The Circle of Knowledge: A Classified, Simplified, Visualized Book of Answers - Unknown

B. C.	The Roman Empire—In Europe, Asia and Africa—Under AugustusCæsar, Emperor
	31-14. Cæsar Octavianus Augustus. The surname Augustus (the Illustrious, theSublime), which was given Octavianus by the Senate in 27 B. C., is the name by which he was known as sole ruler of the Romanworld.
	Countries Subject to Roman Dominion		Age of Augustus
	In Europe:—Spain, Gaul, Britain,Italy, Rhætia, Vindelicia, Noricum, Pannonia, Illyria, Greece, Macedonia,Thrace, Mœsia, Dacia.		27-25. Expedition of Augustus against the Cantabri and Astures.
25	In Asia:—Asia Minor, Syria,Phœnicia, Palestine, the northern and eastern coasts of the Black Sea, Armenia, Mesopotamia,Assyria.		25. Expedition to Arabia, without results, conducted by C. Ælius Gallus, prefect ofEgypt.
			22-21. Successful war against the Ethiopians, by Petronius, the successor of Gallus in Egypt.
	In Africa:—Egypt, and the whole of thenorthern coast.		20. Campaign of Augustus against the Parthians. Tigranes was reinstated in the kingdom ofArmenia.
			19. Subjugation of Spain completed.
	Its distant territories were Scandia, Sarmatia, India,Æthiopia, and Galatia; Rome itself being the common center of the whole.		15. Rhætia made a Roman province, along with Vindelicia (now Augsburg) and Noricum.
			12-9. Drusus undertook four campaigns in Germany proper.
1 A. D.	German Nations
	6-9. Varus, in his camp on the Weser, governs LowerGermany as a Roman province.		4-6. Campaigns of Tiberius in Germany.
	9. Hermann, or Arminius defeats Varus atWinfield-Lippe. Teutonic independence established by the defeat of the Roman legions. The line drawn between the Germanic and Latinraces.		7. Germanicus is sent into Germany.
	14-17. Expedition of Germanicus.		14-37. Tiberius (Claudius Nero), step-son of Augustus.
25	The Romans from this time maintain military power on the right bank of the Rhine andfrom the Maine to the Danube.
			37-41. Caligula (properly, Gaius CæsarGermanicus), youngest son of Germanicus.
			41-54. Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Nero), son of Drusus, influenced largely by 1, the shamelessMessalina; 2, the ambitious Agrippina.
			43. Commencement of the conquest of Britain.
50	50. Colony of Claudius. Agrippa (Cologne) founded.
			54-68. Nero (Nero Claudius Cæsar AugustusGermanicus). Destroys Britannicus and all the Julian family.
			59-62. Murders his wife and mother.
			64. Fire at Rome, followed,
			65. by the persecution of the Christians.
			68. Death of Nero, and extinction of the house ofCæsar.
	69-70. Revolt of the Batavians in Belgian Gaul.		69-79. Vespasianus, (Titus Flavius Vespasianus), one bestof Roman princes. Eruption of Vesuvius and destruction of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabiæ.
75			86-107. DACIAN WARS.
			PLUTARCH (50?-120?)
			98-117. TRAJAN (Marcus Ulpius Traianus). Excellentruler and general. Magnificent buildings in Rome (Forum Traianum) and throughout the empire.
100			101-103. Victorious over the Dacians.
	106. Dacia a Roman province. The country is filled with Roman colonists. Origin of theLatin language in Hungary.		107. Reduction of part of Arabia.
			114-116. War with the Parthians, in whichRome is victorious. Armenia and Mesopotamia Roman provinces.
			PERIOD OF GREATEST EXTENT OF THE EMPIRE.
			117-138. Hadrian (Publius Ælius Hadrianus) a lover of peace, an excellent administrator,learned and vain.
			117. Gives up the provinces of Armenia, Mesopotamia and Assyria.
	121. Roman wall from the Rhine to the Danube by Hadrian.		121. Builds a wall across the north of England.
125
	German Nations		The Roman Empire—In Europe, Asia and Africa
			131. Improves Roman jurisprudence.
	140. The Goths migrate southwards.		138-161. ANTONINUS PIUS, whose reign was the happiest period of the Roman empire.
150
			161-180. MARCUS AURELIUS, (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus), a wise and active sovereign, highlyeducated, a stoic philosopher.
			162-165. Verus successful against the Parthians.
	167-180. War of the league against Rome.		166. The Marcomanni, with their allies, penetrate as far as Aquileia.
