Wars with the Saracens. | 840. Arabs sailed up the Tiber to Rome. Sacked St.Peter’s and St. Paul’s. | 840. Bhoga master of the country from Gwalior to the Himalayas. | |||
| 842. Empress Theodora restores image worship. | Though the political power of the Bagdad Caliphate continued todecline, during the whole of the ninth century the eastern capital continued to be the chief center of learning, literature and culture instriking contrast with the west. | Great Stone Temple at Ellora about this period. | ||||
| The empire, hard pressed by Arabs, Bulgarians, and Magyars. The Emperors Nicephorus Phocas andJohn Zimisces, whom Theophano, widow of Romanus II. (died 962), placed on the throne, partially reconquered the provinces which the Arabsand Bulgarians had torn from the empire. | ||||||
| A. D. | Spain | Franks and Germans | Italy and Church | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The power of the mayors of the palaces increases by their being appointed regents over thecountries conquered by Clotaire. | ||||
| 623. The Greeks expelled from Spain. | ||||
| 625 | 625-638. Honorius I. Much money spent in building churches. | |||
| 628-633. Dagobert I., King of all the Frankish realms. | Africa and Asia, with the churches of Jerusalem,Alexandria, and Antioch, lost to the Christian world by the progress of Mohammedanism. | |||
| 633. Death of Dagobert I., and long minority rule of his sons. | ||||
| 638. Council of Toledo; decree against theJews. | 636-687. Continued decline and final decay of the Merovingians. | 636-652. Rotharis. Legislation of Rotharis and gradualformation of the Italian language. Invasion of the Slavs, who are repulsed. | ||
| 649. Pope Martin I. | ||||
| 650 | ||||
| 662. Grimoald, Duke of Benevento, comes to aid Gondebert, but killshim and seizes the crown. | ||||
| 664. Roman Christianity triumphs in England at the Council at Whitby. | ||||
| 675 | 680-681. The sixth general council at Constantinoplecondemns the Monothelites. | |||
| 687-714. Pipin, Mayor of the Palace. | ||||
| The Alemani, Bavarians, Frisons, Thuringians and Saxons, while France is occupied withthe dissensions of the mayors of the palace, shake off the Frankish yoke. | 697. Venice begins to have its Doges. | |||
| 700 | 711. Tarik lands at Gibraltar, gains adecisive victory at Xeres, 712, in which Rhoderic, the last of the Goths is killed. End of Gothic Monarchy ofSpain. | 710. Emperor Justinian II. confirms the Roman See in itsprivileges. | ||
| 712. Constantine opposes the emperor Philippicus Bardanes in the question of the Monotheliteheresy. 712-744. Luitbrand, a great and virtuous prince. Luitbrand takes advantage of the civilbroils in Italy, captures Ravenna and several cities from the pope. | ||||
| 713-714. Tarik and Musa complete the conquest of Spain. The Christians maintain themselves in theAsturias and Navarre. | ||||
| 715. Death of Pipin, succeeded after a long struggle by his son. | 715. Pope Gregory II. engages in controversy with the Emperor Leo theIsaurian over image-worship. | |||
| 715-741. Charles Martel. Complete master of the French monarchy. | ||||
| 720-729. The Arabs invade France, but are several times defeated and driven back byEudes, Duke of Aquitaine. | 722. Boniface consecrated bishop of Germany. | |||
| 725 | 730. Gregory excommunicates the emperor. | |||
| 732. Charles Martel gains the decisive victory ofTours which saves the liberties and religion of Europe. | 731. Pope Gregory III. | |||
| 739. Alfonso founds the kingdom of Leon which maintains its independence till 1230. | Carlovingian Dynasty | 749-756. Aistulf. | ||
| 750 | 751. With Pipin the Short (741-768), CharlesMartel’s son, the Carolingians became kings of the Franks. | 752. He defeats the Greek exarchs, and demands a tributefrom Rome. | ||
| End of the Greek Exarchate | ||||
| 755-1031. Caliphate at Cordova. | 754-756. Pipin makes two expeditions into Italy and bestows the exarchate upon the pope, thus layingthe foundation of the temporal power of the Papacy. | |||
