SECOND ROMAN CIVIL WAR.—49-31 B. C.
First period, 49-45 B. C.
(1) Followers of Cæsar (democrats) vs. (2) Followers of Pompey (republican aristocrats).
Cause: Struggle for mastery between Cæsar, conqueror of Gaul, and Pompey, conqueror of the East.
Leaders: (1) Cæsar; (2) Pompey and his sons.
Chief Actions: (1) “Crossing the Rubicon,” Pharsalus, Thapsus, Munda.
Result: Cæsar is appointed dictator for life. He is the founder of the new monarchy at Rome.
Second period—43-42 B. C.
(1) Friends of Cæsar (Second Triumvirate) vs. (2) Cæsar’s Assassins.
Cause: Assassination of Cæsar, 44 B. C.