	170. Invasion of Illyria as far as Aquileia.
175			178. The Marcomanni andtheir allies renew the war with Rome, and before the close of it M. Aurelius dies, 180, at Sirmium.
	Franks	Goths	193-284. CIVIL WARS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
			Period of Military Despotism
			193-211. Septimius Severus. Improvements in the administration of justice through the juristPapinianus.
200	The name of Franks, (or free men), was given to a military confederacy of the lower Rhine and theWeser.	200. The Goths enter Dacia, and after crossing the Danube attack the Roman provinces.
			208. Expedition to Britain against the Scots.
			211-217. Caracalla, (Antoninus Bassianus). By the ConstitutioAntoniana Roman citizenship was conferred upon all the inhabitants of the provinces. Systematic plundering of the provinces, unsuccessfulwars against the Goths in Dacia, cruel treatment of the inhabitants of Alexandria. Plundering expedition against the Parthians.
			222-235. SeverusAlexander. Excellent ruler, advised by the jurists Domitius Ulpianus and Julius Paullus.
225
	238. They invade Gaul.	236-237. They invade lower Mœsia, andexact tribute of the Romans.
			248. Celebration of the thousandth anniversary of thefoundation of Rome.
250		250. The Goths, under their king, Ostrogotha, for the first time force their way into the Roman Empire bycrossing the Danube.
		258-69. Four great expeditions of the Goths into AsiaMinor and Greece.
			268-270. Claudius II. raised to thethrone by the soldiers.
		272. They are driven from Illyricum and Thrace, and defeated also onthe Danube.	270-275. AURELIANUS. He concluded peace with the Goths by the sacrifice of theprovince of Dacia. He defeated Zenobia in two battles, at Antiochia and at Edessa, subdued Syria, besieged and destroyed Palmyra, capturedZenobia, and reconquered Egypt, 273. Aurelian called “Restorer of the universal Empire.”
		274. They obtain Dacia from the Romans.
275			275. Tacitus, Imperator. He defeated the Alani, who had invaded Asia Minor.
	277. Extraordinary naval expedition of the ThracianFranks, in the Mediterranean and northern seas.	The Goths, in their progress southward, are joined by countless swarms of barbarians and thusoverwhelm the countries they invade.	276-282. Probus. Drove back the Franks, Burgundians, Alamanni and Vandals, entered Germany, andstrengthened the wall between the Rhine and Danube.
			282-283. Carus succeeded. Conquered the Sarmatians.
			284-305. Diocletianus proclaimed imperator by the soldiers.
	288. Maximian transplants a part of them into Gaul.	Gothic monarchy on the banks of the lower Danube and the northern coast of the Black Sea.	Period of Absolute Imperialism.
	294. Repeated migrations.	290. They conquer the Burgundiones.
300
	306. Constantine defeats the Franks, who had invadedGaul.		308. Rebellion in Rome. Six emperors.
			310-323. WARS OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.
			323-337. CONSTANTINE, THE GREAT, sole ruler.Christianity recognized by the State and favored at the expense of paganism.
325			330. Seat of empire moved toConstantinople.
			337. On the death of Constantine the Great, the empire was divided between his threesons: Constantine, Constans and Constantius.
350	356-7. Franks and Alemanni pour intoGaul.	350. Hermanric, King of the Ostrogoths, founds an extensive empire.
			361. Julian, called the Apostate. Disliked Christianity, and tried torestore paganism.
	365-371. Valentinian drives the Alemanniout of Gaul.	366. The Goths invade Thrace, butare defeated by the generals of Valens. Upon the invasion of the Huns, the Ostrogoths separate from the Visigoths.	364. Empire divided into East and West with anemperor ruling in each.
			West	East
			364. Valentinian I.	364. Valens, killed by Goths.
375			375-493. INVASION OF ROMAN EMPIRE BY NORTHERN BARBARIANS.
		375. Death of Hermanric and fall of his empire.	375. Gratian and Valentinian II.
		376. The Visigoths pressed by the Huns, implore the protection of Valens, and cross the Danube intoMœsia, which he cedes to them.	383. Valentinian II.	379. Theodosius I. Became a Christian; kept back the Goths;divided Armenia between Rome and Persia.
			394. The whole empire was, for the last time,reunited under
			394-395. Theodosius. After his death the division of administrationinto an eastern and western section, which had existed for a hundred years, became a permanent division of the empire.
			395. DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE BETWEEN THE SONS OF THEODOSIUS, HONORIUS ANDARCADIUS.

B. C.	Roman Empire	Parthia	China, Japan, India
	Palestine
	30. Augustus bestows increase of territory on Herod.		30. Japan: Suinin, a great civilizer.
	29. Herod kills his wife, Mariamne.
			27. India: Andhra kingdom very powerful.
25	25. Herod begins extensive building operations in Judea: rebuilds Samaria, reconstructs temple atJerusalem, 20-19.	25. Tiridates aspires to the sovereignty but is defeated and takes refuge at the court ofAugustus.
