(1) French vs. (2) Spanish.
Causes: Conflicting claims to the throne of Naples and to the duchy of Milan.
Leaders: (1) Charles VIII., Louis XII., Bayard, Francis I.; (2) Ferdinand of Aragon, Charles V., duke of Bourbon, Fürstenburg.
Chief Actions: Invasion of Italy by Charles VIII. (1494), League Cambray (1508), Holy League (1511).
(1) Marignano; (2) Pavia.
Results: All the leading powers of western Europe were drawn into this struggle. By the peace of Cambraes (1529), France renounced her claims to Italy. One effect of these wars was to tie the hands of Charles V. so as to prevent his putting down Lutheranism in Germany.
SCHMALKALDIC WAR—1546-1547.
(1) Charles V. (2) League of Schmalkalden.
Causes: Charles V. attempts to crush Protestantism in Germany.
Leaders: (1) Emperor Charles V., Duke Maurice of Saxony; (2) John Frederic, Elector of Saxony, Philip, Landgrave of Hesse.