Cause: Sparta takes advantage of Athens’ weakness, resulting from the failure of the expedition to Syracuse, to renew the war.
Leaders: Alcibiades serves Athens, Sparta and Athens in turn. (1) Lysander; (2) Conon.
Chief Actions: (1) Decelea occupied. Attica ravaged. Many subject states of Athens revolt. Notium, Ægospotami, Surrender of Athens; (2) Abydos, Cyzicus, Arginusæ.
Results: The Spartans tear down the walls of Piræus and Athens. Athens loses her foreign possessions and fleet but becomes an independent ally of Sparta. Sparta is now supreme in Greece.
GAULS’ INVASION OF ITALY.—390 B. C.
(1) Gauls vs. (2) Romans.
Cause: Roman people refuse to surrender Roman ambassadors who had aided the Etruscans against the Gauls.
Leaders: (2) M. Manlius, Capitolinus, Camillus.
Chief Actions: (1) Battle of the Allia. Sack of Rome.
Results: Gauls retire on payment of ransom. The overthrow of Rome had no permanent effect on her fortunes.