		20. Phraates restores the standards taken from Crassus.
		18. Sends his sons as hostages to Rome.
	4. Birth of Jesus Christ. Date now generally accepted thoughnot actually certain.	Gradual decline of the Parthian Kingdom.
1 A. D.	The Christian Church	Series of struggles for succession to the throne for over one hundred years.
	6. Judea made a Roman province under a procurator.
			21. India: Gondophares, King of Kabul and Punjab.
25	26. Pontius Pilate becomes procurator of Judea.
	28-29. Baptism of Jesus Christ and beginning of His public work.
	30. Crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
	35-36. ST. PAUL converted to Christianity.
	42. St. Peter, the Apostle, after fillingthe see of Antioch seven years, goes to Rome.
	49. Council of the Apostles at Jerusalem.
50		50. Vologeses I.
	56. Paul arrested in Jerusalem.	52. War against Rome for the possession of Armenia Minor.
	59. Paul arrives in Rome.		58. China: Ming-Ti introduces Buddhism.
	64. First traditional persecution of Christians, by Nero.
	66. Outbreak of Jewish war.	65. Terminated at the death of Tigranes, when Tiridates accepts the crown of Armenia from Nero.
	67. Pope Linus. Vespasian despatched against the Jews.
	70. The destruction of Jerusalem by Titus.
	72. Conquest of Judea completed.		71-130. Japan: Keiko and Yamato-Dake make large conquests.
75	95. Second traditionalpersecution of the Christians, by Domitian.	90. Death of Vologeses. Arsaces XXIV inalliance with the Romans, embellishes Ctesiphon.
100
		107. Chosroes (Arsaces XXV.), implicated in a war withTrajan on account of Armenia.	109. China: Conquest of Korea.
	112-113. Third traditional persecution, by Trajan.
	PERIOD OF GREATEST EXTENT OF THE EMPIRE.
		117. Chosroes restored.
		121. Vologeses II., (Arsaces XXVI.)
125			125. India: Nagar-Juna, great apostle of Buddhism.
	The Christian Church	Parthia	China, Japan, India
	145. Rise of the Marcionites.	149. Vologeses III., (Arsaces XXVII). Renewalof the war with Rome.
150	154. Canon of Scripture fixed about this time. Justin Martyr publishes his apology for the Christians.
	155. Martyrdom of Polycarp; appearance of Montanus.
	165. Death of Justin Martyr.	165. Casius destroys Seleucia.
175	177. Fourth traditional persecution, by MarcusAurelius—Irenæus becomes bishop of Lyons.
	180. Age of Theophilus and Tatian.
		191. Vologeses IV., (Arsaces XXVIII.)
200			201-269. Japan: Jingu-Kogo,most famous of Japanese female sovereigns.
		207. Defeated by Septimius Severus, who sacks the chief towns of Parthia.
		216. Artabanus IV., (Arsaces XXX), the last of theArsacidæ.
			221-265. China: Epoch of the “Three Kingdoms.”
225		Persia
		226-651. Dynasty of the Sassanides.
	235. Origen. Sixth persecution of the Christians, underMaximinus.	226-240. Artaxerxes becomes the founder of the new Persian monarchy.
	248. Cyprian becomes bishop of Carthage. Monastic life originatesabout this time. Dispute between the churches of Rome and Africa about baptism.
250	251. Seventh persecution of the Christians, under Decius.
	257. Eighth persecution, under Valerian.	257. War against the Romans: Sapor advances as far as Cappadocia. The Emperor Valerian takenprisoner.
	260. Paul, of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, denies the divinity ofJesus Christ.
	270. Manes advocates his doctrines in Persia.	The Sassanidæ, claiming to be descendants of the ancient kings of Persia, form pretensionsto all the Asiatic provinces of the Roman Empire.	270-310. Japan: Ojin, a great warrior.
	274. Ninth persecution, under Aurelian.
275
		292-301. Narses.
300	303. Tenth persecution of the Christians, byDiocletian.	301-309. Hormisdas II., builds Ormus.
	305. Persecution of the Christians stopped by Constantius Chlorus.
	311. Pope Miltiades. Constantine issues Edict ofToleration.	309-380. Sapor II carries on a series of wars with Rome.	313. Japan: Nintoku, the Sage Emperor.
