Leaders: (1) Antony, Octavius, Lepidus; (2) Brutus, Cassius, Sextus Pompey.
Chief Actions: (1) New proscription (Murder of Cicero), Philippi.
Result: Brutus and Cassius, defeated, commit suicide.
Third period—31-30 B. C.
(1) Octavius vs. (2) Antony.
Cause: A continued struggle for supreme power.
Leaders: (1) Octavius; (2) Antony, Cleopatra.
Chief Actions: (1) Actium.
Results: Triumph of Octavius, grand nephew of Julius Cæsar. End of the republic and beginning of the empire.
JEWISH WAR—A. D. 66-70.