In the various wars the victorious contestants are indicated in bold face type, as are also the victorious leaders and the battles won by them. The figures prefixed show with which of the warring parties the leaders are identified, and who were the victors in the battles named. Naval battles are shown in italics. Consult the [Table of Foreign Battles] for details concerning the more important military actions.
TROJAN WAR (Partly mythical).—1193-1184 B. C.
(1) Greeks vs. (2) Trojans.
Cause: Greeks avenge the abduction of Helen of Troy by Paris.
Leaders: (1) Agamemnon, Achilles, Ulysses; (2) Hector.
Chief Action: (1) Siege of Troy.
Results: Capture and destruction of Troy, or Ilium.
FIRST MESSENIAN WAR.—743-724 B. C.
(1) Spartans vs. (2) Messenians.
Cause: Spartans covet Messenian land.