	320. Strife of the Donatists in Africa.		320. India: Chandragupta, first supreme emperor of India. Brilliant Gupta Period from 320 to 480.
325	325. The Council of Nice, consisting of three hundred and eighteen bishops, who condemn Arianism. Athanasius, Arius, flourish in the reign of Constantine.	326. Persecution of the Christians.
	337. Pope Julius I.	337-363. War with Rome. Sapor demands the restitution of all the provinces Persia had formerlypossessed in Asia Minor.
	340. Christianity propagated in Ethiopia by Frumentius.—Gothic version of Bible by Wulfila (Ulfilas).
350	352. Pope Liberius. Hilary of Poitiers.—Cyril, Bishop ofJerusalem.
	363. Jovian. Restored Christianity.	362-3. War with Julian, who is slain in repulsing thePersians, on the Tigris.
	372-420. Peace with Rome.
375
	375. Ambrose of Milan; Martin of Tours.		375. India: Chandragupta II. extended the empire.
	381. The second general councilof Constantinople. Gregory of Nazianzus made patriarch of Constantinople.	380-383. Artaxerxes II.
		383-388. Sapor III. Division of Armenia between Persia and Rome.
	395. DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE BETWEEN THE SONS OF THEODOSIUS, HONORIUS ANDARCADIUS.

VII. FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE FORMATION OF THE MOHAMMEDAN EMPIRE, 395-622 A. D.

Great Events of Period. Invasion of the Germanic Tribes. Middle Ages begin. Anglo-Invasion of Britain. 400-500: Fall of the Roman Empire. Beginning of new states. 500-600: Great disorders in the West. Beginnings of Feudalism; power of the clergy increases. In the East the great reign of Justinian. 600-700: Rise and wonderful spread of Mohammedanism from Arabia to Siude on the east, and Carthage on the west. Christianizing of Germany.

A. D.	Britain	Western Part of the Roman Empire					Eastern Empire		Persia	China, India, Japan	A. D.
A. D.	Britain	Spain	Gaul (Franks)	Germans	Italy	Church	Eastern Empire		Persia	China, India, Japan	A. D.
	I. Roman Period (B.C. 55-410 A.D.)				395-423. Honorius, Emperor. Capital Rome, Ravenna imperial residence after 402.		395. Arcadius received the Eastern Empire, also called the Byzantine or Grecian Empire.Capital Byzantium or Constantinople.		399-420. Isdegerdes favors the Christians.
400						400. Chrysostom, patriarch ofConstantinople; ST. AUGUSTINE.					400
					402. Alaric invades Italy. Stilicho collects an army from Gaul, Britain, etc., anddefeats him at Pollentia and Verona.	402. Pope Innocent I.
		409. Gerontius, the Roman governor, invites the Vandals,Alani and Suevi into Spain.			408. Stilicho slain. Alaric’s third invasion.	402. Pope Innocent I.
	410. The Roman troops being gradually withdrawn, the natives become independent.		412. Ataulphus, with the Visigoths, leaves Italy,conquers Narbonne and Toulouse.	413. Kingdom of the Burgundiansfounded by Gondicar.	410. Alaric captures and sacks Rome.	412. Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria.	414-53. Regency ofPulcheria.		412. Conquers Armenia.
		415. The empire of the Visigoths.			410. Alaric captures and sacks Rome.	416. The Pelagian heresy condemned by the African bishops.	414-53. Regency ofPulcheria.		412. Conquers Armenia.
		415. The empire of the Visigoths.			423-455. The greater part of Gaul and Spainlost.	422. Pope Celestine I.	420-22. Persian War on account of persecution of the Christians.		420-440. Varanes V.	420. China: Close of Isin dynasty.
425	The Scots and Picts continually harass the island, and the Franks and Saxons infest itscoast.	429. Empire of the Vandals.			423-455. The greater part of Gaul and Spainlost.	432. St. Patrick preaches theGospel in Ireland.	431-440. Armenia divided between the Persiansand Romans.				425
					437. Pannonia, Dalmatia and Noricum, lost to the Greek Empire.	432. St. Patrick preaches theGospel in Ireland.	438. Theodosian Code.
						440. Pope LEO I. the Great, greatly extends the power of the bishop of Rome.	441. Invasion of the Huns; who ravage Europeto the walls of Constantinople.		440-457. Varanes VI., Legislator.
	II. Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)		448-456. Merovius powerfully assists in the defeat ofAttila, and thus gives his name to the first race of French kings.	449. The Saxon invasion of England.					440-457. Varanes VI., Legislator.