| 755-787. Abderrahman having escaped from Bagdad, wrests Spain from the caliphate of theAbbassides—establishes a military government. | 756. Commencement of the pope’s temporal powerunder the auspices of Pipin, who bestows on Stephen the exarchate of Ravenna. Didier, the last king, quarrels with Pope Adrian, 772, atwhose request Charlemagne crosses the Great St. Bernard from Geneva, takes Pavia, dethrones Didier, and thus, 774, endsthe Kingdom of the Lombards which had lasted 206 years. | |||
| 768-814. CHARLEMAGNE, and Carloman, the former one of the greatest monarchs, becomes soleruler upon the death of Carloman, 771. | 768. Pope Stephen III. | |||
| 772. Pope Hadrian I., whom Charlemagne confirms in possession of Pipin’sdonation. | ||||
| 775 | 787. The seventh general council at Nice, in which thedoctrine of the Iconoclasts was condemned. | |||
| 791-842. Alphonso II., the Chaste, defeats and expels the Arabs, who invade his dominions, and fromthis time may be dated the real independence of the Christians. | 795. Pope Leo III.Image-worship condemned by Synod of Frankfort. | |||
| 800 | 800. Charlemagne or Charles the Great crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III. The Holy RomanEmpire founded. It included all France, Germany, Spain to the Ebro, Italy to Benevento, several isles of the Mediterranean, and thegreater portion of Pannonia. | |||
| 806. Charlemagne divides the empire between his threesons, two of whom die, 810, 811. | ||||
| 808. Descent of the Normans or Northmen upon France. Many bishoprics founded—Greatincrease of monastic institutions. | ||||
| 813. National assembly at Aix. Louis co-ruler. Charlemagne dies there 814. | ||||
| 814-840. Louis, the Pious, crowned emperor at Rheims, 816, by Pope Stephen IV. | ||||
| 817. Louis divides the empire between his three sons, and, 823, a fourth, Lothaire, is associated inthe empire. | ||||
| 820. Second invasion of the Normans. | ||||
| 825 | 830. Rebellion ofLouis’s three sons, and succession of quarrels between them till Louis’s death—Field of lies at Alsace, 833—Louisis deposed, but soon restored. | |||
| 841. Battle of Frontenai between Lothaire,Charles and Louis; Louis is defeated. | ||||
| 842. Ramiro I., King of Orildo. | 843. Partition of the CarlovingianEmpire at Verdun, when properly begins the history of France, Germany and Italy as separate states. | |||
| The Treaty of Verdun was originally merely a family contract, made without regard to nationaldifferences. In Louis’ kingdom, however, the German element was in the majority; in that of Charles the Romance element prevailed.Thus there developed, in the course of the following centuries, from the East Frankish element the German, from the West Frankish theFrench nationality. The East Franks called their language, in contrast to the Latin used by the educated clergy, the deutsche, i. e. thelanguage of the people, and gradually those who spoke Deutsche came to be called Deutsche, or German. | ||||
| France | Germany | Italy | ||
| 843-987. Carolingian Kings of France. | 843-911. Carolingians in Germany. | 843-875. Carolingians in Italy. | ||
| 844. Irruption of the sea kings. | 843-877. Charles the Bald obtains France; boundaries: the Meuse, Saone, Rhone Scheldt and Ebro. | 843-876. Louis the German obtains Germany to the Rhine, with Mayence, Spires and Worms. | 843-855. Lothaire, Emperor, obtains Italy and Lotharingia, or Lorraine. | |
| The power of the monarchs declines, and the nobles become independent. The empire by the almostuniversal system of division and subdivision, is broken up into an immense number of feudal states. | ||||
NOTE: The comparative outline of the History of Nations is continued by [Table IX].
EGYPT’S STORY SCULPTURED IN ETERNAL ROCKS
THE SPHINX AND PYRAMIDS AT GIZEH
This most mysterious of all Egyptian sculptures stands near the Second Pyramid. The body of the Sphinx is one hundred and fifty feet long, its paws are fifty feet and its height is seventy feet (See [page 351]).