Chief Action: (1) Mühlberg.
Results: Protestantism temporarily crushed. Its recovery in 1552 was followed by the religious peace of Augsburg 1555.
RELIGIOUS WARS IN FRANCE—1562-1598.
(1) Catholics vs. (2) Huguenots (Protestants).
Cause: Massacre of Huguenots at Vassy is a signal for uprising.
Leaders: (1) Duke of Guise, Henry III.; (2) Catherine de Medici, Conde, Coligny, Henry of Navarre (Henry IV.)
Chief Events: (1) Massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572); (2) Siege of Paris, Ivry (1590), Henry of Navarre becomes a Catholic (1593). Riots of Image Breakers. Council of Blood.
Results: By the edict of Nantes (1598) the Huguenots are given equal political rights with Catholics, limited freedom of worship, the possession of La Rochelle and other strong places as cities of refuge.
WAR OF LIBERATION IN THE NETHERLANDS—1568-1648.