450		451. Invasion of Attila, withhalf a million Huns. The Huns under Attila, called the “Scourge of God,” defeated by the confederate armies of Romans andVisigoths at Chalons.	450. Dynasty of the Merovingians.		452. Attila returns from Gaul into Italy. Pope Leo savesRome.	451. The fourth general council at Chalcedon, at whichEutychianism and Nestorianism are solemnly condemned.					450
	455-556. Saxon Octarchy.		455. The Britons settle in Bretagne.		455-476. From the assassination of Valentinian, ten emperors rapidlysucceed.		454. The Ostrogoths, after Attila’s death, settle in Pannonia and Mœsia.
	455. Hengist founds the kingdom of Kent.		457. Childeric conquers to the Loire,including Paris.	456. The Alemanni follow the Burgundians into Alsace. Theriver Aar in Switzerland becomes the boundary between them.	455. Genseric and the Vandals plunder Rome.		457-474. Leothe Great. The first emperor crowned by a patriarch of the Greek Church.		457. Firoz, one of the most celebratedprinces of Persia.
					461. Ricimer, leader of the Goths, reigns under the name of Severus III.
		466-483. Gothic Monarchy of Spain.			474. Ricimer sacks Rome.		474-491. Zeno.
475					476. Odoacer, King of the Heruli,overthrows the Western Empire, and founds the Kingdom of Italy.		475. The Ostrogoths. Theodoric brought up as a hostage atConstantinople, becomes chief of the whole nation. He invades the empire, ravages Thrace with great cruelty.			480. India: End of Gupta dynasty.	475
		NEW NATIONS FORMED OUT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
		Spain	Franks	Germans	Italy
		Kingdom of the Visigoths.	Kingdom of the Franks.
			481-511. Clovis the true founder of the French monarchy: capital Paris.			482. The Emperor Zeno publishes the Henoticon.
			486. Defeats Syagrius at Soissons. End of the Roman Dominion.	491-516. Gondebald, King of Burgundy.		492. Pope Gelasius I. He advancesbold claims to authority.	489-493. Theodoric’s expedition from Thrace, etc.,into Italy.
					493. Italy conquered by Theodoric, King ofthe Ostrogoths. Odoacer put to death.	492. Pope Gelasius I. He advancesbold claims to authority.	493. The Kingdom of the Ostrogoths.
			496. Conversion of Clovis. He defeats the Alamanni.		493-555. Kingdom of the East Goths (Ostrogoths) in Italy.	496. Christianity introduced among the Franks, whoseking, Clovis, accepts baptism.	493. The Kingdom of the Ostrogoths.
500					500. Edict of Theodoric.		502-505. War with Persia.				500
		508-522. Theodoric the Great, King of theOstrogoths, rules the affairs of Spain—he preserves Narbonne, wrested from the Visigoths by Clovis, to this empire, but joins Arlesand Provence to his own.		506. Burgundy tributary to the Franks.	508. Conquest of Arles and Provence.		507. Long walls built to protect Constantinople from theBulgarians.
	519. Kingdom of Wessex (West Saxons) whichultimately unites to itself the whole English monarchy.			516. Sigismond.		518. The accession of Justin marks the downfall of theMonophysites.	518-527. Justin. Proclus hisminister. 518-565. Brilliant period of the Byzantine Empire.
		522-531. Amalaric, the first Gothic king who establishes his court in Spain: capital, Seville.		523. Godomar.
525						527. Separation of the Armenian from the Greek Church.	527. JUSTINIAN I. becomes emperor; celebrated for hiscode of laws and the victories of his generals, Belisarius and Narses.				525
						529. The Order of Benedictine Monks instituted at Monte Cassino, near Naples.	530. Belisarius defeats the Persians at Daras.		531-579. Chosroës I., “TheJust,” greatest of the Sassanid kings. War with Justinian. Invasion of Syria and capture of Antioch. Belisarius in Syria.
							532. Suppresses the Nika riot in the Hippodrome of Constantinople.
					533-555. WARS OF JUSTINIAN AGAINST THE VANDALS AND OSTROGOTHS.
							533-534. Overthrows the Vandals in Africa.
					535-553. Unsuccessful war with Justinian, the troops revolt and elect Vitiges, 536-541.		535. Subdues Sicily.
			536. Witiges, King of the Ostrogoths, surrenders his possessions in Gaul to the Franks.		536. Belisarius takes Rome.		536. Belisarius and Narses recover Italy.
					536. Belisarius takes Rome.
			537. Witiges besieges Belisarius in Rome.		537. It endures a long and disastrous siege from Vitiges.
			540. Byzantine power established in Italy.		541-552. Totila re-establishes the powers of the Ostrogoths.	544. In the Edict of the Three Chapters,Justinian largely repudiates the work of the Council of Chalcedon.		Turks settled in Asia ab. 545-550	549-551.Siege of Petra.
550								Turks settled in Asia ab. 545-550	549-551.Siege of Petra.		550
					552. Narses, the general of Justinian, invades Italy, overthrows the Gothic monarchy.		553. Narses defeats and kills Totila and overthrowsGothic kingdom in Italy.			552. Japan: Buddhism introduced.
			558-561. Clotaire sole monarch.		554. Italy under Greek Exarchs.					552. Japan: Buddhism introduced.
			561. Chilperic I. (the French Nero), King of Neustria, married thebeautiful Fredegonda.	Many Germanic tribes, particularly the Bavarians and Saxons join the Lombards and Avars in their invasionof Italy.	Kingdom of the Lombards	560. Pope John III. The Tritheists maintain the separate existence of the persons of the Trinity.	565. Death of Belisarius and Justinian. Justin II becomesemperor.
			561-575. Sigebert, King of Austrasia, wife Brunehilda.		568. Italy conquered by the Lombards under Alboin. He later fixes hiscapital at Pavia.		570-600. The Avars invade the Eastern Empire,and spread over Hungary, Poland and Prussia.	569-582. The Turks send embassies to theGreek emperor—treaty between them.
			561-575. Sigebert, King of Austrasia, wife Brunehilda.		568-752. The Exarchate of Ravenna established.		571-591. Wars with Persia.
575	575. East-Anglia, is formed into a kingdom. The name of Angle-land was given to a small part ofthe eastern coast, East-Engla-land.						578-582. Tiberius II.		579-590. Hormisdas III.		575
					580. The Latin language ceases to be spoken in Italy, while it supersedes Gothic in Spain.		582-602. Maurice.
	586. The kingdom of Mercia was the last founded by the Angles.	586-601. Recared good and prosperous reign establishes the Catholic faith throughout Spain—theclergy obtain great authority.					The empire extended to the Araxes, and almost to the Caspian.
	588-828. WARS OF THE HEPTARCHY.
	590-616. Supremacy of Ethelbert, King of Kent.	The Latin language supersedes the Gothic.				590-604. GREGORY I. the Great. Canon of the massestablished.	592. War with the Avars.		591-628. Chosroes II.	590-618. China: Dynasty of Suy.
	590-616. Supremacy of Ethelbert, King of Kent.	The Latin language supersedes the Gothic.					592. War with the Avars.		591-628. Chosroes II.	593-600. Japan: strong Chinese influences.
600	Ethelbert publishes the first Code of Laws inBritain.					607-614. Boniface IV.	603-628. War with Persia.	600. Arabia became the theater of important events which greatly influenced the history of the East.	603. Invades the Greek Empire—conquers Syria,611; Palestine and Jerusalem, 614; Egypt, 616 and Asia Minor except the coasts—overrun Africa. Splendid court of Persia.		600
600	Ethelbert publishes the first Code of Laws inBritain.		613-628. Clotaire II., sole monarch, grandson of Clovis, his powerextends over all the Gauls to the Pyrenees—the Saxons and Lombards tributary: capital, Paris.			The Anglo-Saxons embrace Christianity—as do also, during this century, the Frieslanders,Westphalians, Thuringians, Danes, Swedes, Germans, and Franks.	603-628. War with Persia.	609. MOHAMMED proclaims his religion.			600

A. D.	Britain	Eastern Empire		Persia	China, India, Japan
	I. Roman Period (B.C. 55-410 A.D.)	395. Arcadius received the Eastern Empire, also called the Byzantine or Grecian Empire.Capital Byzantium or Constantinople.		399-420. Isdegerdes favors the Christians.
400	400. Chrysostom, patriarch ofConstantinople; ST. AUGUSTINE.
	410. The Roman troops being gradually withdrawn, the natives become independent.	414-53. Regency ofPulcheria.		412. Conquers Armenia.
		420-22. Persian War on account of persecution of the Christians.		420-440. Varanes V.	420. China: Close of Isin dynasty.
425	The Scots and Picts continually harass the island, and the Franks and Saxons infest itscoast.	431-440. Armenia divided between the Persiansand Romans.
		438. Theodosian Code.
		441. Invasion of the Huns; who ravage Europeto the walls of Constantinople.		440-457. Varanes VI., Legislator.
	II. Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)
450
		454. The Ostrogoths, after Attila’s death, settle in Pannonia and Mœsia.
		457-474. Leothe Great. The first emperor crowned by a patriarch of the Greek Church.		457. Firoz, one of the most celebratedprinces of Persia.
	466-483. Gothic Monarchy of Spain.	474-491. Zeno.
475		475. The Ostrogoths. Theodoric brought up as a hostage atConstantinople, becomes chief of the whole nation. He invades the empire, ravages Thrace with great cruelty.			480. India: End of Gupta dynasty.
		489-493. Theodoric’s expedition from Thrace, etc.,into Italy.
		493. The Kingdom of the Ostrogoths.
500		502-505. War with Persia.
		507. Long walls built to protect Constantinople from theBulgarians.
	519. Kingdom of Wessex (West Saxons) whichultimately unites to itself the whole English monarchy.	518-527. Justin. Proclus hisminister. 518-565. Brilliant period of the Byzantine Empire.
525		527. JUSTINIAN I. becomes emperor; celebrated for hiscode of laws and the victories of his generals, Belisarius and Narses.
		530. Belisarius defeats the Persians at Daras.		531-579. Chosroës I., “TheJust,” greatest of the Sassanid kings. War with Justinian. Invasion of Syria and capture of Antioch. Belisarius in Syria.
		532. Suppresses the Nika riot in the Hippodrome of Constantinople.
		533-555. WARS OF JUSTINIAN AGAINST THE VANDALS AND OSTROGOTHS.
		533-534. Overthrows the Vandals in Africa.
		535. Subdues Sicily.
		536. Belisarius and Narses recover Italy.
			Turks settled in Asia ab. 545-550	549-551. Siege of Petra.
550
		553. Narses defeats and kills Totila and overthrowsGothic kingdom in Italy.			552. Japan: Buddhism introduced.
		565. Death of Belisarius and Justinian. Justin II becomesemperor.
		570-600. The Avars invade the Eastern Empire,and spread over Hungary, Poland and Prussia.	569-582. The Turks send embassies to theGreek emperor—treaty between them.
		571-591. Wars with Persia.
575	575. East-Anglia, is formed into a kingdom. The name of Angle-land was given to a small part ofthe eastern coast, East-Engla-land	578-582. Tiberius II.		579-590. Hormisdas III.
		582-602. Maurice.
	586. The kingdom of Mercia was the last founded by the Angles.	The empire extended to the Araxes, and almost to the Caspian.
	588-828. WARS OF THE HEPTARCHY.
	590-616. Supremacy of Ethelbert, King of Kent.	592. War with the Avars.		591-628. Chosroes II.	590-618. China: Dynasty of Suy.
					593-600. Japan: strong Chinese influences.
600	Ethelbert publishes the first Code of Laws inBritain.	603-628. War with Persia.	600. Arabia became the theater of important events which greatly influenced the history of the East.	603. Invades the Greek Empire—conquers Syria,611; Palestine and Jerusalem, 614; Egypt, 616 and Asia Minor except the coasts—overrun Africa. Splendid court of Persia.
			609. MOHAMMED proclaims his religion.

A. D.	Western Part of the Roman Empire
A. D.	Spain	Gaul (Franks)	Germans	Italy	Church
				395-423. Honorius, Emperor. Capital Rome, Ravenna imperial residence after 402.
400					400. Chrysostom, patriarch ofConstantinople; ST. AUGUSTINE.
				402. Alaric invades Italy. Stilicho collects an army from Gaul, Britain, etc., anddefeats him at Pollentia and Verona.	402. Pope Innocent I.
	409. Gerontius, the Roman governor, invites the Vandals,Alani and Suevi into Spain.			408. Stilicho slain. Alaric’s third invasion.
		412. Ataulphus, with the Visigoths, leaves Italy,conquers Narbonne and Toulouse.	413. Kingdom of the Burgundiansfounded by Gondicar.	410. Alaric captures and sacks Rome.	412. Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria.
	415. The empire of the Visigoths.				416. The Pelagian heresy condemned by the African bishops.
				423-455. The greater part of Gaul and Spainlost.	422. Pope Celestine I.
425	429. Empire of the Vandals.				432. St. Patrick preaches theGospel in Ireland.
				437. Pannonia, Dalmatia and Noricum, lost to the Greek Empire.
					440. Pope LEO I. the Great, greatly extends the power of the bishop of Rome.
		448-456. Merovius powerfully assists in the defeat ofAttila, and thus gives his name to the first race of French kings.		449. The Saxon invasion of England.
450	451. Invasion of Attila, withhalf a million Huns. The Huns under Attila, called the “Scourge of God,” defeated by the confederate armies of Romans andVisigoths at Chalons.	450. Dynasty of the Merovingians.		452. Attila returns from Gaul into Italy. Pope Leo savesRome.	451. The fourth general council at Chalcedon, at whichEutychianism and Nestorianism are solemnly condemned.
	455-556. Saxon Octarchy.	455. The Britons settle in Bretagne.		455-476. From the assassination of Valentinian, ten emperors rapidlysucceed.
	455. Hengist founds the kingdom of Kent.	457. Childeric conquers to the Loire,including Paris.	456. The Alemanni follow the Burgundians into Alsace. Theriver Aar in Switzerland becomes the boundary between them.	455. Genseric and the Vandals plunder Rome.
				461. Ricimer, leader of the Goths, reigns under the name of Severus III.
				474. Ricimer sacks Rome.
475				476. Odoacer, King of the Heruli,overthrows the Western Empire, and founds the Kingdom of Italy.
	NEW NATIONS FORMED OUT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
	Spain	Franks	Germans	Italy
	Kingdom of the Visigoths.	Kingdom of the Franks.
		481-511. Clovis the true founder of the French monarchy: capital Paris.			482. The Emperor Zeno publishes the Henoticon.
		486. Defeats Syagrius at Soissons. End of the Roman Dominion.	491-516. Gondebald, King of Burgundy.		492. Pope Gelasius I. He advancesbold claims to authority.
				493. Italy conquered by Theodoric, King ofthe Ostrogoths. Odoacer put to death.
			496. Conversion of Clovis. He defeats the Alamanni.	493-555. Kingdom of the East Goths (Ostrogoths) in Italy.	496. Christianity introduced among the Franks, whoseking, Clovis, accepts baptism.
500				500. Edict of Theodoric.
	508-522. Theodoric the Great, King of theOstrogoths, rules the affairs of Spain—he preserves Narbonne, wrested from the Visigoths by Clovis, to this empire, but joins Arlesand Provence to his own.	506. Burgundy tributary to the Franks.		508. Conquest of Arles and Provence.
		516. Sigismond.			518. The accession of Justin marks the downfall of theMonophysites.
	522-531. Amalaric, the first Gothic king who establishes his court in Spain: capital, Seville.	523. Godomar.
525					527. Separation of the Armenian from the Greek Church.
					529. The Order of Benedictine Monks instituted at Monte Cassino, near Naples.
				533-555. WARS OF JUSTINIAN AGAINST THE VANDALS AND OSTROGOTHS.
				535-553. Unsuccessful war with Justinian, the troops revolt and elect Vitiges, 536-541.
		536. Witiges, King of the Ostrogoths, surrenders his possessions in Gaul to the Franks.		536. Belisarius takes Rome.
		537. Witiges besieges Belisarius in Rome.		537. It endures a long and disastrous siege from Vitiges.
		540. Byzantine power established in Italy.		541-552. Totila re-establishes the powers of the Ostrogoths.	544. In the Edict of the Three Chapters,Justinian largely repudiates the work of the Council of Chalcedon.
550
				552. Narses, the general of Justinian, invades Italy, overthrows the Gothic monarchy.
		558-561. Clotaire sole monarch.		554. Italy under Greek Exarchs.
		561. Chilperic I. (the French Nero), King of Neustria, married thebeautiful Fredegonda.	Many Germanic tribes, particularly the Bavarians and Saxons join the Lombards and Avars in their invasionof Italy.	Kingdom of the Lombards	560. Pope John III. The Tritheists maintain the separate existence of the persons of the Trinity.
		561-575. Sigebert, King of Austrasia, wife Brunehilda.		568. Italy conquered by the Lombards under Alboin. He later fixes hiscapital at Pavia.
				568-752. The Exarchate of Ravenna established.
575
				580. The Latin language ceases to be spoken in Italy, while it supersedes Gothic in Spain.
	586-601. Recared good and prosperous reign establishes the Catholic faith throughout Spain—theclergy obtain great authority.
	The Latin language supersedes the Gothic.				590-604. GREGORY I. the Great. Canon of the massestablished.
600					607-614. Boniface IV.
		613-628. Clotaire II., sole monarch, grandson of Clovis, his powerextends over all the Gauls to the Pyrenees—the Saxons and Lombards tributary: capital, Paris.			The Anglo-Saxons embrace Christianity—as do also, during this century, the Frieslanders,Westphalians, Thuringians, Danes, Swedes, Germans, and Franks.

VII. FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE FORMATION OF THE MOHAMMEDAN EMPIRE, 395-622 A. D.

VIII. FROM THE BEGINNING OF MOHAMMEDAN POWER TO THE TREATY OF VERDUN, 622-843 A. D.